ࡱ> (xz{|}~ \p Ba=@"`=-X>78X1,Helvetica Neue1, Helvetica Neue1@Verdana1@Verdana                + ) , *   1| 1| *#Sheet 1 - Table 1ZR3  @@   kkLetterAuth_Title_RefExp_RefSubject1Subject2Subject3Add_Info MS_NumberLocation_Re_LeavesIncipitExplicitType1Type2Type3Place_Of_OriginDateTitleSubject40Berkeley(Philosophy) Common SenseNot in Reid's handwriting. See also 6/II/2 for another sample of the same handwriting. Subjets: knowledge, opinion, and belief. 2131/6/II/011r-10rWe are made acquainted with things, their qualities, and relations, with different degrees of evidence, and by different means.And if it be captious to say that sight is not the motive but fear of harm; it is no less captious to say that reason is not the motive, but desire; because in the former, sight begets fear, and in the latter, reason begets desire.Of knowledge opinion and belief)(Philosophy) Perception and/or ConceptionNot in Reid's handwriting. See 6/II/2 for another sample of the same handwriting. Subjects: distinction between primary and secondary qualities. 2131/6/II/021r-2vCertain properties or qualities belong to external subjects merely as existing; figure, for example, magnitude, colour, beauty.Other relations are in effect no more but certain appearances that two or more subjects in conjunction have to us, and which therefore depend on the percipient as much as on the subjects perceived; witness congruity, incongruity, propriety, impropriety.Primary and secondary qualities.1v: Seneca (quotations from De Ira, cap 13-14)(Philosophy) Memory"(Philosophy, Identity) AbstractionTop right corner of folio 2 torn apart. Succession of text: 1r-2r-2v-1v. Type: Draft? Discourse? Lecture notes? Subjects: imagination (train of thought), memory, duration, identity. 2131/6/II/03There seems to be nothing in the human mind more unaccountable nothing which produces a greater variety of effects than that which is commonly called the association of our ideas.Duration like extension and number is so simple an idea that it cannot possibly result from the composition of anything bu parts of duration ass number must be made up of units extension of parts extended so duration can onely be made up of parts which have duration. [1v]v1v: Hutcheson ("treatise on the Passions"), Locke. 2r: Leibniz, Bishop King ("Book of the Origin of Evil"), Dr Clarke.#(Philosophy) Active Power/Causation!(Philosophy) Principles of Action(Philosophy, Religion) NaturalMinutes of a Philosophical Club consisting of notes on various topics of discussion. 5 parts: 1) 1r, "Jan 12": laws of nature are not accountable by mere mechanism, the animal economy requires active power. Subjects for general classification: active power (causation), principles of action. 2) 1r, "Concerning the Divine Governement". Subjects: natural religion, principles of action. This part transcribed in Haakonssen, Practical Ethics, p. 306, n. 5. 3) 1v, "Jan 19 Duration, Eternity, Succession of Ideas &c". 4) 1v: "Jan 26 Concerning the Several Principles of human Nature". Subjects: principles of action (human action). 5) 1v-2r: "Feb 4 Of Liberty". Subjects: active power/causation, freedom of the will; principles of action. 2131/6/I/171r-2rJan 12 What things in the Course of Nature we may reasonably ascribe to the continual influence & Operation off God or other active powerfull and Invisible beings under him?#Feb 9 Self love & Benevolence. (2r)MinuteAberdeen(1736, between January 12 and February 9.$Minutes of a Philosophical Club 1736a1It includes 7 "Queries". Type: notes; material for discussion at the Philosophical Club? Subjects: difference between character & state or habit of mind; natural character and character as influenced by culture (nature and culture in relation ton character); natural or true character and imaginary one.2vThe perceptions powers & faculties of the mind seem to be the same in kind in all the Individuals of the human race, but in degree they differ so widely as that all the variety of Characters & abilities among men seems owing onely to this difference.7 Is not a quick Sense of this Symmetry or Unity, a most Necessary Qualification either in an Author or Critick in Poetry<  & the Plastick Arts? About 1736 DefinitionboIt includes 11 points. Type: material of discussion for the Philosophical Club. Subjects: why lying is wrong.3r1 Nothing can be Contrary to truth and Sincerity in the largest Sense of these words but what is done with a design to Deceive that is to bring about in the mind of another an opiniion or perswasion or belief which we knnow to be false.11 Tho the allowing falshood in some cases were convenient upon the whole fro the benefit of mankind yet if falsehood is condemned by our Moral Sense as really as malice it should never be chosen.Aphorisms of Truth SinceritycType: notes; material of discussion for the Philosophical Club. Subjects: discussion as a means of improvement of intellectual powers.3vThere is no man but is sensible that at some times his Memory is more ready & his discerning more acute than at other times. I find particularly that, discoursing for some {time} on a subject or on different Subjects with Men of parts, debating points freely, especially if at the same time I am in Good health & good humour & have a brisk Circulation in my Blood, does very much quicken My Intellectual powers, and stirrs my Ideas So that they rise more easily in my Mind for some time after.OI believe one that would be a pleader should dispute or plead almost every day.>Of the Different States of the Intellectual Powers of the MinddJType: notes; material for the Philosophical Club? Note the reference to moral sense: "The perception of Moral Turpitude and Goodness in actions or persons or which is the same thing the disapprobation of some the approbation of others is a kind of Sensation entirely different from all others and is natural and original to us".4rlBy our faculty of Judging we can perceive the truth of propositions or the fitness of means to promote ends. There apppears to be no contradiction in conceiving the faculty of Judging in the highest degree of Selflove Benevolence Gratitude, pity & and a thousand others [del] in a being that is not endued with the Moral Sense but such being could be no moral Agent nor capable of virrtue or vice.Of the Pricniples of Action((Philosophy, Identity) Personal IdentityTranscription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 316-318 ("On the Self"). See also reference at p. 228 in Brookes' Explanatory Notes. Subjet: Self. 2131/6/I/181r-vAmong the various objects of thought & Reflexion there is none that is more familiar or seems at first view to be better understtod by us than Self. It would methinks be improper to call it an Idea or an Impression at least it seems not to have been considered under either of these heads by those who have treated of them. And I apprehend it will be hard to say whether it ia an Impression of Sensation or Reflexion? New Machar "1748 Oct 22" 1v: Locke+3 principles of human constitution or laws of nature to which we may reduce the knowledge which we acquire by our senses, by experience, and by testimony: 1r: "1 it appears to be a Law of our Nature that we have no Sensation by the external Senses, no perception of any external Object unless some impression be made upon the organs of sense". 2r: "2 Our sensations are onely in the mind that feels them as their Subject and they can be in no other Subject". 2v: "A third Law of our Nature by which we are enabled to acquire perceptions which we had not originally is this that where two things have been found always conjoyned in the Course of Nature in time past we expect and believe that they will continue to be conjoyned in time to come; And the frequent observation of their conjunction without any Reflexion or Reasoning produces a habit by [which]ed. One of them is considered as a Sign or indication of the Other. This Law and nature's being governed by fixed Laws the foundation of all the Acquired perceptions & of the Knowledge we get by Experience". 2131/6/I/191r-3rmThe Objects of human knoowledge are innumerable but the Avenues by which it Enters into the Mind are but few.4 We do not learn the Existence of an external Material World by Reasoning, < but from principles of our Constitution [that operate upon the] which produce belief without reasoning. (3r)Lecture GU (Pneumatology)Glasgow "1766 Decr 8"1v: Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume 2r: "Relig Philosoph Cont Derhams Phisico Theology Lib 4 Ch 4 Pope essay on Man Ep 1 line 200".bIt appears to be an early draft of the Inquiry or a lecture on Pneumatology. It seems earlier that the criticism of the theory of ideas contained in the 2nd and 3rd APS Discourse and in the 3rd Oration. He criticizes the theory of ideas, but still adopts the terminology. Folio 2r transcribed in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 222 & 224. It includes 6 portions or parts. Part 1, on 1r: division of faculties & operations of the mind; division of the powers of the human understanding. Part 2, on 1v: definition of the term idea; criticism of philosophers' notion of ideas; distinction between direct and indirect idea; distinction between perception and reflexion; various questions on the nature of ideas (he says that his intention is onely to define words and not to decide about hypotheses). Part 3, on 2r: outline, various points to be discussed regarding smell and taste Part 4, on 2v; distinction between simple and complex ideas. Part 5, on 3r & 4r: reflection or conscoiusness as the operation by which we know the acts of our mind; knowledge of other minds. Part 6, on 4v: hearing, sound, music; sound and language. 2131/6/I/201r-4vyThat part of Pneumatology which I am presently upon may be considered as kind of Anatomy or Dissection of the human Mind.0Sound make [sic] language much more Comprehensive and Expressive. The same words Express very different things according to the Tone with which they are Spoke Thus what do you mean may signify either the Simple Question or it may signify anger & offence at what one has done or daid or thirdly Surprize.+Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Pneumatology)2Publication Draft (An Inquiry into the Human Mind)[1759 or before]1v: Plato, Aristotle ("Lib 2 De Anima"), later Platonists, Epicurus, Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 2r: Locke, Berkeley, Hume 2v: Locke, Hume"(Philosophy) History of PhilosophyType: introduction to a course on pneumatology; some parts only in outline form. On 2v, beginning of part on the sense of smell "Of the Senses & first of Smelling". Subjects: reflection as means of knowing the powers and operations of the mind; division of the powers of the mind; account of the opinions of philosophers, ancient and modern, on the operations of the understanding; absurdities in ancient and modern philosophy; difference between ancient and modern scepticism; necessity of avoiding analogical reasoning; smelling; imagination, memory, and sensation; belief. Check for correspondence and differences in the order of topics 4/II/1 and 4/II/2 (introductory lectures to courses on Pneumatology, Glasgow 1765 and 1768). 2131/6/I/21The Definition of Mind The Object of Pneumatology Real--& Noble The Means of knowing the powers & Operations of the Mind--Not Conjecture--Not Analogical reasoning from things material--But attentive ReflexionSensation compared with the remembrance and with the Imagination of a Smell. These are not fainter Sensations or copies of the original one - how distinguished belief preceeds simple Apprehension--What Belief is David Humes Theory Mr Lockes. (2v) [Glasgow?] 2r: SocratesxQuestion discussed both in Aberdeen and in Glasgow. APS, Question n. 44, discussed on April 15 1761, title: "Whether Moral Character consists in Affections wherein the will is not concerned, or in fixed habitaul and constant purposes" (see APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 192). See Ulman, pp. 250-51 for surviving records of this Question: MS 475: no. 11, pp. 124-37, DS Remarks (David Skene) MS 482: p. 283, DS Notes MS 2131/6/I/12 TR Notes MS 2131/2/II/13, TR Abstract AP, Essay II, Ch. 3. GLS, Question discussed on May 9 1766, title: "Whether moral character in man consists in affections which are involuntary or in fixed determinations of will" (see, GLS minutes, in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 385)< . The portion of MS on 2r, written in different ink from 1r, consists of a few notes, in point form, on the subject of the question. Contents: principles of action, will, moral character. 2131/6/I/12 1r and 2rThat there may be affections and dispositions which are in a great measure involuntary. I think must be granted. A Judge may {have} great pity upon a Criminal and a Strong inclination to save him, yet finding him Guilty he is resoolved to pass a just sentence.wAffections are Animal or Rational. The last is allways accompanied with an Opinion of its being due to the Object. (2r)(Question (Aberdeen Philosphical Society)#Question (Glasgow Literary Society)[Aberdeen or Glasgow]<[Aberdeen, before April 15 1761; Glasgow, before May 9 1766]Q. Wherein does moral Character consist, whether in Affections and Dispositions which are involuntary or in fixed purposes and Resolution that influence the Conduct/(Philosophy, Politics) Political Economy/PoliceAPS Question n. 49, discussed on January 12 1762, title: "What are the best expedients for preventing an extravagant rise of servants wages, and for obliging them to bestow their labour, when agriculture and manufactures require it" (see APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 193). Transcription of this MS in Transactions of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, vol. 5, part 7, pp. 229-232, editor Walter R. Humphries. See also Question n. 54 (MS 2131/2/II/17) on increase of birth rate, as a sequel to the present MS (transcription of 2/II/17 in W.R. Humphries). Contents: economics; labour; wages. Reasons for the extravagant rise of servants wages: 7 reasons given on ff. 1r-2r. Remedies: 6 remedies proposed on f. 2r-v. 2131/6/I/13The design of the present Enquire will {be} answered if we can determine the general Causes which Influence the rise & fall of Servants Wages}A general Naturalization would probably bring more rich people than poor into the Kingdom which would increase the evil. (2v) [Aberdeen][Before January 12 1762]Q. What are the best expedients for preventing an extravagant rise of Servants Wages & for obliging them to bestow their labour when Agriculture and Manufactures require it8Skene, Campbell, Stewart, Reid, Gordon, Gerard, FarquharyMS 2131/6/I/7 (Skene on verdicts of juries), 2131/2/II/ 17 (Reid on birthrate), 2131/6/1/14 (Gerard on Courts of Equity).xList of APS Questions, including names of their authors (Questions 51-58, discussed between March 1762 and March 1763).2v, lower halfJDr Skene Whether the Verdict of Jury should be unanimous or by a majority.LMr Beattie What are the Advantages & disadvantages of an Extensive Commerce.ListBefore or on March 1762fAbstract of APS Question n. 56, discussed by Gerard on February 22 1763, title:" Whether it be best that courts of law annd Courts of Equity were different, or that the same court had the power of determining either according to law or equity as circumstances require?" (see APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 193). Contents: principles of action; justice; equity. 2131/6/I/14"There are three different senses in which a Court may be said to judge according to Equity {and not according to Law} which are extreamly different frrom each other and I apprehend we may have a more distinct view of this question and be more of one opinion about it by distinguishing themp3 there may be cases which fall within the letter of the Law but to which the reason of it is no ways applicable!"Feb 1763" (1r, top left corner).Q Whether it is best that Courts of Law should be different from Courts of Equity, or that the same Courts whether subordinate or supreme should judge both according to Law and Equity.82 versions of the same text, one on upper half of the page, the other on lower half of the page, separated from the first by a line. Type: part of a discourse on common sense? Or part of a draft of IP, Essay VI, "Of Judgment"? See discourses on common sense 2131/2/III/7-11. Contents: judgment, common sense. 2131/6/I/151vIn Discoursing upon the Power of Judging. I endeavoured to point out several Marks or Characteristics wh< ereby it may be distinguished from simple Apprehension on the one hand & from Testimony on the other;Those who are of Age & have no Natural or Accidental defect of Understanding are said to be Compotes Mentis. And those who want this Power through unripe Age Dotage Idiocy or any other Cause are said to be non Comotes Mentis. We discern it by its Effects in Mens Actions, in their Speeches, and even in their Looks. Type: one of the questions on freedom and necessity discussed at meetings of the Glasgow Literary Society between 1784-86? Draft of the question for Teyler's Society? Draft for AP? See other papers on freedom (for references see 6/I/15). Subject: freedom of the will. 2131/6/I/16There is hardly any Question that hath been more keenly disputed among Philosophers both in Ancient & Modern Times than that about the Liberty of human Actions.To conclude we shall find in this Question as in most others that true Philosophy dwells near to common Sense, and that all the Arts of Sophistry are too feeble, to break their alliance ot divide their InterestsGlasgow?Bible Type: list of biblical passages. 2131/6/I/33 Eccl 8.11 Deut 29.19Type: notes from 1736. Topics of discussion for the Philosophical Club? Compare other documents from 1736: 6/I/17 and 6/I/35. Subjects: various definitions and propositions concerning principles of action. 2131/6/I/34Definition of some words relating to our Active powers. There are certain effects which we cannot forbear ascribing to ourselves as the Authors of them & judging that it was in our power that they should not have been.0D7 All Natural Good must either consist in the Exercise of some active Power in us & then {the desire of it} is called a Disposition or in some perception or feeling of our Minds & then the desire of it is Apetite [sic] or in some State or habitude of other Beings and then the Desire of it is Affection.%"Jan J 11 1736" [on top right corner]Type: notes from 1736. Minutes for the Philsophical Club? Compare other documents from 1736: 6/I/17 and 6/I/34. Subjects: principles of action (will; difference between voluntary actions, and those done from instinct; deliberating and resolving; chosing). 2131/6/I/35HWilling what_A Simple Idea of Reflection. Instinct_Action Voluntary what1 Suspense or Indetermination 2 Deliberation 3 Choice 4 Desire Purpose or Volition according as thing Chosen is out of our power about to be in our power or at present in our Power."Feb 19 1736" [on top, 1r](A), 1r: Boehme, Jacob. B, 5v: Addison B, 6r: Homer (Iliad), Plato (Republic), Newton (Principia) C, 8r: Leibniz D, 2r: Pythagoras F, 8v: Homer (Iliad), Plato (Republic), Newton (Principia) G, 3r: Horace G, 3v: Hobbes, Hume._Type: draft of IP, Essay IV, Chapter IV "Of the Train of Thought in the Mind", Hamilton ed., pp. 379b-388b. Early draft including various labeled passages, with indications for their relocation. It may have been used as a discourse ("Discourse on the Train of Thought, GLS, 13-2-1768, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 385). Compare with 4/I/14. Succession of labeled passages: (A), 1r-v, pp.1-2 B, 5r-6v, pp. 9-12 C, 8r, p. 15 D, 2r-3r, pp. 3-5 E, 7r-8r, pp. 13-15 (part on p. 15 canceled) F, 8v, p. 16 G, 3r-4v, pp. 5-8 passage, crossed out, on 6v-7r (between B and E). Subjects: imagination (train of thought). 2131/6/II/051r-8vThat {there is an} uninterrupted Succession of thoughts [that]del {which} arise in the Mind of Man [without being]del {even when they are not} excited by the impression of external Objects {every Man is conscious}.The man whose Imagination is occupied by these Guests must be wise, he must be happy, and he must be good. [end of passage labelled "G", on 4v, p. 8] It has also more regular Motions to which it has been trained by a long course of Discipline and Exercise, and by which it may extemporaneously and without any great effort produce things. [end on 8v, p. 16, text continues on "G", 3r, p. 5].<Publication Draft (Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man) [Glasgow]!Type: part of lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow? 2 pi Subjects: reasons for ins< isitng so long on theories of perception (thoeries of ideas), 1stly (9r) to learn to hold hypotheses in contempt, 2ndly (9v) because the hypothesis of ideas has led to many absurdities. Lower half of 9r, blank.9r-vThe Reasons of insisting so long upon these Theories about Perception 1 That you may learn to form a Judgment of Theories & Hypotheses in Philosophy in General.sI hope it will appear that the Operations of our <Mind> are much more distinctly unnderstood when it is laid aside.^10r: Dr Bentley, Dr. Johnston, Buffier, Berkeley 10v: Lord Shaftsbury, Juvenal, Horace, SenecaE"If the Reader chuses to look back to Book 2 Chapt 10 [...]" [on 10r]Type: part of an early draft of IP, Essay VI, chapter II. Text on 10r corresponds to pp. 422b-424a of Hamilton edition, while text on 10v correspond to pp. 425a-b. Subjects: common sense (on the meaning of the word common sense).10r-vKHence it is that disputes very often terminate in Appeals to Common Sense .pIt is not within its Jurisdiction, And an Appeal to common Sense in such a Case would be altogether incompetent.1r: Brucker, Plato (Republic, Book 7), Aristotle, Cicero, Augustin, Timaeus, Protagoras, Empedocles, Epicharmus, Homer 1v: Roscellinus, Abelard, Occam, Thomasius, Morhof, Wood. See book references on 1v: "Historia Nominalium in Oratione 14. Orationes varii Argumenti Jacobi Thomasii Lipsiae 1683. 8. Compendium dedit Morhofius Polyhis T 2 lib 1 vide etiam Ant Wood in Hist & antiq Univ Oxon ad Annum 1343".@Type: reading note from Brucker's History of philosophy on 1r (for reference to Brucker, see IP, Essay I, Chapter I, Hamilton ed., p. 225a); other book references on 1v. Subjects: history of philosophy (history of the use of the term ideas on 1r, book references to history of nominalist theories of universals on 1v). 2131/6/II/06Brukerus Hist de Idees ascribes the Invention of the Doctrine of Ideas to Plato, and brings many Authorities from the Ancients particularly from {Aristotle} Cicero & St Au<gu>stin in support of his Opinion.?Vide etiam Ant Wood in Hist & Antiq Univers Oxon ad Annum 1343. Reading Note1r: Hume/on 1r, top right corner, "this follows page 4".`On top right corner, indication for insertion: "this follows page 4". Reading note of Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, section 12, "Of the Academical and Sceptical Philosophy", quotations from pp. 169-70 of the Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects, ed. 1758. Subjects: perception (ideas and independent existence of external objects) 2131/6/II/07WIt seems evident that Men are carried by a natural Instinct or prepossession, to repose faith in their Senses; and that, without any reasoning, or even almost before the Use of Reason, we always suppose an external Universe, which depends not on our perception, but would exist though we and every sensible creature were absent or annihilated.*These are the obvoius dictates of Reason, and no Man who reflects ever doubted that the existences, which we connsider, when we say this this house, and that tree are nothing but perceptions in the Mind, and fleeting copies or representations of other existences which remain uniform & independent.#Humes Essays Vol 2 Sect 12 page 169Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus<Type: part of lectures on culture of mind, or pneumatology? Or part of a draft for IP, Essay VI, Chapter VIII "Of Prejudices the Causes of Error"? See also 6/III/2. Compare also MS 2131/4/1/17 on idola theatri. Subjects: History of philosophy (scepticism, in particular Pyrrhonian; why it is absurd); common sense. 2131/6/III/011rThe Dogmatical Spirit of the Peripatetick Philosophy might very probably to that of the Sceptics, for Men are very prone to shun one extreme by running into the contrary.)Although the Ancient Scepticks were a very Learned Sect & very Acute in Reasoning as appears from the Writings of Sextus Empiricus, their Reasonings had no Effect either upon their Conduct or that of others. And they died away of themselves when men began to cease to admire their wit & Ingenuity.Lecture GU (Pneumatology)? Idola Theatri1v: Italic or<  Pythagoric school, Pythagoras 1v-2r: Ionic school, Thales, Anaxagoras 2r: Socrates, Xenophon (Memorabilia), Plato 2v: Plato, Aristotle, Sophists.AType: part of lectures on culture of mind, or of those on pneumatology? Or part of a draft of IP, Essay VI, Chapter VIII, "Of Prejudices the Causes of Error"? The beginning on 1r, from "It would be...." to "...suited to them", is almost verbatim correspondent to IP, Essay VI, Chapter VIII, Hamilton ed., pp. 475a-b. Subjects: aim and characteristic of history of philosophy; sketch of the history of philosophy from its origins to Aristotle. This MS seems to be antecedent to 6/III/1 (where ancient scepticism is discussed). Compare also MS 2131/4/1/17 on idola theatri. 2131/6/III/02The byass which the Mind receives from the Spirit of that System or Sect in which it has been trained up or which it has adopted is undoubtedly very considerable.we must however acknowledge Aristotle to have had a very uncommon superiority of Understanding, when we find tha his System was able to govern the Opinion of Mankind for so many Centuries.(Natural Philosophy) OpticsA2 texts on single vision; date: undetermined; place of origin: most likely, Aberdeen: 1st text on 1r-v, "That we see objects at first single when our eyes are properly directed". 2nd text on 2r-v, "A Phenomenon in Optics". Diagram on 2r, top right corner. Published transcription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 328-332. 2131/6/I/23g1 If there was a duplicity to the eye, however custom and habit might bring us to pass immediately from this perception to the tangible unity signified by it; yet it is probable that by accurate attention we might be able to check that custom and attend to the pure objects of Sight since we find this in other like instances tho' difficult is not impossible.4And first let r > p I say the Image upon the Retina will consist of a Circle as bright as the Object whose Radius is r - p & annular Penumbra surrounding the Circle whose breadth is 2p & whose brightness gradually diminishes from the inner side till it evanishes quite at the outter side of the Annulus. (2v)GThat we see objects at first single when our eyes are properly directed71v: Orpheus, Plato, Strabo, Plutarch, Derham, Niewentyt(Philosophy) Taste"Type: notes for a lecture on moral philosophy (fine arts) from the Aberdeen period? Or notes for a lecture on the culture of mind (fine arts and taste) from the Glasgow period? Note also other two items (a, b) on 3r-4v for the identification of this MS. Subjects: Music (Melody & Harmony). 2131/6/I/24A second Class of Simple Perceptions is that which arises from Taste not that Gross bodily Taste which is one of the five external Senses already Described but that [which]del more Spiritual & refined Faculty which when improved to a high Degree denominates one a man of Taste.There is a very great Analogy betwixt an Air in Music and a Discourse or Oration. The periods the lesser Stops the Changes of the Key, the fundamental Note or Subject (2v)Type: Notes, most in outline form. For identification, compare also others items in this MS (O, b) on 1r-2v and 4v. It seems to be an early text, that is, from the Aberdeen period. Subjects: Abstraction; general rule for definitions; complex notions (substances, modes and relations).3r-4reThe chief of these are Abstraction or considering things abstractly. Compounding Comparing Reasoning.But there are some Relations thaat [illegible] to be known neither by Reason nor Experience but {immediately perceived} by some Original principle of the Mind as the Relation between thought and a Mind between sensible Qualities and Body. Between Effect & Cause.DOf the Operations of Understanding about its Perceptions and NotionsType: Notes. Compare items on 1r-4r (0, b) for identification. Subjects: will, deliberation, resolution, execution of an action.4vThe Mind has not onlely certain Powers whereby it perceives things & their Relations judges and Reasons about them, but has also a power of Acting, of determining how it is to be employed, what it is to pursue what mea< ns and what to avoid.c[...] Or Secondly when one sturdily and resolutely chuses the wrong way this is willful Misconduct.#Of the Will & Active Powers of MindxType: notes, certainly part of a larger exposition of active principles of the mind. According Ulman (Minutes, p. 251) notes of Question 63, discussed by Reid at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philsophical Society on 22 November 1763. Subjects: conscience as moral faculty. 5 points made on 1r (existence of a moral faculty called conscience, moral distinctions as acts of conscience, conscience as a principle of action and not simply of judgment, moral approbation and disapprobation, etc.). 1r-v: 2 classes of actions with regard to conscience (1st, conscientious or unconscentious, and 2nd, indifferent with regard to conscience). 2131/6/I/25{1 I apprehend we all agree in this that there is in Man a faculty we call the moral Sense, the moral faculty or Conscience.Now how can the addition of a moral faculty make then moral when by the Supposition they neither proceeded fro it not was it any way employed about them.(Philosophy) MaterialismType: notes for lectures on pneumatology from the Aberdeen period? For identification, see also MS 2131/6/I/26. Text continues on 6/I/26, 1r, lower half. Subjects: arguments for the immortality of the soul. 2131/6/I/27The last Question concerning the Soul in general that I intend to consider is that which regards its duration whether it perishes with the body, or survives the funeral of the body and continues to live to think and act in some future state.On the Contrary Every Vice commonly brings its own punishment along with it, or is followed by it sooner [text interrupted and marked as "x", it continues on 6/I/26, 1r, lower half].,Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Pneumatology)? [Aberdeen?]2r: Pope (quotation from the Essay on Man) 2r-v: Horace (quotations, compare IP Essay III, chap. III, Hamilton ed., 583a-b for source)Type: notes. Draft for AP? Lecture on Speculative Ethics from the Glasgow period? Subjects: principles of action. 1r-v: summary of various principles of actions; 2r-v: various questions on good and happiness. 2131/6/I/28[...] satiated too often turns into Aversion Acquired Appetites {Furniture Equipage Dress} Tobacco Laudanum Strong Liquors [the beginning of the MS continues from another unidentified document]But Experience shews dayly the contrary as the Same Poet very justly observes Evertere domos totas (?) optantitbus ipsis Dii faciles &c!Lecture GU (Ethics, Speculative)? 1v: BibleType: fragment with short notes. Date and place of origin undetermined. 3 parts Part 1, on 1r: motive of action. Part 2, on 1r: names of cardinal virtues. Part 3, on 1v: Biblical examples of resistance to temptations. 2131/6/I/29Were the mind of man endowed with the powers of Understanding & Action onely without any feeling of Pleasure or pain happiness or Misery, there could be no possible reason or motive to determine it to determine it to any one course of ActionScriptures Examples Abraham Sacrificing his Son / Josephus resisting the Solicitation of his mistress / Moses refusing to be called the Son of Pharaoh's Daughter / His interecession for the Israelites when God would have destroyed them and made of him a greater nation.LockedType: notes on Locke's Essay. Subject: Locke and theory of ideas; relation ideas/things; reasoning. 2131/6/I/30PThe Attempts of the Ancients with regard to first Principles have not succeeded.YA New System of Logick Deducing a Metaphorical A Constant application of Ideas to Objects Reading Note?NewtonType: short notes for lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow; date undetermined. Note the reference, at the end, to Mr Dav. Sheriff of Aberdeen. Subjects: various subjects related to active powers (notion of a future state; happiness and virtue, end of actions, etc.) 2131/6/I/32Primus in orbe Deos fecit TimorMem. To send to Mr dav Sheriff Joyner in Abd an Account of the price of Mahogany & walnut tree in Glasgow Add to the Lectures on Self Governement one on Pride & Humility. On Veracity[Glasgo< w (see explicit)] [After 1764]\Type: lecture notes. Pneumatology? Sybjects: love of sensible pleasure, love of honour, etc1 That the Love of Sensible pleasure is the onely principle of action which is natural and original to us. That this principle is necessary & immutable & the saame in all.}The Sense of honour is so nearly connected with the passion of shame that there seems to be good reason to judge them coeval.1r: Aesop, Homer 1v: Descartes, S. Clarke (Dem. p. 21) 2r: Hume (Essays, vol. I p. 138) 2v: Euclid, Apollonius, Archimedes, Descartes, Fenelon, Clarke, Hume 3r: Locke, Euclid (Elements) 4r: Harrington (Oceana) 8r: Plato, Aristotle, Porphiry, Socrates, Berkeley, Hume 8v: Alexander Aphrodisiensis, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley (quotation), Hume (reference to THN, vol 1, part 1, sect. 7), Galileo, HuygensY1r: "In a former Discourse [...]" (see MS 2131/2/III/6: "Discourse on human imagination")!(Philosophy) Language/AbstractionGlasgow Literary Society: "Discourse on Abstraction", delivered on 12 February 1768. 2 drafts, the second draft longer: First draft on 1r-3v; Second draft on 4r-8v. Compare with the other version of the discourse on abstraction, 2131/2/III/12. MS 6/II/4 seems to be earlier than 2/III/12. 2/III/12 seems to be the copy read to the GLS: it is written in a better handwriting. For the date of the 2 MSS, note also that at p. 11 of 2/III/12, he refers to an "instance from tripetalous flower" (in margin) which is in 6/II/4, 8r. MS 2/III/12 is longer than 6/II/4 and contains a criticism of Berkeley and Hume. Content: imagination (conception); abstraction (including digression on genius on 4r, and history of opinions on the universals at the end); language. 2131/6/II/04In a former Discourse I considered Imagination as it signifies that Power or Faculty by which we conceive things that have no Existence or by which we barely conceive them without any Judgment or belief of their Existence or non Existence.How fond the Sceptical Philosopher was of this Opinion, of which he seems to have thought the Bishop the first Inventor, appears from his Words which I quote from his Treatise of Human Nature, Vol 1 Part 1 #7$Discourse (Glasgow Literary Society)[Before 12/2/1768]2r: Addison and Ackenside ("Mr Addison and after him Dr Ackenside and other very ingenious writers appropriate the name of the Pleasures of imagination to the Pleasures of Taste")`Type: lecture? Draft for IP? Glasgow? Subject: Imagination, train of thoughts. Marginalia: 1r. 2131/6/I/02>Although those laws of association which I have endeavoured to explain direct and regulate in a great Measure the train of thought {flight of Imagination} in every human Mind, yet it would be a very gross mistake to think that this train of thought is in every mind nearly the same or that it has the same Qualities. I am far from thinking that what those Authors call the Pleasures of Imagination that is the Pleasures of Taste make the chief part of human happiness. They are indeed more Manly {more durable} & have a [more agreable] {better} Effect than merely sensual Pleasures, but they are inferior to the pleasure arising from the mutual exercise of kind affections esteem love friendship confidence they are still more inferior to the pleasure arising from the consciouseness of virtue and conduct. (2r, lower half of 2r: blank)*Of the Train of thoughts in the Human MindType: notes of various topics on pneumatology following approximately the order of IP and courses on Pneumatology. The short shrift given to the various topics indicates that it is an early text, most likely notes and outlines of lectures on Pneumatology from the Aberdeen period. Subjects: parts 1-4, abstraction and language; part 5, principles of action. 5 parts, of which 4 have headings: part 1, 1r (no heading, see supra Incipit for text; it seems to continue from another document) part 2, 1r ("Of abstraction") part 3, 1v ("Of Dividing & Classing things") part 4, 1v ("Compounding") part 5, 2r-v ("Of the Will & Principles of Action") 2131/6/I/03The relations of simple terms were b< y Scoolmen divided into 12 Pairs causa & Causatum, {2} Subjectum & Adjunctum; {3} Totum et Pars; {4} Genus & Species, {5} Notation & Notatum, {6} Conjugata; {7} Definitio & Definitum; {8} Divisio & divisum; {9} Comparata; {10} Diversa, {11} Opposita {12} Testimonium & res Testata. If we except the 10th which is not a relation but the negation of Relation all the other pairs have in the Imagination and memory some mutual Attraction and the one may suggest the other.P1 We may deliberate about any Action or about any Rule of Action. We may deliberate or not deliberate, we may deliberate fro alonger or a shorter time. Intensely or carelessly, Attend to what may be said on one Side or fairly and according to to our best judgment wigh in an even balance the Motives & Arguments on both Sides. (end, 2v)Type: draft? Lecture? Glasgow? Subject:: Distinction between sentiment and thought (on this distinction see AP, Essay V, Chapter VII, "That Moral Approbation implies real judgment", Hamilton edition p. 674b: " Our moral determination may, with propriety be called moral sentiments. For the word sentiment in the English language, never, as I conceive, signifies mere feeling, but judgment accompanied with feeling").Sentiment is distinguished from Thought (Pensee) signifies a Thought that raises some agreable or disagreable Emotion in the Mind.7The various ways in which words express the Sentiments of the Speaker, andd thereby raise the same sentiment in the hearer amy be reduced to the indirect & the direct Indirect, Hyperboles Metaphors & other figures that give strength {& } to the thought. Direct, Whishes Vows pssionate Expressions of all kinds 1r: LockeAfter a crossed out passage at the beginning, there is a passage marked as "A": insertion for some other document. Type: it seems part of some discussion on secondary qualities which usually is part of a treatment of sensation and perception (may it not be part of a course on pneumatology?). Topics that appear in IP, Essay II, Chapter XVII, "Of Other Objects of Perception". Subject: comparison between secondary qualities and other powers of nature like gravity, etc. How far it is possible to explain natural phenomena and effects. They ultimately depend on God's power. The same reasoning is applicable to the phenomena of the human mind. General classification: perception, active power/causation, common sense (first principles of common sense). 2131/6/I/05It may be observed that Heat and Cold and other Secondary Qualities of Body are nearly allied to those which Mr Locke calls Powers and which he distinguishes both from primary and Secondary Qualities [Incipit in AUL catalogue; this passage is crossed out]The same likewise is the case with regard to our Opinions. They may be traced to original and constitutional Opinions of which no account can be given but the will of our MakerT1v-2r: Descartes. 2v: Trail, Robert; Locke, Malebranche, Berkeley. 3v: Milton, HomerLabelled insertions (B, C, D, E, F, G, H) for MS 2131/1/I/3, 1r-5r, part of a version of the discourse 'The Analysis of the Sensations of smell and Taste' (Aberdeen Philosophical Society, 14 March 1759). See MS 3107/1/3, 61-72, Thomas Gordon's transcription. See also Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 297-315 (transcription of 2131/1/I/3, 1r-5r, and of 3107/1/3, 61-72). Reid takes notice of a copy of the discourse, sent to "Mr Trail" (Robert Trail), on 2v. . 2131/6/I/06B. But in reality this is not [what] all that Philosophers mean by ideas. If it was, the Idea of any thing ought to be defined, that Act of the Mind which is exerted when we think Remember or imagine that thing.* Conclusion I can find none of them in my Own Mind. I can neither conceive their Nature nor in what way they can serve as a Medium. Instead of explaining they darken the Operations of the Understanding. The reasons that have induced Philosophers to invent such beings appear inconclusive & founded upon unclear prejudices. The same Reasons if they were conclusive must lead us back into the peripatetic System of intelligible Species or plunge us into the ab< yss of Absolute Scepticism*Discourse (Aberdeen Philosophical Society)[Before 14 March 1759]1r: Hume, Euclid 2v: Hume3 parts. From the topic of the first part, it appears that it must have been written after the publication of Hume's Dialogues on Natural Religion. Part 1, on 1r-v: see title, for topics; there is no answer to Hume's objections against the evidence of testimony in favour of miracles. Part 2, on 2r-v: various kinds of evidence; principes of common sense. Compare with other papers on common sense and with IP, E VI, Ch. V-V. Part 3: criticism of Humes notion of causation.I 2131/6/III/03 Let a Man consider the Actions & Conduct of the King of Prussia a Man of Common Sense without the least Hesitation will pronounce him a Prince of very Extraordinary Skill in the Arts of War & Peace of Indefatigable Industry and of a Heroic Resoloution & Magnanimity.4 To Suppose that we cannot reason about Causes but from Experience will lead us into innumerable Absurdities. Chance of Dyce Writing of Books.>After the publication of Hume's Dialogues on Natural Religion.Mr Humes notion of Causes, his Reasons why we cannot reason about a Cause of the Universe, Answered His Objections against the Evidence of Testimony when brought in favour of Miracles 2131/6/III/04I believe most Memories have a certain Capacity, when that is filled up they can hold no more without losing somewhat of their former Store.{The} Other {class of} things, if they are recorded ina Commonplace Book in a way in which we can come at them with little trouble, it is not so necessay that the Memory should be loaded with them. Lecture GU (Culture of the Mind)Improvement of Memory2r: Locke; Campbell, GeorgeType: original draft, report of Campbell's objection to Locke's doctrine on personal identity. Published Transcription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., p. 221. Subjects: personal identity. 2131/6/III/052r (upper half of page)One was flogged at school for breaking an Orchard, he gained a premium at College by making a copy of verses and afterwards in a battle takes a Standard from the Enemy. Yet it is evident from the case that he must be the same Person for the man that took the Standard is the same with him that gained the premium the man that gained the premium is the same that broke the Orchard therefore the Man that took the Standard is the same that broke the Orchard.=Before December 1 1758 (see date of following item, b, on 2r)uAn Argument to prove that the Identity of a person does not consist in consciousness against Mr Locke by M G CampbellThis text continues from 6/III/8. Published transcription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 322-328. "On perception and principles of belief" (general title given by Brookes, on p. 318, to 6/III/8 and 6/III/5, b). 2 parts I this MS. Part 1, on 2r-4r. This part is the end of the section "Of External Existences", which begins on 6/III/8, 2r. Part 2, on 4v, with the heading "Of the perception of Harmony {Number Order} Beauty & Others of that <kind".2r-4vz[This MS continues from 6/III/8] 7 Is it not from a Natural Principle that Children believe everything that is told them?Reason in the Generality of mankind is so little improved that it would never be sufficient to direct our conduct in the most Common affairs. Natural Principles may be considered as a kind of Natural Inspiration or Revelation.""Decr 1 1758" (on top left corner)K2r: Bacon 2v: Bishop Wilkins, Locke (Essay concerning Human Understanding),Type: notes for lectures on the Culture of Mind or for lectures on Pneumatology? Draft of IP, Essay Vi, Chapter VIII, "Of Prejudices, the Causes of Error"? 2 parts in this MS. Part 1, on 1r-v: "Idola Tribus". Part 2, on 2r-v: "The third Class is the Idola Fori". This part is almost verbatim like IP, E VI, Ch. VIII, pp. 476a-b. Succession of idola in IP, E VI, Ch. VIII: 1) tribus, 2) specus, 3) fori, 4) theatri. In case this succession is followed in this MS, look for an unrecovered insert on idola specus, between folio 1 and 2. Note also, on 1r, reference to an unrecovered text labelled "A". Consider also 6/III< /1 and 6/III/2 on idola theatri. Compare also MS 2131/4/1/17 on idola theatri. 2131/6/III/06Q1 Being Guided in uor Opinions by Authority Imitation Custom and Education. See AdWilkins rejecting the common division into ten Categories has made forty Categories or Summa Genera. Idola Tribus1r: Buffier, Aristotle, EuclidFragment with notes on various subjects: Taste (beauty); perception (resemblance between ideas and objects), supposition (conception), relation between body and soul. 2131/6/III/07An Opininio pf {P} Buffier, That beauty consists in that size proportion and colour of the Body and of its several Parts which is most common seems to be very like to the opinion of Aristotle That Virtue consists in Mediocrity, and to the common Adage that Truth lies in the Middle.6The Power of God over the Universe is unliimited and to conclude; Our body of itself is wholly made up of inert & senseless Matter but the Universe is stored with various orders of living and intelligent beings, subject to the Universal King & capable of paying him the service and homage of rational Subjects.?Published transcription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 318-322. It continues on 6/III/6, 2r (item b). 4 parts with headings. Part 1, on 1r, heading: see title. Part 2, on 1r-v, "Of the Perception of Extension by Sight". Part 3, on 1v, "Of the Perception of Tangible Extension". Part 3, on 1v-2v, "Of External Existences". 2131/6/III/081 We do not perceive Distance from us [immediately]del [{naturally & originally}]del by Sight 1 Because it is a line drwan from the Object to the Retina which if seen at all must have the Same appearance to the Eye whether it is long or Short.:The distinction betwixt Soul and Body as different Substances one thinking but not Extended the other Extend<ed> but merely passive and incapable of thought, this Distinction seems merely a Deduction of Reason & Philosophy & what Untaught Men never think off. Continued Decr 1 1758. [continues on 2131/6/III/5, 2r]""Decr 1 [...] 1758" [on top of 1r].Of the Perception we have of Distance by SightAbstract, in Reid's own hand, of APS Question 51, "Whether the determination by unanimity or a majority in Juries is most equitable", discussed by Dr David Skene on 9 March 1762 (See Minutes of APS, Ulman ed., p. 193). Another abstract of this question, according to Ulman, p. 251: AUL MS 475: no. 3, pp.16-22 (David Skene's Abstract). Contents: justice; equity, trial, procedures in penal law. 2131/6/I/071r-v; 3rTAs the life of every british man who is tried for a capital crime depends upon the Verdict of his jury; and the laws with regard to the Verdict of a Jury are different in South and north Britain , it seems to be a point not onely of curiosity but of considerable importance which of these methods is equitable and most for the publick good.Now the last determination in an English Jury must be by the Qualities not of the Understanding of the heart bu of the Stomach. And I cannot help thinking that it were [sic] more equitable if the law were that when a [jury]omit cannot come to unanimity by reasoning that they should go to blows and that the Judgment of the victorious party should determine the fate of the Criminal. (1v-3r)[Before 9 March 1762]Whether it be better that every Verdict of a Jury should be unanimous as {it is} in England or that the Verdict should be by Majority as it is in Scotland.Abstract of APS Question 63, 22 November 1763, "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good". See Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 194. See Ulman, p. 251 for list of related MSS and texts: 2131/2/II/12 [continued in 2131/7/V/19], draft 2131/6/I/8, draft 2131/6/I/25, notes 2131/7/V/17, draft? 3107/2/6: p. 213; QB: 213 AP, Essay V, chaps 4 &7 2131/6/I/08The affirmative in this Question has been as far as I know maintained by all moralists speculative and practical from the beginning of the world, untill of late, that Men by Metaphysical Distinctions {& Definitions} about the foundations of Morals perplexed the plian dictates of our Moral<  Faculties. And by attempting to crack the Nut have made the kernel to fly off and left us only the shells of Morality.I judge an action to be good, that is I perceive my obligation to perform it can I be under a moral Obligation which I do not perceive? I thiink not. (1v)[Before 22 November 1763]mQ Whether every Action deserving moral Approbation must be done from a perswasion of its being morallly good?61r: Hume 2r: Hume 2v: Hume, Hobbes, Cicero (Pro Sexto)Draft of APS Question n. 17, 22 November 1758 (see Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 190) or simply a draft of AP, Essay V, Chapter 5. According to Ulman 6/I/9 and 7/V/12 are from the Glasgow period (see Ulman, note on p. 250). Contents: principles of action, justice. 2131/6/I/09}It will readily occurr that this Question respects Mr Humes Notions of Justice and that the phraseology is borrowed from him.5 When in Society a man is punished for his Crimes 6 The Viloencee of War 7 Hobbes State of Nature Maintained by Cicer [sic] Oratione pro Sext. (4v)6Publication Draft (Essays on the Active Powers of Man)[Aberdeen? or Glasgow?]2Ch 5 Is Justice a Natural or an Artificial Virtue?%1v: Descartes 2r: Descartes, Cudworth3 parts or portions: Part 1, 1r-2r: Question (or discourse) for a philosophical society, presumably the Glasgow Literary Society. Part 2, 2r: "Remarks Septr 1782", from which it appears that the preceding portion of the MS, on 1r-2r, has been written before September 1782. He criticicizes the style of the previous part of the MS. Part 3, 2v: at the beginning of the part on 2v, there is an indication of the place where this portion of the MS has to be inserted "To be inserted at A page 1 No 11". The text where this passage must be inserted has not beeen identified. May it not be one of the final drafts of IP? See 1/II/1-20. Contents: imagination or conception; conception not a test of possibility or truth. 2131/6/I/10-It seems to have been received as a Maxim among Phiilosophers, for more than a hunndreed Years by gone that everything is possible which we can distinctly conceive, and that there can be no distinct conception of what is impossible. I proposed it to the Consideration of this Society, Whether this be a true Maxim which Philosophers have unnwarrily gone into, being misled by the Ambiguity of the word conceive, and by the common Theory That of every thing we {distinctly} conceive there is a distinct Image in the Mind which we call the Idea of the Thing.We have abstract Conceptions but no abstract Imagination. We can conceive things impossible but we cannot Imagine a Proposition or a Demoonstration. (right margin, 2v)>On 2r: "Septr 1782 [fols. 1r-2r: before or on September 1782].1r: Berkeley, HumeAPS Question n. 12, discussed on July 13 and July 26 1758 (see APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 190). According to Ulman, p. 250, there are two abstracts of this question: 1) 6/I/11, TR Notes, 2) 3107/2/1 ff. 5r-6v, Th. Gordon copy. Published transcription of 6/I/11 in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 292-294. See also MS 6/III/5 foor another version of the same question (published in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 290-92). Contents: criticism of the theory of ideas. 2131/6/I/11It seems to be agreed among Philosophers that the Mind can onely perrceive where it is , consequently that nothing without the Mind or which has separate Existence from it, can be perceived but by means of some Impression made upon the Mind itself.Pian and Pleasure are real things yet can onely exist in a Mind capable of pleasure and pain . The Ideas of Pleasure and Pain are as different from the things as the Idea of Extension is from Extension. (2r-v)[Before July 13 and 26 1758]Question 12 Are the Objects of the human Mind properly divided into impressions and Ideas? And must every Idea be [an Image] a Copy of a preceding ImpressionDraft of AP, Essay III, Part II, Chapter III "Of Benevolent Affections in General", in Hamilton ed., p. 558a-b (until beginning of first full paragraph of p. 558b) 2131/7/IV/01YMan by his Nature {is} allied to all the parts of the Creation that fall within our Vi< ew.sThe {animal} principles already treated of have this in common that they have Things for their Object, not persons.eDraft of AP, Essay III, Part III, Chapter IV "Defects of this Principle", Hamiton ed., pp. 585b-586a. 2131/7/IV/02We are to compare, in point of happiness {two Characters, the first is that of} the Man who has no other ultimate end but his own good upon the whole, who has no regard to Virtue or Duty but as a mean to promote that End; the second {Character} is that of the Man, who has another Ultimate End which is perfectly consistent with the former and which we suppose conjoyned with it, that is a disinterested Love of Virtue for its own Sake, or a Regard to Duty as an ultimate EndThe Road to Duty is [for the most part]del so plain, that the upright heart cannot greatly err in it but the Road to happiness if that was supposed to be the onely End of our Nature leads us to pursue, would be found dark and intricate full of Snares and of Dangers, and therefore to be trod with fear & Care & perplexity [The happy Man therefore]del & without the inward Comfort of a good Conscience.Excerpts from a draft of AP, Chapter IV, or material for one of the discourses on freedom and necessity, GLS, 1784-86. Subjects: freedom and necessity. 3 subdivisions, separated by line. 1) On 1r, upper half, the definition of freedom. 2) 1r-v, on cause, effect, active power, and the exertion of active power. Draft of AP, Essay IV, Chapter II, "Of the Words Cause and Effect, Action, and Active Power", Hamilton ed., pp. 603a-b. 3) 1v, the definition of freedom, limits of human freedom. This passage reproduces and enlarges the first one on upper half of 1r. Compare with AP, Essay IV, Chapter I, "Of the Notions of Moral Liberty and Necessity Stated", Hamilton ed., especially pp. 600b-601a. 2131/7/IV/032[...] Liberty supposes Understanding and Will and therefore, the Enquiry is What Liberty Man has in those Actions which he does voluntarily and deliberately, which Writers in Jurisprudence call Human Actions, and conceive to be the {sole} Objects of Law and Obligation. [top left corner oof MS, torn apart]This Truth has been much darkened by the Ambiguity of every Word in Language by which it can be expressed. The Words Cause and Effect Action and Active Power have a strict Meaning , in which they must be used when we explain Rational Liberty and reason about it.%Discourse (Glasgow Literary Society)?Crossed out draft of an official memorandum or report of a Committee of the University of Glasgow, established with the purpose of reviewing the rental value of properties (or simply reviewing records of revenues from rents) of the University. 1r: "Another part and the Most troublesome part of the Business of the Committee was. To find out the Reason why the Charge against the Factor for Cropt 1777 and following Cropts differs so materially from the Charge in Cropt 1776 and all preceeding Cropts" [etc.] 1r-v: "It is to be observed that the Rental has been Changing almost every year during this long tract of Years. Sometimes by Valuation of Teinds sometimes by new Leases of Teinds, by New Purchases & other Means. Now as far as appears every alteration of this kind during Mr Morthlands Factory has been duly attended to. Every Increase of the Revenue has been added to his charge Every Diminution deduced from it as it happened. 2131/7/IV/04One of the Business of the Committee was to compare the Abstract of the Valuations of Teinds taken from the Records of the Court of Teinds, with the New Rental.But as to the Main Body to which this Additions were made or diminutions deduced, that had no other Authority for its Accuracy but the Authority of the preeceding Accounts.Official Memorandum [After 1777]%2r (p. 1): Spinoza 10v (p. 18): Locke Draft of AP, Essay IV, Chapter II and following. No division in chapters. Compare with other papers on freedom: 2/I/14, 2/II/09, 2/II/15, 2/II/18, 2/III/14, etc. It might be a draft of the prize essay for the Teyler's Theological Society (on 14r (p. 25): "I apprehend it does not fall within the Subject prescr< ibed for this Essay to answer the Arguments that have been advanced for the Doctrine of Necessity [...]", compare this statement with the requirements for the prize essay on 6/I/15, 1r). Leaves 6-7: burnt corners. Subjects: freedom and necessity. Approximate correspondences with AP: Top of 1v, from "The Evidence of this Truth [...]" to "[...] the other related Words": see AP, E IV, Ch. II, Hamilton ed., p. 603a, first three paragraphs. 1v, from "These I think [...]" to "[...] some degree of Active Power": see AP, E IV, Ch. II, Hamilton ed., pp. 603b-604a. Top of 2r, from "From what has been said [...]" to "[...] we shall be less in danger of being embarrased by it": see AP, E IV, Ch. II, Hamilton ed., p. 604b (last three paragraphs). 2r, passage between lines, "and how far this necessary Ch": indication for inserting what corresponds to Chapter III? 2r, from "From what has been said [...]" to "[...] must be given up as fallacious and sophistical", see AP, E IV, Ch. III, Hamiton ed., pp. 607b-608a (until first full paragraph). 2r-5r (pp. 1-7), from "The {Modern} Advocates [...]" to point number 6 on 5r: see AP, E IV, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 608b-612b. 5v-7r (pp. 8-11): see AP, E IV, Ch. VII "Second Argument", Hamilton ed., pp. 620b-622a. 7r-12v (pp. 11-22): see AP, E IV, Ch. VI "First Argument", Hamilton ed., pp. 616b-620b. 9r-v (pp. 15-16), from "What has been said [...]" to "[...] shall much be required" (top of p. 16): see AP, E IV, Ch. VII, Hamilton ed., p. 622a. Various objections considered, from 9v (p. 16): ("Before we leave this Argument [...]) onwards. 9v-10v (pp. 16-18), from "1 it may be said [...]" to "[...] defeat his design", 1st objection: see AP, E IV, Ch. VI, pp. 618b-619a (MS version larger). On top of 10v (p. 18), implicit reference to Kames: "Some of the strongest Advocates for the Doctrine of Necessity have acnnowledged that we have a Natural Sense or Conviction of our Acting freely [del] and maintain that it is a fallacious Sense. This is an Opinion which cannot be held without dishonouring our Maker {& therefore deserves little consideration}. For it supposes him to have given us one faculty on purpose to deceive us & another aat the same time by which we are able to detect the fallacy and so defeat his design". 10v-12v (pp. 18-22), from "II There is a second Objection [...]" to "[...] we are placed at the time": see AP, E IV, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 600a-601b. Take note of passage on 12r (p. 21), from "Many good Men [...]" to "not so evident" ("Atheists joyn with Divines"): it is not in AP, E IV, Ch. I. 13r-v (pp. 23-24) "Third Argument": see AP, E IV, Ch. VIII "Third Argument", Hamilton ed., pp. 622b-624a. 14r (p. 25): see AP, E IV, Ch. X, Hamilton ed., pp. 629a-632a (objection against liberty from prescience, MS version much shorter). At bottom of page "see page [26]del 30" and catchphrase "the present is equally". The text continues on 16v, lower half of page, after horizontal line. 14v (p. 26), passage crossed out; a qualification on the extent of human power and occasionalism. 14v-16v (pp. 26-30), until horizontal line: another draft of arguments on 10v-12v (pp. 18-22); see AP, E IV, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 600a-601b.1v-16vThe evidence of this Truth hath been much darkened by the Ambiguity of all the Words we can Use either in explaining it or in reasoning about it.LTo conclude this Essay; Extremes of all kinds ought to be avoided; yet we are prone to run into them. And to correct one extreme we often run into the Contrary. Of all Extremes non are more dangerous or more carefully to be avoided than those which exalt the powers of the human Mind too high or depress them too low. When we raise them too high we are apt to lose sense of our Dependance upon God, & vainly puffed up in our Minds, like Phaeton, to engage in attempts beyond our abilities. When we sink them too low we cut the Sinews of Action & sink into ignoble Sloth and puselanimity.[After November 1780?]!3v: Aristotle, Descartes, LeibnizcDraft of AP, Essay IV, Chapters II and III, Hamilton ed., pp. 604-608 (appro< ximate correspondence). 2131/7/IV/06[...] intellectual and moral Attributes, this Language perhaps draws some part of the pleasure it gives from its correspondence with the earliest Sentiments of our Minds. [MS begins from other document]Where such an Exertion is deliberately and voluntarily made ofr the purpose of producing a particular Effect does not this imply a conviction that I have power to produce the Effect.(1v: Aristotle 3v: Hutcheson, Shaftesbury Place of origin, date, and type uncertain. It seems to be an outline of an introductory lecture of a course on Practical Ethics, presumably from the Glasgow period. Ask Wood (since Haakonssen has not included this MS in his book, it may be an outline of an introductory lecture on the Law of Nature and Nations, from Aberdeen). See passage, highlighted, on 2v-3r: "That Faculty or Power of the Mind by Which we Perceive a Moral Obligation is Called the Moral Faculty or Conscience, by some the Moral Sense. The Perceptions we have by it we may call Moral Perceptions. Which have been explained in Pneumatology. Whether this Faculty be a kind of Sense or an Instinct or if it be nothing else but Reason perceiving the Truth or Relations of Things does not properly belong to Ethics but rather Pneumatology. And whether, Moral Obligation Moral Good or Evil is something that has real Existence without the Mind or if it is onely a Mode of thinking which has no Existence but in being perceived like heat or Cold is another Question that belongs not properly to Ethics but to Logic or Metaphysic. It is a Sufficient Foundation for Ethics if there is in fact in Human Nature such a Faculty, as we call Conscience or the Moral Faculty; that we have actually a Perception of Moral Obligation". 2131/7/V/011v-3vEMan by his Constitution is an Active as well as a speculative Animal.6 If we were to say what is the Summum Bonum It seems most reasonable to place it in a Good Conscience & what is the Natural Consequence of that a hoppe of the Approbation of the Supreme Being.Lecture GU (Ethics, Practical)Ethicks7r: Stahl, Whytt ("White"), Epicurus, Lucretius, Pomponazzi ("Pomponatius"), Hobbes. 8r: Cicero, Roscius, Augustus, Pylades, Bathyllus, Lucian, Nero, Giovanni Bonifacio ("L'Arte de' Cenni", Vicenza, 1616), Abbe du Bos ("Crit Refl.")7Draft of an introductory lecture of a course on Fine Arts. It can either be the course on the Culture of Mind, from Glasgow, or, most likely, the course on Fine Arts from Aberdeen. Compare with 4/I/13, 4/I/27 for similarities in the Incipit, and 4/I/29, 4/I/31 for the scheme of the course. In the scheme of the course on the Culture of Mind taught in Glasgow, the treatment of the culture of the powers of the human mind preceeds the discussion of the mind-body relation, of taste, and of eloquence, while, in the scheme proposed here, the culture of powers comes at the end of the course (see 4v, for scheme of the course, and compare it with the scheme on 4/I/29, 1r and 4/I/31, 1r). Subjects: relation between the mind and body; taste. 4r: Division of the objects of human knowledge, and of the sciences. There are two main classes of objects: body and mind and, accordingly, two classes of sciences. There is a third class of arts, the fine arts, which are connected both with the body and with the mind. The principles of fine arts are derived from certain connections between the mind and the body. 4v: He outlines the scheme of the course. 1) Connection between mind and body. How they mutually influence each other. Theories of philosophers will be mentioned just to show the futility of them. 2) Explanation of the power of mind called Taste. 3) Observations on the several arts. 4) Eloquence "What remains of the Session after these Heads are discussed will be employed in treating of the Culture of the various Powers of the Mind, showing how far & by what means they may be improved" [etc.]. 5r: "Laying aside therefore all pretensions to determine how the Mind and the Body are uniited or when the Union began as fruitless Enquires and beyond human Capacity Let us onely app< ly ourselves to examine the Effects of it which fall within our View. What are the Connections and Relations between our thinking Part and our material part which discoverable by observation? What I have to observe on this Subject may be reduced to these three general Heads 1 The Effects produced in the Mind and in the Body by occasion of their Union one with another 2 The Signs or Indications of [the State of]del {something belonging to} the Mind from what happens in the body or of the State of the Body from what happens in the Mind 3 The Analogies between body and Mind, between things Material and things Intellectual, which will appear to have a very extensive influence upon Language & upon the fine Arts. 1 Let us first consider the Effects produced in the Mind by occasion of its Union with the Body. And these may be reduced to three Heads. 1 The Perception of external Objects by means of our Organs of Sense. 2 The Pains and Pleasures which depend upon certain Motions and affections of our Bodies. 3 The Dependence of Memory, Imagination and even of Reason upon the Sound State & proper temperament of the Body. 4 Various Effects are produced in the Active Powers of the Mind by its Union with the Body, as well as in its perceptive & reasoning Powers". 7r: "3 The vital & involuntary Motions of the Body of which we are not aware & which seem to have no dependance on our Will Circulation of the Blood. Digestion in Men & other Animals Peristaltick Motion of the Stomach and Gutts. Secretion of the Chyle in the Lactials circulation of the chile till it enters into the Subelavian Vein Secretion of various Fluids from the Blood Bile Pancreatick Juice Urine Saliva Humours of the Eyes. Fat & Nourishment of all Parts Growth Stahls Notion of these Motions and Changes. Power of some Persons over the circulation of the Blood. System of the Mechanick Philosophers. Refuted by Stahl and White We know they depend upon the Union of Body and Mind but their immediate cause is unknown to us. 4 The Effects of various Passions upon the Countenance Digestion Health & Temperament of the Body. Shame. Anger. Benevolent Malevolent Affections. Joy Sorrow". [break] " Having now considered the Effects produced in the Mind by its Union with the Body and on the other hand the Effects produced in the Body by its Union with the Mind. Before we Proceed to the other Connections between Mind & Body it may be proper to take some Notice of the Hypotheses by which Philosophers have endeavoured to account for the Effects we have mentioned 1 From the dependance of the Operations of the Mind upon the State and Temperament of the body. Some have concluded that the Mind is no distinct substance from Body bu onely some Modification off the Body [or some subtle matter joyned to it]del. Epicurus Lucretius. Pomponatius Hobbes Summ of the Argument" [etc.]. Answer in 3 points. "2 The System of a Physical Influence" [etc.]. "3 The System of Occasional Causes took its rise from Des Cartes was adopted by Malebranche & many Cartesians" [etc.]. 7v: "4 The Harmonie Preeablie' add Q & A". [Rest of page, blank]. 8r: "That there is such a Natural Language of Mankind as we have described appears for these Reasons 1 Without some Natural Language there could be no artificial 2 Dumb people know how to communicate their Sentiments in some Degree 3 People who have no common Artificial Language 4 Pantomimes. The Dividing of Action and Pronounciation among Greeks and Romans. Contention between Cicero and Roscius. Pantomimes invented in the time of Augustus. Pylades & Bathyllus the first famous in Tragedy the last in Comedy. Lucian relates that a kiing whose Dominions bordered upon the Euxine Sea happening to be at Rome in the Reign of Nero & having seen a Pantomime act, begged of Nero that he might give him that Pantomime that he might make him a general Interpreter in all Languages. This fellow says he will make all the World understand him whereas I am obliged to have that I don't know how many Interpreters in order to keep up a Correspondence with my neighbours who speak a great many different<  Languages which I do not understand. Giovani Bonifacio wrote a 4to Book of 600 pages intitled L'arte de' Cenni or the Art of expressing our selves by Signs, and Gestures. printed at Vicenza 1616 See an Account of the Ancient Pantomimes 3 Vol of the Abbe du Bos Crit Refl.". 8v: see Explicit.4r-8v (5v-6v, blank)_The Objects of human Knowledge may all be comprehended under two general Heads Body and Mind, things material and things intellectual And accordingly the Arts which occupy the Busy part of Mankind and the Sciences which occupy the Studious [Part]del may be distinguished into two great Branches, according to the Objects about which they are employed.5 What we call good Breeding III There are many Analogies between Body and Mind, between things corporeal and things Spiritual)Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Fine Arts)?!Lecture GU (Culture of the Mind)?10v: Hutcheson 12r: KamesType, location, and date uncertain. No precise corrspondence with AP (example of Hercules and Sardanapalus, on 10 r and 11v, can be found in AP, E III, Part III, Ch. III, Hamilton ed., p. 583b.10r-12r It seems to be a Matter of Some Difficulty to determine whether the Desires of Power Honour Riches Knowledge Pleasure are to be accounted various Modifications of Self love or if they are to be accounted Principles of Action altogtogether [sic] Distinct from Selflove.It is therefore evident that a Man whose sole leading principle is this cool self love may make himself extreamly miserable in the pursuit of happiness and must do so if his self love is not directed by a true Judgment of the real Value of the Objects which he pursues.HOf SelfLove & Benevolence & the Relation they bear to our other Desires. 2v: NewtonType: insertions for another document? Draft of IP? Lecture? 5 parts. Part 1, on 1r-v. Sources of knowledge of the human mind. Division of the operations of the intellectual powers into apprehension, judgment, reasoning. He proposes to criticize this distinction, but he offeres no criticism here. Part 2, on 2r, upper half. Sensation Part 3, on 2r (lower half)-2v (upper half). Repetition of part 1. Part 4, on 2v, lower half. Conjectures (what is their proper use in the phiilosophy of mind). 2131/6/III/09This Division is venerable [for]del {on account of } its Antiquity, and its being [universally]del adopted by {all} the Writers [in Logick]del I am acquainted with on this Subject. We may observe that Judgment includes Apprehension 7 Reasoning includes both Judgment and Apprehension.S. I. N. in all his philosophical Writings {took great care to} distinguish his Doctrines which he pretended to prove from his Conjectures, for which he had no sufficient proof, & which therefore he proposed in the Form of Queries {which} that were to stand or fall according as they should afterwards be confirmed by sufficient proof or refuted, and in the mean time should be considered not as things to be believed but to be enquired into.:1r: Descartes, Bayle, Arnauld 1v: Platonists, Pythagoreans_Notes. 2 parts. Part 1, on 1r. History of philosophy. It seems an account of Arnauld's criticism of Malebranche on intelligible extension and of Arnauld's position on ideas and how they represent. Reference to Bayle's account of the Malebranche/Arnauld controversy on bottom of 1r. Part 2. History of philosophy. Theory of ideas (Plato and Aristotle). 2131/6/III/10If the Deity should immediately exhibit to our Minds the Idea of extended Matter, or make it to be exhibited to us by any other Cause in which there was nothing of extension figure and Motion, we could not help thinking him a deceiver.Nor on the other hand did he allow them to be produced, but educed from Matter yet they are not actually in the matter from which they are educed but potentially onely. DescartesNotes. History of Philosophy: Descartes on matter; difference between Cartesian and Peripatetick philosophy with regard to ideas. 2131/6/III/11{The Notion of a Substance as something Distinct from its Attributes, seemed too Dark to be admitted into a Philosophy which excluded everything of whi< ch we havee not a clear and distinct comprehension}PFirst Attempt Images Powers images in the Brain thinking supposes the existence<List of absentees from an ethics class. Aberdeen or Glasgow.Die Luni Jacobe Henderson bisRobert Orr semel6Nomina Absentium in Classe Ethica per totam Hebdomadem]1r: Dr. Robert Hook 1v: Descartes, Hook, Locke 2r: Locke, Berkeley (quotation), Hume 2v: HumeYAdditions to 8/II/15. On 1r: "page 12 A". On 2r: "A" "To be inserted page 31". On 2r "B".Type: insertions for a draft of IP, E II: 8/II/15. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception; history of philosphy. 4 parts. Part 1, on 1r, contains IP, E II, Ch. IX, Hamilton ed, first two paragraphs of p. 276b. Originally this part was to be inserted at "page 12 A" of a draft of IP, E II: 8/II/15. Note that there is no reference to an addition marked as "A", on 6v (p. 12) of 8/II/15. On the bottom of 1r of 6/III/12, there is an indication for relocating the passage elsewhere: "Should not this come in upon the external Accompaniments of Perception rather than at page 12". Reid integrates this passage in the addition on 1v. Part 2 on 1v, contains IP, E II, Ch. IX, Hamilton ed., last paragraph of p. 276a, beginning of the first paragraph on p. 276b, with indication that the text is to be continued in order to include the passage on 1r, the last two paragraphs of p. 276b and the first of p. 277a. There is no indication in 8/III/12 of the place in 8/II/15 where Reid wants to insert this passage, nor there is any explicit reference to this additiion in 8/II/15. If we compare the two MSS, we can see that the addition had to be inserted on 8v (p. 16) of 8/II/15 between the paragraph ending with "see A margin of the following page" and the one beginning with "Mr Locke has taken pains [...]". Part 3, on 2r, addition marked as "A" "To be inserted pag 31. A. Berkeley [...]", no precise correspondence with IP, apart quotation from Berkeley which appears in IP, E II, Ch. XI, Hamilton ed., p 290b. Reference to this addition in 8/II/15, 16r (p. 31): "Insert A in the 8o enclosed". Part 4, on 2r-v, addition marked as "B. Mr Hume [...]", contains IP, E II, chapter XII, Hamiton ed., p. 294b, last 2 paragraphs. Reference to this addition in 8/II/15, 19v (p. 38): "Here Insert B 8o". 2131/6/III/12Apage 12 A Others have made the Soul more Active in forming ideas.PFor Causation according to him implys no more than contiguity in time and place.Type: insertion? Incipit repeats almost verbatim IP, E II, Ch. IX, Hamilton ed., p. 277a, third paragraph. Discarded addition. Subjects: Locke's theory of ideas. 2131/6/III/13uAlthough no Author has more Merit than Mr Locke in pointing out the Ambiguity of Words and in resolving [by that means} many knotty Questions which had tortured the Wits of the Schoolmen, yet I apprehend that in the Use of the word Idea which occurs often in every page of his Essay, he has not been so carefull as he ought to havee been, to us it always in the Same Sense.wThus from the Idea of an Individual man, by leaving out the peculiarities of time and place & other things wherein one man differs from another we form an Idea of Man in general and from the Idea of Man leaving out Shape 7 some other properties included in the Idea of Man and retaining onely a Body with Life Sense and Spontaneous Motion, we form a new Idea, that of Animal.1r: Hume, Locke.KType: material to be found, in different form, in AP, E IV, Ch. II "Of the Words Cause and Effect, Action, and Active Power", and IP, E VI, Ch. IV "The First Principles of Contingent Truths", and Ch. V "The First Principles of Necessary Truths". No precise correspondence between MS and AP or IP. It is an addition to some other paper (see letter marking the passage: "B"). It might be part of one of the GLS discourses on common sense or of one of the papers on freedom. Subjects: active power, causation, source of the idea of active power; common sense; principles of action, freedom. 2131/6/III/16It is not to be wondered therefore that those who admit no other Sources of Ideas but Sense &<  Consciousness should deny that we have any Idea of Power. In this Mr Humes System is more consistent than Mr Lockes/%Having mentioned these things to prevent as far as possible our being entangled by the Ambiguity of words. It seems to be evident that Men are led by Nature to attribute some degree of Active Power to themselves with regard to their voluntary Actions and the Determinations of their own Minds.B(Mathematics) Algebra(Mathematics) Arithmetic(Natural Philosophy) Astronomy2 problems, one on recto (see Incipit), the other on verso. Problem on verso: "Prob.having given the year of the Indiction the Golden Number and the year of the Suns Cycle to find the year of the Julian Period. Rule. Multiply the Indiction into 6916 the Golden Number into 4200, & the year of the solar Cycle into 4845, add the three products into oneSum and divide that Sum by the number of years in the Julian period viz. 7980. The remainder of this Division is the year of the Julian period Sought". 2131/7/II/16Prob. Let a, b, c be known whole Numbers & let ma-c=nb, to find the least values of m & n in whole Numbers & to point out the method by which all the corresponding values of m & n in whole Numbers may be found.PNB The Sum of the three Fractions must not be reduced below the Denominator abc.lWhytt ("Essay on the vital and other involuntary motions in animals, 1751"); Monro, Baker; Hook, Leeuwenhoek$(Natural Philosophy) Natural HistoryType: outlines of lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reading note too? Subjects: physiology, muscular motion; generation of animals. For reference to this MS, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 21. 2131/7/II/179Animal Oeconomy Comparative First in Quadrupedes Generals$Animalcules Baker. Hook. LeeuwenhockLecture KC (Outlines)Lecture KC (Natural History)j6 The Origin of Motion in the human Body. That it is not Mechanical. White's Essay three Lecutres form it.(Natural Philosophy) ChemistrysOn 1r, notes on heat and cold, presumably for lectures on or Natural History (or Natural Philosophy?), Aberdeen. Ask Wood whether heat and cold were part of courses on natural history or of the courses on natural philosophy. 1r: "I am not to Determine whether Heat which the Chymists commonly call by the name of Fire be itself a body distinct from all other bodies: or whether it is onely a particular State or Quality of Bodies. Heat and Cold not be judged by our feeling Are different degrees of the Same Quality Properties of Heat". On 1v, list of various kinds of materials and their uses (trees, etc.). Notes for lectures Natural History, Aberdeen. This MS has the same watermark, the same size of paper, and the same handwriting as lectures on natural history, 6/V/3, 6/V/10a. For reference to this MS, see Wood. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 272, n. 97 (p. 470). See also 7/II/4. 2131/7/II/18hHeat & Cold are commonly thought to be well understood by every body & to need no Explication. But whenLint. Linnen supplys the use of bathing in great Measure. Tents Hangings Sails Thread to Cable Ropes. Oyl for Burning & Painting & Medicinal Uses. Corn. Wine4Relations between earth's motion and light's motion. 2131/7/II/20?The greatest Aberration of the fixed Stars from their true place being according to Dr Bradleys Observations 20''1/4 whose Log tangent is 5.9919689, The Log of the Ratio of that Tangent to the Radius will be 4.0080311 the Log of 10185,9 therefore the Mean Velocity of the Earth is to the Velocity of Light as 1: 10185,9Which Number of Days divided by 10185,9 will give 10011417 days which turned into Minutes & Seconds makes 16' 26'' the Time that Light takes to move through a Diameter of the Earths Orbit.$(Mathematics, Practical) PerspectiveaTheorem: apparent distance of an object given a certain number of lenses. Optics. On 4v, diagram. 2131/7/II/21Let PL be an Object viewed by the Eye at O through any Number of Lenses A, B, C, whose focal distances are given and are a, b, c. And let the distances OA, AB BC, CP be also given. [etc.]yMeasurement of the figure of the earth. Compare other papers on this to< pic, 3/I/2, 3/I/7, 3/III/15. Diagram on top of 1r. 2131/7/II/22NB. 1 A Degree of Latitude by the French Mensuration in the middle of France is 57060 & therefor<e> a degree at the polar Circle is 57437 toises.(Natural Philosophy) Mechanics(Natural Philosophy) NewtonEShort paper on centripetal forces. Compare with 6/V/9, 6/V/32, 6/V/33 2131/7/III/01A centripetal Force is a Force that acts constantly and is directed to a certain point. Such a Force may be always the same, or it may continually increase, or continually decrease.IForm these Canons the Corollaries of Prop 4 Newton Princip easily follow.{Of the Centripetal Forces, Velocities, & Periodical Times of Bodies moving equably in Circles & of the Radii of the CirclesStewart, John?(Mathematics) GeometryDiagram on verso. Fragment, r-v*Hoc Theorema ita nefallar subjici potest.[a puncto G ducatur GL parallela ipsi EH occurens CH producta in L erit G aequalis arcui AH.-Theorema D Mat Stewart pro Quadratura Circuli1r: Smith, Keil, Winslow, Porterfield 1v: Porterfield (Medical Essays), Jurin (Essay on Distinct and indistinct Vision) 4r: SmithDraft of an essay on Optics ("Of the Eye & Manner of Vision"). On 1r-v, Sect. 4 (proposition 22-30); on 2r-4v, Sect. 5 (propositions 31-39). No correspondence with the numeration of propositions in K. 160 (lectures on optics). 2131/7/III/02Optics Section 4 Containing 1 An Anatomical Description of the Eye from Smith Keil & Winslow {with the Comparative Anatomy of the Eye}.4 The floor of a long Gallery seems to ascend & the Roof to descend 5 A Straight line parallel to the Horizon may appear circular 6 [interrupted]Of the Eye & Manner of Vision 1r: NewtonPaper on natural philosophy. 2131/7/III/03No change of Motion is produced in Nature as far as we can observe [per saltum, but in time]del {in a point of time but in some part of time} and by degrees.Supposing Matter void of Inertia it may still be made a doubt whether once put in Motion it will continue to movve untill it be stopt.#"Decr 25 1770" (on top left corner)Of the Laws of MotionType: original paper (or reading note? Or lecture?). According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Subjects: music, or musical theory (harmony). Music as applied mathematics. It seems to continue from another document. Compare with other papers on sound and music: 6/I/20, 4v, and 6/I/24 (0, on 1r-2v). See also 7/III/5, "Of Chromatick" (same paper, same handwriting, same subject, etc.). Various topics and subheadings: 1r, on cadence 1v, "Of the Manner of Preparing & Resolving Discords" 2r, "Of the Chord of the Second", "Of the Modulation & of the Manner of Removing from one Key into Another" 3r, "Of Figurative Melody or passing Notes" 3v, "Of Licences & first of the False or flying Cadence" 4r, "Of the extreme Sharp fifth", "Of the Chord of the 9th" 4v, "Of the Eleventh otherwise called the Fourth", "Of the Extreme Sharp Seventh", "Of the Extreme Sharp Second & its Derivatives" 2131/7/III/04^A Perfect Cadence is a Conclusion of the Melody Made upon the Key Note preceeded by its fifth.[All these Borrowed Chords & that of the Extreme Sharp fifth can onely be used in flat keys./Type: original paper (or reading note? Or lecture?). According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Subjects: music, or musical theory (harmony). Music as applied mathematics. Compare with other papers on sound and music: 6/I/20, 4v, and 6/I/24 (0, on 1r-2v). See also 7/III/4, (same paper, same handwriting, same subject, etc.). Various headings: 1r, "Of Chromatick", "Rules of Composition" 1v, "Of Major Discords", "Of Minor Discords". 2131/7/III/05rChromatic consists of a Succession or Continuation of Melody that proceeds by Semitons in ascending or descending. Of Chromatick3r: Emerson, Desaguliers.NType: material for lectures natural philosophy, Aberdeen? Compare with K 1< 60, pp. 66-69: "Friction", p. 70: "Bending of Ropes", pp. 74-79: "Wheel carriage". Other related papers: 6/V/7, 6/V/8, 6/V/26 (on friction), 6/V/27, 6/V/28 (bending of ropes, wheel), 7/II/14 (wheel carriage). On 3r-4r, notes from Emerson's book (which title?) Subjects: natural philosophy, mechanics. Various headings and subdivisions. On 1r, upper half, see title. On 1r, lower half, "Observations on Friction". On 1r-2v, "Of Wheel Carriages", 12 sections. Diagram on 2r, top right corner. On 3r-4r, "Emersons Account of Friction", "Of the Bending of Ropes from the same". On 4v, "Prop To give Account of the things necessary to be observed in {the Construction of} a Wheel Carriage", "Prop To Give an Account of the proper method of making Roads for Wheel Carriages" 2131/7/III/07Let the Height of an Obstacle be v the Diameter of the Wheel 2v, the sine of the Angle of which v is the versed Sine s its cosine, [etc]a3 The direction of the road so as to make unnecessary bendings and there be large rooms to turn.-Of the Comparative Advantage of Large Wheels#2r: Descartes ("Epist p. 2 Ep. 88")(Mathematics) Quantity22 sections. Take note of the text on bottom of 2r and top of 2v, quotation from Descartes' Epistolary (check). Lower half of 2v, blank. Reference to this MS in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 55 (note 76, on p. 412). 2131/7/III/081 Tis obvious that every Multiple of a Number ending in (0) must end in 0, and every Multiple of a Number ending in 5 must end in 5 or 0.It is remarkable that the squares of the digits equally distant froom 5 have the same termination, as 1 & 9; 2 & 8; 3 & 7; 4 & 6. Cubes may end in any digit or in three cyphers.[1748]Some properties of NumbersLeibniz}Criticism of Leibniz's conception of number as monad. Reference to this MS in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 55 (note 76, on p. 412).BEvery Number consists of Monades that are all equal to each other.[According to]del From the Doctrine of Leibnitz that all Substances must be Monades or Collections of Monades, will it not follow that there can be no continued Quantity & consequently no incommensurable? 1748 or after3r: Simson (Algebra)Type: text on 3r-v, reading note. Various headings and subdivisions: On 1r-v, see title. 4 propositions. On 2r, "Algebraical Questions". On 2v, "Problem", On 3r-v, "Lemma from Simsons Algebra page 166". 2131/7/III/09The method of finding the greatest common Measure, or the least common Multiple of two or more given Numbers is supposed to be known."Novr 1794" [on 2v]OPropositions that may be usefull in solving algebraical indeterminate Questions1v: Irvine 2r: BlackOn 1v, "Novr 1780, Observation on the Experiment & Reasoning in last page". 2r and top of 2v, crossed out. Subjects: Chemistry, heat. Compare other papers on heat: 7/II/18, 7/III/6. Reference to this paper in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 276 (notes 117-118 on p. 472). 2131/7/III/11oThe discovery now proposed seems to be drawn by just reasoning from principles fromerly known and acknowledged.SWhen these three bodies Water Ice & Quicksilver raise the Thermometer to the same height, they have unequal Quantities of heat in the same bulk, which the thermometer does not discover whence this heat which is not discovered by the Thermometer is called by the ingenoius Discoverer Latent Heat, This [interrupted, lower half of 2v, blank]"Novr 1780" (on 2v)Paper on the causes of error in a theodolite, and its effects. Observations made with the theodolite on September 8 and 9, on 2r. For date, see the end of MS, on 2v. 2131/7/III/12The Radius of the Theodolite is 5,4 inches nearly. I have observed a Small Error in the Centring of it of which I shall first describe the Symptoms & then investigate the Cause.By a Medium of a Good many Observations made in Aug & Septr 1756 & in the same Months in 1757 I take the Latitude of the Canonists Manse in Old Aberdeen to be 57. 10' 40'' The Declination of the Magnetic Needle Septr 15 1757 was 20 NW"Septr 15 1757" [2v]2r: Newton 2v: HerschelSubjects: theory of vision (experiments on double vision). Other related papers: 6/I/23.<  It continues from another, unrecovered, document. 2131/7/III/13[...] in their Eye was not circular but oval, the longest diameter being vertical and this [I conjectured proceeded from through] indicated that {the surface of} their Cornea {in those Eyes} as not {part of a} perfectly spherical {Surface}; but of such a figure that supposing one line horizontal another vertical, to (be drawn along the]del divide the Surface of the Cornea into equal parts; the vertical line had less convexity than the horizontal. [It continues from another document]I add that the little holes seen in this way resemble veery much the figures which Herschel has given us of the Appearance of double triple & quadruple fixed Stars as seen by him.Netwon 9v: Stewart, John4 parts or subdivisions with headings. Diagram on 9v. Part 1, on 1r-2r, see title. Reading note of Netwton's Principia, Book 3, Proposition 26. End on 2r: "Now I see nothing in prop 16 [that] from which this can be inferred if KT is given because KT*TF is given this must be because TF is given but I do not see how TF is given" (lower half of 2r, blank). Part 2, on 5r-6v, "Observation upon Cor 14 & 15 Prop 66 Lib 1 Princip. Newtoni. See the figure in the Book". Reading note of Netwton's Principia, Book 1, Proposition 66, Corollaries 14 and 15. Incipit on 5r: " End on 6v: " Part 3, on 7r-10r: "Of the disturbing force of the Sun upon the Moon". 11 points made. Incipit, on 7r: End, on 10r: Part 4, on 11r-v: "Canon 1", "Another Canon for the Suns Parallax" Incipit, on 11r: End, on 11v: Parts 1-3 are on the same kind of paper, with the same handwriting and ink. Part 1 and 2 are reading notes of Newton Principia. Check Principia for correspondence with part 3. Take notice of the reference to Stewart on 9v, and the reference to the "Inconsistency of the French Estimate" of the sun's and moon's parallaxes on 11v. Take notice also of date and location on 11v. Compare with other reading note of Newton, 6/V/32 (same paper and handwriting as parts 1-3). 2131/7/III/141r-11vSit S vis accelerativa Terrae versus Solem, vel Lunae in mediocrae sua distantia; T vis acceleratrix {gravitatis} Lunae versus terram. [etc.] Parallax 10'' instead of 11'',58!"Hanipstead 21 May 1770" [on 11v]DScholium ad Prop 26 Lib 3 Princip Newtoni vide figuram apud authoremConsider adding other subjects (fluxions, mechanics, astronomy). Integrations and explanatory notes on Newton's Principia. Diagrams. Oldest document in the collection. Reference to this MS in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 43 (note 25 on p. 407). 2131/7/III/151r-3vOctobris 6to 1729 Cum Principia Mathematica CL. Newton perlegerem plearaquae erant quorom demonstrationes desiderabam utpote a Clarissimo Authore brevitatis gratia omissas {Nonnulla ni fallar Corrigenda, et alia quorum Sensum non plene capio} praecipua sequuntur"Octobris 6to 1729" Type: Uncertain. Series of notes. Drafts of AP? Material for lectures (1r-2r, 3r, on Pneumatology or Speculative Ethics; 4v, on the Culture of the Mind)? Place of origin and date: unknown This MS is discontinuous. 4 subdivisions, 3 with headings. 1) On 1r-v (lower half of 1v, blank). Heading: "Of the Moral Faculty". Incipit: see above. End, on 1v: "This Moral Obligation is always understood and expressed when we say a Man ought {or ought not} not to do so or so he ought not to murder or to Steal. In like manner when we say of an action that it is right or wrong, culpable or praiseworthy deserving of reward or punishment. In all these and many other like froms of Expression which are [common to]del {understood by} the leearned and the unlearned and which have equivalent words in all Languages. In all these the notion of moral obligation is Supposed". Deleted heading on top of 1v: "Of the Will & its Modifications". Subjects: notion of moral faculty or conscience, notion of obligation. 2) On 2r (lower half of 2r, blank). Heading: "Of the Springs of Action". Text: "Every Action is done either for some end which it tends to promote or for its own Sake Actions that are done fro their own sakes must proceed from ssome i< nward spring or impulse in our Constitution by which we are prompted and led to that Action or the Action must be meerly [Spontaneous]del {capricious} and indifferent and must be done without any motive reason or End. If there are any actions of this last kind they must be altogether [indifferent]del incapable of being reduced to any rule and the effect of meer caprice and there seems to be no instance where our Nature leads us to act in this manner unless perhaps in chusing one of two actions where both equally answer the purpose. If the Actions of Men were generally directed by mere will without any reason motive or end they would be the most capricious beings in the Universe incapable of being governed by laws". 3) On 3r (lower half of 3r, blank). Only a few lines of text: "Bodies as far as we can perceive are substances altogether [inactive] {passive} they have no power of changing their State they do't move themselves but are moved". 4) On 4v (lower half of 4v, blank). Heading: "Of the Culture of our Active Powers". Text: "Instincts may be preserved by frequently putting them in practice as Swimming moving of the Ears. They may be lost by disuse. Habits Good ones acquired and strengthned by Exercise bad ones overcome by the disuse and sometime by the contrary practice. Appetites of the Body preserved in their proper and Natural State by strict Temperance. They are kept in subjection to the Mind by sometimes crossing them and getting the habit of not indulging them when we think proper. No part of our happiness to be placed in these indulegences". 2131/7/V/08 1r-2r, 3r, 4v Man is not a speculative Animal onely fitted to observe and compare things that fall under his Notice, to judge of them and to reason about them. But he is also an Active Animal; Disposed by his Constitution and prone to certain kinds of Actions and averse from Others.Of the Moral Faculty02v: Socrates, Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, CiceroVType: uncertain, most likely material for lectures on ethics (speculative or practical?) or Pneumatology (part on active powers). Place of origin, and date: unknown. 2 subdivisions. 1) On 1r-v. Incipit: see above End: "Every man is apt to Judge most fairly and impartially in matters where he is not interested. And for the same Reason when we judge how another man ought to behave in certain circumstances, we are distenterested Judges. Our Passions do not oppose his acting up to the highest Standard of Virtue. Our Moral Judgmentn is exercised without any antagonist to impair its force or vary its direction. The Eye is single and therefore the whole Man is full of Light. Subjects: axioms or first principles of morals or morality (note that in 7/V/05, they are called axioms of practical ethics). He considers the second, third, and fourth axiom in detail on 1r. On 1v, he offers different formulations of the secondo axiom. Compare with AP. E V, Ch. 1, Hamilton ed., pp. 637-640. 2) On 2v. Incipit: "Ethics is the Knowledge of those Rules or Laws by which [human Actions]del Men ought to [be Governed] govern their Actions. In order to understand this Def. & to have a distinct notion of this Science It will be proper 1 To explain the Nature of human Actions and their Extent 2 To shew that we are capable of Governing our Actions by a Rule or Law 3 That we ought so to govern them 4 Explain the Nature of a Moral Rule or Law". End: "From this time Philosophy put on some Regular form and was [comprehended under] {divided into} three Branches Dialecticks Physicks & Morals. The last being allways as the noblest & most important. For who says Cicero would dare to assume to himself the name of a Philosopher, while he gives no precepts with regard to the conduct of Life". Subejcts: definition of ethics; historical sketch of the origin of this branch of philosophy. 2131/7/V/091r-v, 2v2 Ax what we perceive by our Moral Faculty to be Mean {shamefull dishonourable} base Unworthy in conduct is Moral Evil & what we perceive to be worthy Right & honourable is morally good.Type: part of a draft of AP (on 1r: "In the 3 Essay Part 3 I have ende< avoured [...]"). Compare with E V, Ch. VII "That Moral Approbation Implies a Real Judgment", Hamilton ed., pp. 670-679. Place of origin: Glasgow. Date: most likely, after 1780. Incipit continues from another, unrecovered, document. Part from "Let me now consider [...]", on 1r, to "[...] This I cannot believe", on bottom of 2r, corresponds to AP, E V, Ch. VII, pp. 672a-674a. 2131/7/V/10[...] would indeed be in point if the opinion of some Modern Philosophers be adopted that heat is no quality in the Water but a certain feeling in me when applied to my hand. [text continues from another document][Those] This Opinions [sic] concerning the external Senses and the Sense of Beauty [have indeed been maintained by modern Philosophers, & by other Men have been accounted very paradoxical]del {has been accounted very paradoxical since it was first broached by modern Philosophers; and} I have attempted in another place to show that [they are as contrary to truth as they are to the common Sentiments of all Men who have not drunk the principles of this modern Philosophy]del {it is not more contrary to the common Sentiments & common Language of mankind than it is to truth}; that [there is really]del beauty is really in the Object and not merely a feeling in the Spectator, that heat is really in the water and not [in them]del a feeling of the Mind.Type, location, and place of origin: undetermined Whole text: "The various {simple} Qualities of Actions which are the object of Moral discernment. {Every Judgment of the moral Faculty implys Approbation or Disapprobation. But notwithstanding of this} It is not the same Quality in different Degrees that is the object of all Approbations nor is it one single contrary Quality that is the object of every Disapprobation. There are various Qualities {of Actions} differing <in> kind as well as degree which can onely be discerned by the moral faculty. & which it approves opr disapproves as first 1 An Action may be considered as Just innocent unjust The Judgments we pass on Actions that have these Qualities whether they respect ourselves or others 2 An Action may be Generous ungenerous wicked 3 An Action may be mean {insignificant} or Great 4 It may be decent or indecent 5 It may be Profitable or hurtfull". [lower half of 1r, blank]. 2131/7/V/11TThe various {simple} Qualities of Actions which are the object of Moral discernment.#5 It may be Profitable or hurtfull.e1v: Gassendus. 2r: Butler ("Serm."). 2v: Aristotle, Cicero (quotation from De Finibus "Lib 2 c 18").Type: Uncertain. Draft of AP? Lectures on Ethics or Pneumatology (part on active power)? Place of origin and date, undetermined. 3 subdivisions. 1) On 1r. Heading: see title. Subheadings: "Agent", "The Judgment we form of the Action", "How far the Affections or Inferior Principles of Action Influence the Morality of Actions". Incipit: see above End: "Partaking of the Virtue or Vice of Others How far the Consequences of our Actions imputable Are Opinions imputable Is there Merit in Riches Nobility Wit &c". 2) On 1v-2v. Incipit:"Moral Duties are either such as are immediately perceived by the Moral Faculty {to be so} or such as by Reasoning we find to be connected with these. The first are a kind of Axioms in Morals. The latter are propositions deduced from them Axioms 1 A man ought to prefer a greater Good or Happiness to a less and a less Evil to a Greater. Or in other Words every man ought to pursue the real Good & Felicity of his Nature". End: "The Duties we owe to our Selves and others are not improperly comprehended under that Division which Aristotle made of the Virtue Prudence Temperance Fortitude & Justice. The three first Comprehend the Duty we owe to our Selves. The last what we owe to our fellow Creatures". Subejcts: axioms (or first principles) of morals (or morality); first axiom (the principle of self-interest). Compatibility of the principle of self-interest with the other principles of morality. A just estimate of the goods necessary for the application of this principle. On 2v, subdivision of ethics in general and special<  ethics. Special ethics (in other writings called practical ethics) includes the division of virtues and duties. Duties and virtues are divided according to their object (Deity, self, others). Compare with AP, E III, Pt. III, Ch. II-IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 580-86, and AP, E V, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 637-640. 3) On 2v (lower half). Heading: "Whether Justice is a Natural or Artificial Virtue" Incipit: "1 Our Moral Faculty manifestly determines things to be just or unjust without Regard to Utility: A Savage has acquired by his industry several Conveniencies of Life Another who wants these dispossesses him". Compare with AP, E V, Ch. V, Hamilton ed., pp. 651-663. 2131/7/V/12Agent 1 Must be a Being capable of perceiving Moral Good that is he must have a Moral Facultie therefore we do not attribute Virtue or Vice to Brutes or to [Children]del Infants.Yet it may be acknowledged that there are many cases with regard to the right of Property that are not determined clearly by our Moral Faculty {without regard to Utility} & whose determination must be founded upon that bottom nay in some cases a determination amy be necessary & yet it amy be of no importance whether it is on the one side orr the other providing the rule is known and ascertained."Abstract Measures of Virtue & Vice7Part of a lecture on Ethics (speculative ethics) or Pneumatology (part on active powers). Subjects: principles of morality, or systems of morals; principle of self-interest or selfish system. Compare with AP. Essay III, Pt III, Ch. II-IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 580-586. After the Incipit: "1 In the first place it is evident that the man who would wisely pursue this desing of being happy must no be a Slave to his appetites or passions. This would be altogether inconsistent with the design he has in view. Our appetites and passions have some present gratification onely in view, they urge us to the prosecution of that without any consideration of more distant consequences". [etc.] "Besides as the Desires the passions and the Appetites of the human Mind are many and various they often lead contrary ways. Avarice leads a man one way the love of Pleasure the contrary & one must yield to the other". [Explicit follows]. Text interrupted, lower half of recto, blank. First paragraph (see Incipit) is highlighted by a line, and does not seem to belong with the rest of the text. 2131/7/V/13There is no part of philosophy so apt to be perplexed and rendred dark and intricate by ambiguity of words as that which treats of the faculties of the Mind First let us Suppose that a man had [no other end]del {this for his} supreme End & governing Principle to conduct his Actions so as to enjoy all the happiness in his power and avoid every pain and uneasinessas much as possible, what course of Life would this principle rationally pursued lead him into Supposing happiness to be his sole End; there is a Rational way of prosecuting this End there is also and absurd and irrational way. The absurd & irrational is to yield to the present inclination, without [any consideration]del {considering} what that indulgence may co [text interrupted] Lecture GU (Ethics, Speculative)"May 4 1767" (left margin)1r: Gay ("Dissertation prefixed to Laws Edition of Archbishop Kings Essay on the Origin of Evil"), Hartley, Priestley. 2r: Cicero (quotation from De Finibus, "Lib 1"), Epicurus, Torquatus.zType: uncertain. It seems to be part of an exposition and criticism of the "Selfish or Epicurean system" of morality. Most likely, part of the lectures on Ethics (speculative ethics), or Pneumatology (the part on the active powers), from the Glasgow period. Subject: account and criticism of Gay's "refinement" of the "selfish" system (a position later adopted by Hartley and Priestley). According to Gay, benevolent affections are acquired by association, habit, and imitation. The only original principle of our nature is the love of sensible pleasure and the aversion to pain. By habitually pursuing a certain object as a means to pleasure, we, at last, lose sight of the end and pursue it as an end in itself; an e< xample: the love of money. 3 observations on this system follow. Firstly, it is not a modern invention; Epicureans invented it. Secondly, from the fact that the love of money is an acquired desire, we cannot infer that other desires--such as the love of knowledge, the love of esteem, and the love of power--are acquired; moreover, the miser does not love the money for itself but because he considers it as a species of power. Finally, "this System makes it necessary that Man & other animals should have large Stock of Knowledge before they can act at all. They must know what actions are apt to give pleasure & what actions are proper to prevent pain before they can act [...]". 2131/7/V/14Before we leave this Selfish System it is proper to observe that some have endeavoured to refine it and to make it tally better with the appearances of human ConductThe Desire of Esteem the Desire of Knowledge the Desire of Power & Superiority appear in Children long before they can get the Habit of pursuing those Objects as the Means of Sensible Pleasure.M1v: Hume, Kames ("the Author of the Essays on Morality and Natural Religion") Type: undetermined. It could be part of a lecture (Pneumatology or Speculative Ethichs) Compare with AP, E IV, in particular ch. VI "First Argument", Hamilton ed., pp. 616-620. "Let us farther suppose that this {animated} ship has a perswasion that tho' is the cause of its own volitions and does not know that its volitions as well as its motions are the necessary Effects of the force impressed upon it by the wind or current. This ship will be precisely in that state in which fatalists suppose the human Mind. But if on the other hand the ship be supposed to have the power of moving itself without wind or current or any impressed force, and of resisting and overcoming such impressed forces. This will represent the state of Mind according to the Scheme of Liberty. Prop we have by our constitution a conviction that we are the Authors or ca<u>ses of our Volitions, and that the determinnations of the Will are not necessarly consequent upon the motives presented to us 1 The most strenuous Assertors of Fatality acknowledge this D Hume & the Author of the Essays on Morality and Natural Religion 2 Every man believes that he is the author of his own Actions untill he is taught otherways by Philosophers 3 The very Notion of Activity and Causation seems to be derived from the power of acting which we feel in our selves {4 Deliberation Supposes the thing we deliberate about to be in our power} [4]del {5 or 6} In proportion as any {human} Action is influenced by Motives more difficult to resist it is less imputable in the common Sense of mankind. The Strength of a temptation Alleviates a bad Action because it is more difficult to resist it and <if> I believed a temptation to be irresistable I might pity the agent but could not blame him. [on the left margin] 6 General Purposes {& promises} prove that we have an immediate conviction of our power too execute them and indeed [are no weak]del mens Steadiness to their promises and purposes are no small arguments of their liberty 2 Prop This natural conviction of our being free Agents ought to be accounted a sufficient Evidence that we are free unless it can be proved by conclusive Arguments that we are not. It puts the Liberty of human Actions upon the same footing with other things of which we have a natural and original perception. It cannot be reconciled to fatalism but by supposing that the Author of our Nature hath given us a fallacious perception in order to deceive us, and yet at the same time hath given us so much of Understanding as to be able to detect the fallacy. The two propositions if true make it unnecessary to offer any Arguments to prove the liberty of the human Mind. And therefore we shall consider the Arguments on the other Side. 2131/7/V/15WThe Question about the Liberty of human Action Stated. What is Necessity? What Liberty?These two propositions if true make it unnecessary to offer any Arguments to prove the liberty of the human Mind. And therefore we shall co< nsider the Arguments on the other Side."1765 Jan 2" [left margin]~5r (3r): More, Henry ("Ench Ethic Lib 3 ch 2"); Hobbes, Zeno. 5v (3v): Hobbes, Spinoza, Aquinas, Paterculus (quotation), Cato.Type: reading note (which text of Hobbes?) Date and place of origin, undetermined. Subejcts: notes on Hobbes' doctrine of the necessity of human actions. Henry More's answer to argument from divine prescience against the liberty of human actions. Hobbes acknowledges that foreknowledge cannot be the cause of anything (compare with AP, E IV, Ch. X, Hamilton ed., pp. 629-632). According to Hobbes, God is no unjust, if he punishes men for what he put them under the necessity of doing. God is under no law, and therefore whatever he does is right because he does it. Though all human actions are necessary, civil laws have good effects by necessitating men to fear punishement. All punishment is grounded on self-defence. "To the Argument that all Consultation, Exhortation & in general, all Means to bring about an End would be vain upon the Supposition of Necessity, Hobbes answers that Means are as necessary as the End, & therefore not vain". According to Reid, "the Question is not whether we ought to deliberate notwithstanding the Necessity of our Actions, but whether it be possible for us to deliberate under that conviction. Instead therefore of saying that deliberation purposing using means are in vain on the Supposition of our being convinced of the System of Necessity I would say that they are impossible. And the greatest Fatalist when he performs any of these Acts for that Moment at least deserts his speculative System & believes himself to have some Power" (compare with AP, E IV, Ch. VIII "Third Argument", Hamilton ed., pp. 622-624. Hobbes' notions of praise, dispraise, piety, and sin. Hobbes' comments on the conception of eternity as an indivisible point. Hobbes' notion of deliberation. 5r-v (3r-v)To the Argument drawn from the divine Prescience against the Liberty of Human Actions, we may answer with Dr. Henry More Ench Ethic Lib 3 ch 2,Every sufficient cause is a necessary Cause.=Type: undetermined. Text: "To understand what is commonly though improperly called moral Necessity when that term is applied to human Actions, it is proper to recollect what I have observed before when I endeavoured to shew that That power which we are led by Nature to ascribe to men with regard to their voluntary Actions has in the common Judgment of men its limits. So that there are some voluntary Actions which we do not impute to the Man. In some Cases a Man is deprived of the power of self Government altogether as in Madness or Delirium. There are others in which it may be very weak, & there may be such powerfull Motives applied, as that we conceive them to be irresistible. As long as we are imperfect Creatures our Virtue is imperfect, and there may be temptations which perhaps human Virtue behoved to yield to".WTo understand what is commonly though improperly called moral Necessity when that term is applied to human Actions, it is proper to recollect what I have observed before when I endeavoured to shew that That power which we are led by Nature to ascribe to men with regard to their voluntary Actions has in the common Judgment of men its limits.As long as we are imperfect Creatures our Virtue is imperfect, and there may be temptations which perhaps human Virtue behoved to yield to.;Buffier [see below, Additionall Information, for reference]Type: reading note. See: Buffier, First truths, and the origin of our opinions, explained: with an enquiry into the sentiments of modern philosophers, relative to our primary ideas of things [...]To which is prefixed, a detection of the plagiarism, concealment, and ingratitude of the Doctors Reid, Beattie, and Oswald (London, 1780), pp. 285-286. Subject: criticism of Buffier's argument for the liberty of the will. Date and place of origin: undetermined (after 1780?). 9r-v (5r-v)BSuppose any indifferent Action, such as drinking a Glass of Water.There seems therefore to be little Strength in this Argument agai< nst those who maintain that Motions are the Causes of human Actions & [illegible] them necessarily. [after 1780?]1Pere Buffier Argument for the Liberty of the Will=Gay, Clarke, Hutcheson, Mandeville, Rochefoucald, Hume, SmithfList of questions on ethics. Some the questions correspond to those discussed at APS and GLS meetings.13rZ1 Of the meaning of certain Terms used by Authors in speaking of the Principles of Morals./11 Of the first Principles of Practical Morals.eShaftesbury, Clarke, WollastonSee Haakonssen, p. 56, n. 52, for reference and quotation from this text. "Virtue is the Conformity of our Actions & Affections to the fair & handsom<e>, the Sublime & Beautifull of Things Says L Shaftsbury; to the fittness of Reasons & Relations of Things says Dr Clark; to the truth of Things says Wollaston The first of these definitions leads us to place Rudeness & Rusticity ill breeding bad grace in acting or Speaking {a bad tastein dress or oeconomy or building} in giving or receiving meanness &c upon the same footing with vice. The two latter make the absurdiity of conduct the same with vice Both tend to confound two things which are really distinct and which the french Language distinguishes more accurately than ours to wit Manners & Morals, les manniers, & les moeurs. To talk to a post, & to injure a benefactor are equally contrary to the relations & truth of things yet the one is onely ridiculous & absurd the other is vicious & immoral" [whole text].14rVirtue is the Conformity of our Actions & Affections to the fair & handsom<e>, the Sublime & Beautifull of Things Says L Shaftsbury; to the fittness of Reasons & Relations of Things says Dr Clark; to the truth of Things says Wollaston.To talk to a post, & to injure a benefactor are equally contrary to the relations & truth of things yet the one is onely ridiculous & absurd the other is vicious & immoral.'Of the Motives to Virtue and its NatureBeattie, Reid, Priestley Excerpts from a review of James Beattie's Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth, appeared in the London Review, containing a criticism of the Inquiry, and praising Priestley. As far as I can see, Wood does not take notice of this MS in his Ph.D. thesis. He refers to the London Review, 1 (1775), in note 311, p. 432. He refers to a letter--which appears at p. 375 of the London Review--to the editor by one "Philosophia", where a pamphlet against Reid's Inquiry is mentioned. Take note that, in this MS, Reid refers to page 1 of n. 1 of the London Review, and not to p. 375 (hence it is not the same part of the London Review). After the Incipit: "--It has been pertinently asked by another eminent writer, what were the Experiments by which Dr Reid made this pretended Comparision (between sensations on one hand, & bodies & their Qualities on the other) Whether in comparing, as he supposed, the qualities of matter with his sensations, he did not meerly compare one set of Sensations or Ideas with another? And indeed whether he could possibly do anything else? Certain it is he could know nothing of the Qualities of Matter but from the Sensations derived from them: and though he thence might form an {abstract} Idea of such qualities, existing independently of his senses, those qualities are meerly ideal however material or substantial their Cause. Dr Priestely has, in our opinion, greatly the advantage, in Logick and Metaphysicks over his antagonist." "We cannot refrain here from publishing a literary anecdote which may give our readers some little light into the futility of the common practices of reviewing<.> One of our Colleagues at the time of the Publication of Dr Reids Enquiry, was the usual reviser of the Philosophical Articles in the Monthly Review. Expecting therefore of course his assistance would be requested on the occasion, his curiosity to see the Drs book [had]del anticipated the customary requisition, and he had prepared an Article, in which many of the Objections, pointed out by Dr Priestley, were actually made; when it appeared that a Friend and Countryman of the Authors, who had been favou< red with a Copy previously to its publication, had sollecited the office of reviewing it, & had written the Article which afterwards appeared in the Review above mentioned. That some such artifice was practiced also with the other Review is highly probable, as the work was there bepraised in still more unguarded and extolled in still higher terms." [end of document]. 2131/7/V/02London Review No 1 pag 1 &c --Dr Beatties Essay--seems to have givenn new Life to Dr Reids Inquiry, which was hastily sinking into the State of oblivion, that attends every Production, which has but a small share of literary merit to support a great deal of affected abstrusness & Studied Singularity--After proving by fair Quotations from Dr Reids Book that the Above Table is truly constructed.That some such artifice was practiced also with the other Review is highly probable, as the work was there bepraised in still more unguarded and extolled in still higher terms.[1775 or afterwards]Steele, Joshua. An Essay towards establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech to be expressed & perpetuated by peculiar Symbols. London 1775Reading note of Steele's Essay.A vowel Sound is a Simple Sound capable of being continued invariably fro a long time without any change of the Organs, that is, without any movement of the throat, tongue, lips, or jaws. The seven natural Vowel Sounds&In English the proportion of monosyllables to polysyllables is more than 5 to 2 In french something less than three to two. In Italian not quite 1 1/2 to two. In Italian the number of consonants & vowels is nearly equal as 53:54 in Latin 4:5. In french as it is souded as 3:4 in English as 2.3.From An Essay towards establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech to be expressed & perpetuated by peculiar Symbols Lond 1775 [del] AlmonSCampbell, Archibald, An Enquiry into the Original of Moral Virtue, Edinburgh, 1733.Date and place of origin, unknown. On this abstract, see also Haakonssen, p. 372, n.1. After the Incipit: "We have by our Constitution a Desire of Society and cannot be happy in Solitude. A good liking to Mankind and a Design of their love and Esteem, and for the same reason a desire of the Love and Esteem of the Supreeme being. And as our Supreme happiness consists in the Love and Esteem of others especially of God Selflove leads us to that Course of Affections and Conduct which is necessary to procure the love and Esteem of God and of our fellow Creatures. The affection men have to their Children is real but it arises from considering them as a part of themselves. In like manner the good will we have to mankind arises fromn their likeness to ourselves we love ourselves in them. The Esteem we have of good qualities in our friends arises from this that we conceive them usefull or capable of becoming usefull to us". [Explicit follows]. 2131/7/V/03Self love is essential to all Rational beings But must operate by means of our other desires and Appetites. These Appetites and desires are so many different Modifications of it.In the esteem we have for good qualities in strangers or those who lived in past ages we please ourselves in the condition of those who may be benefited by them.>Abstract of Campbells enquiry into the Original of Mor. Virtue1v (p. 2): Wolff ("Wolfius"), 2r (p. 3): Burke ("See Burke on the Sublime Pag 35"), Galileo, Torricelli. 2v (p. 4): Kepler, Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Butler, Hume. 3r (p. 5): Locke (quotation from the Essay concerning the Human Understanding, "Pref. pag 2d"). 4v (p. 8): Socrates, Hippocrates, Cicero (quotation from De Officiis "Lib 1"). 5r (p. 9): Cicero (reference to De Officiis and De Finibus).7on 1r, "B": reference to a labelled insertion, 4/I/27v.Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 103-116. See also Haakonssen, "Commentary", pp. 303-305, and "Textual Notes", pp. 449-451. Haakonssen, "Commentary", p. 303, n. 1: "It must be emphasized that this manuscript does not belong specifically with the Lectures and Papers on Practical Ethics. It is an introduction to Reid< 's course as a whole and is included here because it gives a clear idea of the place of the course on practical ethics within Reid's scheme as a whole (see the Introduction above, p. 88). Reid's text here, pp. 103-108, is in substance reproduced in the preface to I.P. in his Philosophical Works, pp. 216-218". See also Inquiry, Brookes ed.: "In an MS draft of the Intellectual Powers Reid writes: 'as Mr Humes scepttical System is all built upon a wrong & mistaken Account of the intellectual Powers of Man, so it can onely be refuted by giving a true Account of them' (AUL MS 7/V/4, 4)". 2131/7/V/041r-9rNMy Course consists of these three Branches, Pneumatology Ethics and Politicks.\Thus I have given you a General Notion of my Course And because I know not any one or evena few Authors who have treated these Subjects in that Order & Method which to me seems most Natural, I shall not confine my self by any Text Book. But under the different branches shall direct you to such Authors as I think have wrote best on these Subjects.[1764 or afterwards]F1r: Cumberland, Pufendorf, Hutcheson. 5r (Haakonssen, 4r): Pythagoras. 4 subdivisions. For a general description of layout, type, and content, see Haakonssen, "Textual Notes", note 184, pp. 456-457. Type: uncertain (drafts of AP? Material for lectures on speculative or practical ethics?); date and place of origin, unknown. 1) From Incipit, on 1r, to 2r. Compare with AP, E V, Ch. I "Of the First Principles of Morals", Hamilton ed., pp. 637-640, and also with AP, E III, Pt. III, Chapters I-IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 580a-586a . Quotation from 1r, in Haakonssen, p. 91. Subjects: on 1r, he introduces 4 axioms in practical ethics; on 1v-2r, he considers in detail the first axiom ("1 That we ought to pursue that course of Conduct which tends to the real Happiness and perfection of our Natures & to avoid the Contrary, Or which amounts to the Same thing we ought to prefer a greater good to a less and a less evil to a greater"). He lays out the principles for an estimate of various kinds of goods, and, first of all, considers the pleasures of sense. End: "This may <show> how little Value every Man puts upon the pleasures of Sense [in cases]del {when} his Judgment is impartial. If a Man judges otherwise in his own Case it is an evident Sign that his judgment is byassed by the strength of Appetite & Inclination. Or rather when he gives the preference to the pleasures of Sense in his Conduct it is not Judgement but Appetite that produces this Determination". 2) On 3r-v. Compare with AP, E V, Ch. I "Of the First Principles of Morals", Hamilton ed., pp. 637-640. Subjects: axioms in practical ethics, the second axiom. Incipit: "Ax 2. That what we approve in the Conduct of others we ought to do in like Circumstances and to avoid what we condemn in others". End: "A Man who acts according to this Rule can [...]", interruption of text. 3) On 5r-v (according to Hakonssen, 4r-v). Compare with AP, E III, Pt. III, Chapters I-IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 580a-586a, and also with AP, E V, Ch. I "Of the First Principles of Morals", Hamilton ed., pp. 637-640. Subjects: he again considers various kinds of goods and evils. Heading: "Estimate of the Goods and Evils of Life". End: "8 A Disposition to rational Piety and to Friendship". 4) On 6r-v (according to Haakonssen, 5r-v). Published transcription in Haakonssen, "IX. Supplement to Duties to Ourselves", pp. 185-187. Subjects: fortitude and temperance. Incipit: "Fortitude is a Virtue that supports the Mind under calamities and misfortunes, {enables it to encounter Difficulties} and fortifies it against all undue Impressions of Fear". End: see Explicit. 2131/7/V/05&1r-2r, 3r-v; 5r-6v (Haakonssen: 4r-5v)^Practical Ethics {as most other Sciences} may be treated either Synthetically or analytically.}Mortification, a voluntary Restraint in things lawfull may be approved or disapproved according to the end and Measure of it.&verso, explicit: quotation from HoracePart of the minutes or list of topics of discussion of the Philosophical Club, Aberdeen, 1736-37. See 6/I/17 "Minu< tes a Philosophical Club". For a description of 6/I/17 and 7/V/06, see Wood, Ph.D. Thesis, pp. 43-44 (MSS referred to in note 29, p. 407). Consider also the other papers from the same period 3/II/7, 3/II/8, 6/I/34, 6/I/35. On verso, other headings: "Jan 25 Fear Hope"; "Grief Joy". 2131/7/V/06aHope & Fear are Sensations excited by the belief or expectation of Some future Event Good or Bad.In things that are not connected with Virtue or Vice in ourselves or others, none of these passions to be much indulged. Nil admirari prope rese est una.*[From December 22 1736 to January 25 1737]December 22d 1736 Hope Fear#Smith (Theory of Moral Sentiments).lCompare with other papers on Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments: 2/II/6, 3/I/26, 3/I/27, 3/I/28, 7/V/7. 2131/7/V/07How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature which interest him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness agreable to him though he derives nothing from it except the pleaasure of seeing it.This is in General the Account which the Author gives of the Nature of Sympathy and the Manner in which he accounts for it by an imaginary change of persons with [the persons]del those whom we sympathize withAccount of Dr Smiths TheoryType: lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: natural law and natural rights. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 190-192. See also Commentary, n. 2, p. 372, and Textual Notes, p. 457 (note that Haakonssen considers 7/VII/01, 0, as being 3 folios instead of 4). 2131/7/VII/01`The chief Inducements that lead Men at first to Unite under one Government or Political Society, are either their Defence against common Enemies, who might be superior in Strength to individuals; but may be resisted & overcome by a great Number united under one Government; or secondly their protection against injuries from one another, which is most effectually provided for when all agree to refer their Differences to common Judges or Magistrates, who are impowered by the whole body to Judge between Man and Man; & who can enforce their sentences by the publick Authority to which every Man must submit.The first {methodical} System of Laws I know of was that which by Justinians Order was compiled from the Body of the Roman Laws after they were grown to an Immense Bulk, too great for the whole Study of a mans Life. Jurisprudencev2v: Grotius, Hobbes, Selden, Pufendorf, Barbeyrack, Carmichael, Locke, Hoadly, Hutcheson, Burlamaqui, Vattel, CocceiusType: lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: natural law and natural rights. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 193-197. See also Commentary, n. 11-20, pp. 374-375, and Textual Notes, p. 457. In the lectures on Practical Ethics, as reconstructed by Haakonssen, this MS continues from 8/IV/4, 1v (note that 8/IV/4, 1r bears the date "March 19 1766"), and continues in 7/VII/1c, 2r (10r, according to my numeration of leaves). On 2v (or 6v, according to my numeration of leaves), heading:: "Natural Jurisprudence".5r-6vAs the duty we owe to the Suprem Being results from the Natures of God and of Man, and from the Relation we stand in to him as our Creator Benefactor and Moral Governour and Judge, So all the Duties we owe to Men result from the common Nature of Men and the Relations they stand in to one another, and the same thing may be said of the Rights; For wehrever there is Duty and Obligation on one hand, there must be a corresponding Right perfect or imperfect on the other.UAccording to the first Perfect & imperfect Rights would differ in Degree not in Kind. [March 1766?]Of the different states of Men according to which their Rights are divided viz the State of Natural Liberty the Oeconomical State & the Political StateK10v (Haakonssen, 2v): Pufendorf, Cicero (quotation from "pro Melone cap 4") For a division in various parts, see Haakonssen, Textual Notes, n. 188, p. 457: "MS 2131/7/VII/1c: two folios evidently used at various times for five notes on and sketches of widely different points in jurisprudence: (1) fol. 1r and the first six < lines of fol. 2r deal with property in terms of an analogy. (2) The rest of fol. 2r and the first sixteen lines of fol. 1v deal with the basic relationship between right and obligation. (3) The third note takes up the middle of fol. 1v and deals with various disputed points in jurisprudence concerning sovereignity and its exercise. (4) A short horizontal line separates the last note on fol. 1v which gives some afterthought on property. (5) Finally fol. 2v, which is dated 1770 March and is likely to be later than any of the previous notes, presents yet another attempt to get a clear view of the various distinctions of rights. It would serve little purpose to print these notes together, but when they are put in their separate contexts they are of value. Notes 2 and 5 are place here together with 7/VII/1a [X. Natural Law and Natural Rights]. Notes 1 and 4 are in Section XI [Property], below, and note 3 in Section XVII [Rights and Duties of States], n. 158, p. 441". 1) On 9r and first six lines of 10r (according to Haakonssen, 1r and 2r). Incipit: see above. End: "If the Almighty takes pleasure in communicating happiness to us who are infinitely below him Let us imitate his Benignity in communicating Happiness as far as we can to one another and evenn to those Animals that are below us" Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 204-205. Subjects: property. 2) On 10r and upper half of 9v (according to Haakonssen, 2r and 1v) Incipit: "It ought to be shewn how each of the three kinds of rights mentioned below is related to the moral faculty & how grounded upon it". End: "Therefore all Acts and prestations which I am bound to are most naturally treated under the head of Obligations". Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 197-199. According to Haakonssen's order it comes between 7/VII/1a, 6v (Haakonssen, 2v) and 7/VII/1c, 10v (Haakonssen, 2v). Subjects: natural law and natural rights. 3) 9v (according to Haakonssen, 1v). Text: "Points of Jurisprudence that have been disputed & in which Mankind have been gradually Enlightened. The Patria Potestas. Right of Conquest. Causes of War. Right over Captives. Dominion of the Sea. Popes Right to give Kingdoms and absolve Subjects from Allegiance. The Measures of Submission to the Civil Magistrate. The Rights of Conscience in Matters of Religion, & of Religious Liberty. Servitude". Published transcription, Haakonssen, n. 158, p. 442. Subjects: rights and duties of states. 4) 9v (according to Haakonssen, 1v) Incipit: "Property Fatultas [sic] possidendi, Utendi, alios arcendi, alienandi". End: "Property is no Physical Quality in the thing nor any association between it and the Proprietor in the Imagination but a relation between the thing and the Actions of the Proprietor nad of other moral Agents". Published transcription in Haakonssen, p. 205. According to Haakonssen, it comes between 7/VII/1c (1) and 7/VII/11. Subjects: property. 5) 10v (according to Haakonssen, 2v). Incipit: "1770 March. 1 Rights may be Distinguished according to their Nature into Perfect Imperfect & External". End: see above Explicit. Published Transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 199-201. According to Haakonseen, it comes between 7/VII/1c, 1v (2) and 7/VII/1b. Subjects: natural law and natural rights.9r-10v@We have shewn how the Property of things is acquired originally.F4 As it directs the Conduct of Independent Nations towards each other.&"1770 March" [on 10v (Haakonssen, 2v)]Of Property. 1 OriginalT2v: Hume (quotation from the Enquiry into the Principles of Morals, Sect. 3, Note X)According to Haakonssen (p. 88), 2/II/14. 4/III/18, 7/VII/2-6 constitute an almost complete draft of AP, E V, Ch. VI "Of the Nature and Obligation of a Contract" (Hamilton ed., pp. 663-670). Note that 4/III/18 must be inserted between fols. 1 & 2 of 1/I/1 and is a draft of AP, E V, Ch. V. 3 parts. Insert 7/VII/5 between folios 1 and 2. 1) 1r-v. Incipit: see above. End: "Here is the consent of two or more persons and it is given with a view to an obligation upon me, but it is not easy [...]" [text interrupted, it continues in 7/VII/5< , 1r]. Type: it appears to be part of a lecture (most likely on Practical Ethics): "We may call those Acts of the Mind that are of the first kind Solitary Acts and thosee of the second Social Acts. I took notice of this distinction in Pneumatology. And it is here proper to explain it a little because I conceive those difficulties that have arisen [upon]del about the Abstract Nature of Contracts will evanish when it is well understood". Subjects: nature of a contract. 2) 2r. Only a couple of lines. "it is easy to see that Such a State is in the Nature of things impossible a State wherein men [...]". Text interrupted. It continues from 7/VII/5, 2v. 3) 2v. Incipit: "Enquiry into the Principles of Morals Sect 3 Note X" "'Tis evident that the Will or Consent alone never transfers Property, nor causes the Obligation of a Promise (for the same reasoning extends to both) but the Will must be expressed by Words or Signs, in order to impose a tye uponn any Man". End: see above Explicit. Type: draft of AP, E V. Ch. VI, Hamilton ed., pp. 669a-b. Subjects: the nature of a contract, and of a promise. Criticism of Hume's conception of promise. 2131/7/VII/02A Contract is commonly Defined by Civilians to be Consensus duorum vel plurium in idem placitum, Obligationis constituendae aut tollendae causa, datus.In all these cases it is very easy to shew that where the Manis n ot bound there is something wanting, essential to a promise, in the cases where he is bound there are all the essentials of a promise.Type: draft of AP, E V, Ch. VI, Hamilton ed., p. 664 (see also IP, E I, Ch. VIII "Of Social Operations of Mind", Hamilton ed., pp. 244-245), or part of a lecture (on Speculative or Practical Ethics). No precise correspondence between this MS, and AP or IP. Subjects: distinction between social and solitary operations of the mind. Social operations cannot exist without being expressed, and they cannot be expressed unless they exist. They cannot be simulated or counterfeited. 2131/7/VII/03nAnother remarkable Property of the Social Operations by which they are distinguished from the Solitary is, That as they can have no Existence without being expressed [so as to be understood by the other Party]del, so they cannot be expressed knowingly and willingly unless they exist {they cannot be simulated or counterfeited with aView to deceive the other Party}.It may be observed however that social Transactions between two parties may by the consent of both be simulated or counterfeited in order to deceive a third person who is not a Party in the Transaction.HumeType: draft of AP, E V, Ch. VI, Hamilton ed., pp. 669b-670b , or part of a lecture (on Speculative or Practical Ethics). Subjects: the nature of a contract, and of a promise. Criticism of Hume's conception of a promise. It contains criticism of Hume's passage quoted in 7/VII/02. 2131/7/VII/04`A very few Observations on the Nature of a Contractt will be sufficient for our present purpose.It would indeed appear wonderfull that such a Manas Mr Hume should have imposed uppon himself in so plain a Matter if we did dayly see instances of ingenious men eager in supporting an Hypothesis who have their Understanding darkened so as that they do see what iss before their Eyes.r1r-2r: Hume (on 1v-2r. quotation from the Enquiry into the Principles of Morals, section 3). 1v: Cicero, Epicurus.Type: part of a lecture (on Practical Ethics or Speculative Ethics), and draft of AP, E V, Ch. VI. It continues from 7/VII/2. From lower half of 1r ("Whether the Rules of Morality relating to promises are chargeable with contradictions as Mr Hume insinuates Enquiry into the Principles of Morals Sect. 3 page 59 Note 2 Vols Essays page 267 [...]"), it corresponds almost verbatim with AP, E VI, Ch. VI "Of the Nature and Obligation of a Contract", Hamilton ed., pp. 667a-668b. Subjects: the nature of contract. Criticism of Hume. 2131/7/VII/05+[...] contract it is a Command, and every one knows that contract and a command are things that are of a different Nature. [it continues from 7/VII/2, 1v]. Old Incipit, now on 2r:<  "[...] and knavery are sufficient Reasons for me if I have the Least grain of honesty or Sense of Duty and Obligation2.But indeed if we attend to the Nature of a Promise or Contract it is [it continues in 7/VII/2, 2r]. Old Explicit, now on 1v: "It will perhaps be said , That my Regard to Justice and abhorrence of Villany [...]".1r: Hume, Jardin, Millar.Type: notes, most likely part of the lectures on Practical Ethics. For a description of this MS, see Haakonssen n. 105, pp. 348-350: "The manuscript as whole consists of two folios, of which fol. 1r and fol. 2r carry text in the form of scattered notes apparently written at different times. The first note is printed here, above [pp. 348-349]. Beneath a horizontal line follow two notes in two of Reid's different styles of handwriting, the first referring mainly to Hume's theory of justice, the second referring to Reid's distinction between solitary and social acts of the mind. Both are closely related to the now disjointed manuscript made up of 7/VII/2, 3 and 5, which together with 2/II/14 constitute a draft of the chapter on contract in AP (pp. 663-670). These manuscripts are not in this volume. The final note in the present manuscript is printed below in n. 109 [p. 350]". 4 parts. 1) 1r (upper half). Published transcription in Haakonssen, n. 105, pp. 348-349. Subjects: distinction between value in use and value in exchange. Text: " 1769 March 26 Exchanges have always been and must be where there is Society. To make Exchanges Equitably Things must be valued & estimated. In a Solitary State things may have a greater or less Value but have not properly a price for a price supposes Exchange. In a Solitary State we value {which we have in property}, according as they are necessary usefull or agreeable to ourselves. In Society we consider how far they may be usefull or agreable to others, with whom we may Exchange them. Things that cannot be appreciate<d>. 1 Such {Ether Sun Moon} as come not into property nor can be subjects of Commerce. 1 Things Common. 2 Things Sacred. 2 Things for which there can be no Competition either first because of no Value to any man or Secondly because there are inexhaustible and in every mans power to obtain. Or thirdly Where they are onely conveyed as appendages to other things. Such as a Wholesom Air fine prospect". 2) On 1r. Subjects: Hume's theory of justice. Text: "What Mr Hume means by Justice not being a natural Virtue is the Dispute about Words Jardin The child's learning that a candle burns Millar: Mr. Hume disclaims the Treatise of Human Nature There must be some Affect Peripateticks That justice is an Artificial Virtue does not destroy Justice". 3) On 1r [same handwriting and same ink as (1)]. Subjects: distinction between social and solitary operations of the mind. Text: "Another Remarkable Difference between the Social & the Solitary Operations is that as a Social Operation can have No Existence without being expressed, so if it is expressed with understanding & Will it must exist. In solitary Operations the Expression may be fallacious. And there may be no Act of the Mind corresponding to the Expression. A Man may profess that to be his opinion which is not his Opinion, he may profess to have a feeling or affection which he has not. His Language may not be a true Indication of his heart Of his Opinions or of his Purposes. This we call Hypocrisy". 4) On 2r. Published transcription in Haakonssen, n. 109, p. 350. Text: "In all onerous Contracts there is an equality to be observed. And where this equality is violated the Suffering party is in justice intitled to redress. We must determine this equality according to the natural or reasonable price of things. When a Man taking advantage of my ignorance Simplicity or Necessity takes 10 from me for what is not worth above 1 Altho' I consented to the bargain yet I am really injured, and he is under an obligation to redress the Injury. My consent was given from the perswasion that the bargain was equitable, and as soon as I know that I have been imposed upon, I am immediately conscious of the inju< ry done me". 2131/7/VII/061r, 2r>Exchanges have always been and must be where there is Society.My consent was given from the perswasion that the bargain was equitable, and as soon as I know that I have been imposed upon, I am immediately conscious of the injury done me.$"1769 Mar 26" (1r, top left corner).1v: Cicero ("Offic. Lib 1")tType: part of the lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: virtues of self-government, or duties to ourselves: prudence. He divides the duties we owe to ourselves into three of the cardinal virtues of the ancients: prudence, temperance, fortitude. Many of the names that we give to virtues are ambiguous because they refer both to a quality of the understanding or contemplative powers, and to a quality of the active powers. This ambiguity is natural because virtues, although qualities of the active powers, presuppose a certain degree of understanding. This observation is more applicable to the name of prudence than to that of any other virtue. The division of virtues is not a strict logical division. The same virtuous action may be described as belonging to different virtues (ex. Scipio, etc.). Prudence is the habit of determining properly what ends we ought to pursue, and by what means they are to be pursued. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 184-185. See also Haakonssen, Commentary, p. 371, and Textual Notes, p. 456. In Haakonssen, this MS is followed by 7/V/5, 5r-v. It includes heading on 1r: "Prudence". 2131/7/VII/08The Duty we owe to ourselves or the Duty of Self government may be not improperly comprehended under three of the Cardinal Virtues of the Ancients, to wit those of Prudence Temperance and Fortitude.Wisdom and Prudence are sometimes used as Words of the same Signification, & sometimes they are distinguished. When we distinguish them, Wisdom may be more properly applied to the choice of our Ends & Prudence to that of the Means of Attaining them.LivyEType: part of the lectures on Speculative Ethics (or the part on active powers of Pneumatology, or the beginning of the course on Practical Ethics including recapitulation of Speculative Ethics), Glasgow? Draft of AP, E V, Ch. I "Of the First Principles of Morals", Hamilton ed., pp. 638b-639a ("3. No man is born for himself only" [etc.]"). Subjects: first principles of morals, or axioms of morality: fourth axiom (the principle of public interest); analogy between natural body and political body. Mention of the other axioms of morals in 7/V/05, 7/V/09, 7/V/13, 7/V/14, 7/V/18. 2131/7/VII/09The fourth Axiom I lay down as a foundation of Moral Reasoning is that Man ought to consider himself as one Member of a great Body which hath a common Interest and to act that Part which tends to promote the Interest and advance the perfection of human Society.The Resemblance between the Natural and the Political Body is so obvious and Striking that it has been observed in all Nations and in the rudest ages. The Fable of Menenius Agrippa recorded in the Second book of Livy is a sufficient Evidence of this.6Type: notes. Part of the lectures on Practical Ethics? 2131/7/VII/10PThe Obligation which men are under to observe the Rules of Justice and Humanity in their intercourse with each other is undoubtedly prior to all human Laws. It is an Obligation which results from the constitution of our Nature. And which is {clearly} discerned by every man come to years of Understanding by the Light of his Conscience.,1v: Hume, Robert Filmer, Grotius, Pufendorf. Type: lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: property. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-v. Incipit: see above. End, on 1v: "Obligation corresponding to the Right of Property D Humes Notion of Property. That the Notion of it is artificial. Sr Robert Filmer Grotius and Puffendorf ground it upon a Tacit Compact". Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 205-208. In Haakonssen, this MS is between 7/VII/1c, 9v (according to Haakonssen, 1v) and 7/VII/13, 1r. For a description of this part of the MS, see Haakonssen, Commentary, n. 10, p. 380 : "An opening question is often a sign that a manuscr< ipt was prepared as a paper for either the Aberdeen Philosophical Society or the Glasgow Literary Society. In the present case, however, Reid broke off after the following two sentences and used the rest of the manuscript to sketch lecture material. This is evident both from the content and from the change of pen and handwriting". Note heading on lower half of 1r: "Limitations of the Right of Property". Subjects: property; conditions for the exertion of the right of property; limitations of the right of property. 2) On 2v. 2 labeled insertions for 7/VII/13. 2.1) On upper half of 2v, marked with an asterisk. Incipit: "There is another Division of Rights into external & internal for understanding which it is proper to observe. 1That Every Right is either 1 To do something or exert some faculty in our power. Ex Gr to march through such territory to turn the course of such a Rivelet to eat drink beget Children &c 2 to possess and use such a thing 3 To demand some Action or prestation of another". End: "The Right here Acquired by such a Treaty is onely an External is onely an External Right". 2.2) On lower half of 2v, marked with a cross. Incipit: "The Perfect Rights of Men may be all sum<m>ed up in this that they have a perfect Right not to be injured by their fellow Creatures". End: see above, Explicit. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 208-209. Note that in the transcription, the second insertion on 2v precedes the first. For a description of this part of the MS and the relation these insertions bear to 7/VII/13, see Haakonssen, Textual Notes, pp. 458-459. Subjects: distinction between internal and external rights, distinction between perfect and imperfect rights. Part of the discussion on property. 2131/7/VII/11It were desirable that Justice and honesty were so common as like Air and Water to bear no price. But when the Commodity is scarce the Value must rise in proportion.Acquired Rights are those which are consequent upon some deed of ours. Adventitious those that are consequent upon some Adventitious State as of a Master.1Q Should we thank a Man for being just and honestType: part of lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 213-214. See also Commentary, p.386-387, and Textual Notes, p. 459. Haakonssen, Commentary, n. 1, p. 386: "This manuscript should be read in conjunction with the discussion of entails in the 1765 course (printed above, pp. 150-153). See also the Commentary at pp. 333-334 n. 46". Subjects: property; transfer of property; succession. 2131/7/VII/12IThe second {kind} of partial Property we mentioned is that of Succession.It is obvious that a dissipate or spendthrift heir {who has the full property} mayy swander away the greatest Estate, and sink into obscurity a family that has long made a great figure. And the most obvious method to prevent this is to put it out of his power.!The Right of Succession by Entail^Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Published transcription in Haakonssen, p. 208, and pp. 209-212. On 1r, there are two marks, a cross and an asterisc, for insertions. Insertions are on 7/VII/11, 2v: see, Haakonssen, Textual Notes, pp. 458-459. On 1v, heading: "Derived Rights". Subjects: division of rights; right of property. 2131/7/VII/13The Duty we owe to our Fellow Creatures is comprehended under one General Name Justice, which is defined to be the rendring to every one what is his due, or what is his Right.Of the Rights of War.#Type: short note, part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, n. 79, p. 342. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence: obligations of veracity. After the Incipit: "2 The other Duties and Obligations that relate to Speech. 1 [Our]del Veracity what? There is the same Difficulty in defining accurately a Declaration testimony or affirmation as in defining a Promise or Contract. It is a social Act of the Mind and Supposes a Social Intercourse with intelligent & moral Agents". [end of text] 2131/7/VII/14JIn treating of Speech we shall first co< nsider the Obligations to Veracity.Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 217-219. In Haakonssen, this MS is followed by 7/VII/17. Subjects: oeconomical jurisprudence. 2131/7/VII/15Private Jurisprudence, that is, the Rights and Obligations of Individuals is divided according to the different States in which man may be considered.We may therefore best discover what the Law of Nature dictates with regard to that Family Relation we are now considering by observing the Intention of Nature with regard to the Manner in which the Human Species is to be reared & educated.Oeconomical Jurisprudence6Type: prayer, most likely to be pronounced at the beginning of lectures. After the Incipit: "Thou alone who made us canst make us happy. Do thou o God, who has given us Understanding above the Brutes that perish, elighten and elevate our Minds; give us just Views of the noblest Objects. Teach us to act suitably to the dignity of our Natures, and to aspire after that immortal Glory and Felicity which thou hast set before us. Having this prize in our Eye may we run the race set before us, and act the part which thy Providence assigns us upon the stage of Life, so as we sahll approve of our great Judge at last. May we every day be improving in usefull knowledge, in good habits, and in the capacity and Disposition to be usefull to our fellow creatures, and the obedient Subjects of thy Kingdom". (Explicit follows]. 2131/7/VII/16fGracious and Mercifull God, We implore thy favour, and the Light of thy Countenance as our chief Good.Make us to understand our Errors our prejudices and all our faults, and Imperfections, that we may not think of ourselves above what we ought to think. 1v: Montesquieu ("Liv 16 ch 12")Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow, Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 219-222. It follows 7/VII/15, 2r and continues in 7/VII/18, 1r. See also Textual Notes, pp. 460-461. Subjects: oeconomical jurisprudence. 2131/7/VII/17yFirst. That it is the intention of Nature that the care of both parents should be employed in maintaining their ofspring.jThe Romans Submitted with incredible Patience to the Tyrannical [catchword, it continues in 7/VII/18, 1r].L2v: Derham ("P. Th. Book 4 ch. 10"), Motesquieu, Kaempfer ("Acct of Japan").Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 222-226. See also Textual Notes, pp. 460-461. The text continues from 7/VII/17 and is followed by 7/VII/19. Subjects: oeconomical jurisprudence. 2131/7/VII/18D[...] Tyrannical Government of the Tarquins; untill a resentement of violated Chastity roused all at once that Spirit which a thousand other Acts of oppression could not awaken, and the Vengeance provoked by the Dishonour done to Lucretia, laid the foundation of that Glorious Commonwealth. [it continues from 7/VII/17, 1v].Traffick Wars Intemperance {migrations, or appulse of Strangers}, & many other causes may occasion such an inconsiderable variation between the Sexes as Kempfer Observes.Type: part of a draft of IP, E VII, Ch. I "Of Reasoning in general, and of Demonstration", Hamilton ed., pp. 476a-478a. It continues from another document: check drafts of IP, 1/II/1-18. 2131/7/V/16[...] & supported by Authority. By Degrees it acquires strength chiefly by the Means of Imitation and Exercise [it continues from other document]The Direct Demonstration is preferred when it can be had, for this Reason onely, as I apprehend, because it is the shortest road to the Conclusion. The Nature of the Evidence, & its strength is the same in all. It is onely conducted by different RoadsType: uncertain. It could be a draft of APS, Question 63 "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good?", discussed on November 22 1763. See APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 251, for a list of various versions of the same material (2131/2/II/12 [continued in 2131/7/V/19], 2131/6/I/8, 2131/6/I/25, 3107/2/6, AP E V, Ch. 4, 7). It might also be a lecture on ethics (Speculativ< e ethics or the part on active powers of the Pneumatology course). Three subdivisions. 1) On 1r-2v (lower half of 2v, blank). Incipit: see above End, on 3v: "I have heard that a horse was once indicted before the tribunal of the Inquisition for Sacriledge. The unhappy brute had strolled into some Church or Chappel and broke down or profaned some of the holy Relicks [...] Every man of common Understanding would without Reasoning know how to Judge of those holy Fathers. He would conclude without the least hesitation that this process was all a Farce intended to impress the Minds of the ignorant Multitude with an awfull Veneration for their holy Trumpery. Or if they were truly in earnest the horse must have been an Hounynmm or his Judges Yahoos". Subjects: moral faculty, moral judgment, subjects of obligation. Compare with AP, E III, Pt III, Ch. V-VIII, Hamilton ed., pp. 586-599. "I ought to do this actions": propositions of this kind express a judgment of our minds which must be either true or false. The faculty by which we perceive the truth or falsity of these propositions is called moral faculty. There are disputes about the name and nature of this faculty, whether it ought to be called reason or sense. This controversy is due to inaccurate notions of reason, sense, and the moral faculty itself. Moral judgment affirms or denies a particular relation between the agent and the action. This relation is undefinable; it depends on certain qualities of the related things. Qualities of the agent: a moral obligation supposes the agent capable of knowing and understanding it; no inanimate object or brute is a subject of moral obligation (examples; dog, horse charged of sacrilege). 2) On 3r-v (lower half of 3v, blank). Incipit: "But are not actions proceeding from Benevolence or Gratitude approved {thought deserving of moral approbation] without enquiring whether they proceed from a principle of Conscience". End: "Almost all the qualities of actions take their denomination from the principle that influences them. A Courageous an interested action a benevolent action a just Action a malicious Action what are these but actions done from these several principles". Subjects: actions that deserve moral approbation are done with a persuasion of their being morally good. Compare with AP, E V, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 646-651. It includes criticism of the following argument: "We come now to the circle in Reasoning which is charged upon the opinion I have advanced. Which amounts to this that our perceiving the action to be good must suppose that it is good & yet perceiving it to be good makes it so by this opinion. I answer there <are> many qualities in actions which depend upon the thought and intention of the Agent moral goodness is one of them, honesty veracity obedience boldness and many others are of the same kind" [etc.] 3) On 4r-v (most of 4v, blank). Incipit, on 4r: "It seems necessary to a morally good Action that the Agent be perswaded that it is morally good and that he be influenced to it in some measure by that perswasion for if he either does not know that he ought to do it or if that consideration has no influence upon him, he expresses no regard to virtue or duty in the performance of it. To this principle it is objected. That the Action is either good in itself or not. If it is in it self good then it is good whether it is known to be so or not. If it is not good in itself the agent can have no just ground to believe it to be so nor can his belief alter the Nature of things. I answer that moral goodness is not a quality of Actions but of persons, and there is no action, that speaking strictly and philosophically is morally good in it self. If it were so, this moral Goodness would adhere to the action although it were done with the worst intention" [etc.] End, on 4r-v: "But is not a {virtuous} man perswaded that the action is good that he is about to perform & therefore does it? I answer, he is perswaded that it will be a good thing in him to do it. But the Action before it is done has no Existence it has no goodness but what it<  derives from the Agent". Subject: actions that deserve moral approbation are done with a persuasion of their being morally good. Goodness is a quality of agents and not of action. Compare with AP, E V, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 646-651. 2131/7/V/17When a man comes to years of Understanding, he finds in himself a particular kind of [Perception] {Sentiment} which regards his own Conduct, or the conduct of other Men.But is not a {virtuous} man perswaded that the action is good that he is about to perform & therefore does it? I answer, he is perswaded that it will be a good thing in him to do it. But the Action before it is done has no Existence it has no godness but what it derives from the Agent.0 Type: undetermined. Notes (incomplete) with headings. This MS might be part of drafts or outlines for lectures on ethics (Speculative Ethics, or the part on active powers of Pneumatology). Place and date of origin, undetermined. 4 subdivisions. 1) On 1r (lower half of page, blank). After Incipit: "According to one Sect of Philosophers Virtue is nothing else but a System of Conduct prudently directed so as to promote most effectually our own interest and real happiness According to others it is nothing else but the Affection of Benevolence. To others it is acting agreably to the Nature & relation of things. To another it is acting according to the truth of things. To another there are two classes of Virtues one of which consists in an Effort to sympathize with the feelings of others, the other in an Effort to ottemper and bring down our own feelings and emotions so as that others may sympathize with them". 2) On 1v (lower half of page, blank). Heading: "Comparison of Moral Perception with Sensation". Incipit: "I put my hand in Water of a Certain Temperature, & feel the water hot. Here then is a proposition This Water is hot. Is this a true Proposition or Not?" End: "Hence it follows that the sensation does not solely depend upon the Quality of the Water but upon that and the temperature of the hand taken together & the water may feel hot to one hand & cold to another, while the Quality of the Water is unchanged". 3) On 2r. Incipit: "Energy what? Energy is a proneness, an inclination to some Action. The completion of this Energy is the doing of that Action. In meer Energy there is no End beyond the Action. An active conscious Being must be the Subject of the Energy" [etc.] "Desire has some Event for its object, as Energy has some Action. Are not Energies, Desires, {their Contraries}, & agreable or uneasy Feelings & Judgments the simple ingredients of which our Principles of Action are made up <?> Are not Instincts natural Energies, active Habits acquired Energies. Appetite is made up of Energy Desire & an Uneasy Sensation. The Desires of Power Knowledge & Esteem are pure desires? Joyned with Opinion of some Real Good in the Object" [etc.] End: "Sentiment is by the best Writers in English applied onely to those acts of the Mind which include Judgment or Opinion as well as Feeling". 4) On 2v (lover half of the page, blank). Text: "Observations on the Inferior Principles. 1 Most of them are compound of various ingredients, into which they may be resolved. 1 Agreable or uneasy Sensations. 2 Impulses to certain Actions. 3 Desires of certain Objects. 4 Opinion or Judgment. Analysis of the inferior Principles. 2 Several of these principles may sometimes concur in prompting us to take some Action, sometimes one or more may draw one way & others the contrary like different & contrary forces acting upon the same Body". 2131/7/V/18Having premised these things in General with regard to the various Theories of Virtue and of Moral Sentiments I shall mention the chief of them very Briefly and make some observations upon them.Various sourcesJType: reading note? Text in latin. Subject: calendar, history of calendar. 2131/7/V/20{Scrupulum Iudaicum est 1/1080 horae hac divisione hodie utuntur Judaei Persae Samaritani Arabes et aliae orientes nationes.aRomanos veteres horis inequalibus usos fuisse ex palladio in Censorino Plinio Lib 2 cap 97 liquet< Various names.<Type: undetermined. Subjects; calendar, history of calendar.3r-5vThe Primitive Church determined Easter to be the Sunday after the forteenth day of the first Moon that is the Moon that comes first after the Equinox. If the forteenth day be after the Equinox that is the first moon.|By which Means the 1st Thoth went back a day in four Julian Years & past through the Whole Julian year in 1460 Julian years.Type: undetermined. Subjects: influence of the different systems of morality on its practice. Stoic and Peripathetic systems prefarable to the Epicurean system. 2131/7/V/21i1 Some Systems do in general give a higher a more dignified and Respectable Notion of Virtue than others.|These Systems surely set Virtue in a more respectable light & have a natural tendency to make us set a higher Value upon it.oWhether the different Systems concerning the foundations of Morality have any Influence upon the Practice of itType: undetermined. 15 points. It might be part of lectures. Subjects: moral principles and inferior principles of actions. Their relations, and their influence on the character (see text in the notebook). 2131/7/V/22ANatural Good and evil to be distinguished from the Means of them.r15 On the other hand a Mans opinions may have great influence not onely on his Actions but even on his affections.A1v: Aristotle. 2r: Euclid, Newton. 3r: Clarke, Collins. 3v: Hume.Type: notes, most likely for lectures on Pneumatology, from Aberdeen. Note: distinction beween primary and secondary perceptions on 1r (margin) and 1v. Division of ideas in substances, modes, and relations, on 1v, is reminiscent of Locke (indication of an early stage?). Short shrift given to various topics in the philosophy of mind (another indication of an early stage?). No mention of the theory of ideas. Reference to the essay on Quantity and to the "Art of syllogyzing". It looks as a paper dating from the Aberdeen period 1) On 1r. "The Second Class of Pleasures & Pains are those of Imagination & Understanding" [etc.] "Does it not appear that every Secondary Perception is annexed to some Primary Perception or feeling thus Harmony is annexed to certain Relations of Synchronous Sounds, Melody to certain Relations of Succeeding ones, Beauty in inanimate Objects to Regularity, fitness in Animals to that Colour & Form that Indicates Health Soundness Agility Delicacy Fitness for the Functions of the Animal. In Reasonable Creatures to those features that indicate good Moral Dispositions" [etc.] 2) On 1v-2r. "Of the Internal Sense or Power of Reflexion. By this Faculty we are caapable of contemplating the Powers & faculties of our own Minds & making them the Object of our own thoughts. The Memory and Imagination is exercised about these as well as about external objects We have secondary perceptions from the Contemplation of Mind as well as of Body. Order Beauty Greatness Fitness. Our Passions affections and other Active Principles afford us various Internal Perceptions both Primary and Secondary. But these will be more fully considered when we come to treat of Will or the Active Powers of the Mind. We proceed next then to those Operations of the Mind which are commonly referred to the Understanding. Enlarging or Diminishing Compounding {Associating} Dividing Abstracting Comparing [Reasoning]del {Judging}. Most of our Ideas may be enlarged or Diminished without end. Some of them may be doubled Tribled [sic] or halfed. These last the Objects of Mathematicks. Insert here the Essay on Quantity" [etc.] "Various kinds of Complex Ideas Substances Modes & Relations" [etc.] "Abstraction Whether there are abstract Ideas Of Comparing & Judging. Whether all our judgments consist in a perception of the Relations of Ideas. This does not hold in Judging of the Existence of external Objects from the Testimony of Sense. Nor in the Judgments we form from the Testimony of our Memory. Nor in those things we know from Consciousness Nor in Our judgment of the | Necessity of Causes to give existence to things. Nor in the Judgments we form of the beauty and other Seconda< ry Qualities of Objects either of Sense or of Understanding Nor in the Judgment we form of the first principles of Morality. Here insert the Art of Syllogyzing [on the right margin]. Of Syllogisms" [etc.] "Of the True helps to reason well 1 Mathematicks usefull for acquiring a habit of Just Reasoning 2 Acquaintance with those Authors or Persons who Reason best in the Different Sciences 3 To Consider well the first principles into which reasonings in the different Sciences must be Resolved. And to have an Eye to them. The Method of Euclid in laying down Axioms & of Sr I. Newton in laying down his Leges Philosophandi might I conceive be of Great Use in Other Sciences. 4 To set down in writing the Steps of an Argument. And in Probable Reasoning the Probabilities on both sides are to be ballanced". 3) On 2v-4r. "Of the Will" [etc.] "It has been a great Dispute among philosophers whether the Mind is necessarly determined by Motives or not. Arg 1 The Mind cannot Act without a Motive. Answer. It can. Reply. 1 The instances brought are frivolous. 2 There may be motives tho' we don't perceive them. 3 This would be to Suppose an Action without a Cause. Arg 2 the Mind is alwise determined by the Strongest Motive. Denied. We cannot Judge of the Strength of Motives but either by our feeling before we act or by the easiness or difficulty of the Action the Strongest Motive one would think would make it easy to follow its Solicitation. Now we often act one way when we are sensible it would be easier to do the Contrary. The Strength of Motives cannot be brought to any Certain Measure. We have no balance to weigh them in. Arg 3 We reason from Mens Motives to their actions therefore they are necessarly determined by the Strongest. Ans. Non Sequitur. The Consequence cannot be just unless the Supposition of freedom takes away all Wisdom Prudence & all Distinction of Characters. Arg 4 A Power to act without a Motive or Contrary to the Strongest Motive is onely a Power to act Capriciously whiihc can be of no Service to us. It is putting a Sword in our hand whereby we may Destroy our Selves. Ans. A power to Act without a Motive is necessary at some times in Cases of Importance. | 2 A power to act contrary to the Strongest Motive is likewise Necessary in many Cases to our well being & the Not exerting this Power is the Cause of most of our Miseries. 3 It is true that our happiness or Misery is put in a great Measure in our own hand. Arguments for Liberty 1 Motion must begin by the Action of a free Cause {See Clarke against Collins} 2. 3. 4 fatality takes away all Merit & Demerit, all Patience fortitude {Remorse} & Makes the Universe a great Puppet Show Tho' Men have the Power of Acting or not Acting Yet they commonly are as they ought to be determined byy Motives or Principles of Action which we are next to Consider. They are 1 Instincts" [etc.] "2 Habits" [etc.] "3 Bodily Appetites" [etc.] "4 Appetites of the Mind" [etc.] "5 Affections" [etc.] "6 Self Love or the Desire of Happiness" [etc.] | "7 We have a Moral Discerning which judges both of Actions and dispositions. And Characters" [etc.] "8 The Passions" [etc.] "9 Activity seems also to be a Coomon Principle of Human Nature which I think may be classed with instincts" [etc.] "In what Sense our Actions are commonly ascribed either to reason or Passion. In what Sense Hume Affirms that Reason is no Principle of Action & that it & ought to be the Slave of the Passions. | How far it is true that the Cause of our Faults is the Prevalence of Self Love as the Mystick Divines Assert. Selfishness owing to a defect of the benevolent affections or of the Moral Principle. How far Opinion Pride Humility influence our Action. Of the Pleasures & Pains arising from the Active Principles of our Natures" [etc.] 4) On 4v (upper half of the page). "The Characters are owing to the different Strength or Weakness of the Principles of Action in different persons. The different Strength or Weakness of these principles in different Persons is Owing 1 Chiefly to Education Example & Custom. 2 To Natural Temperament. The Natural Te< mperament of the Different Sexes commonly Different & Wherein? 3 To difference of Fortune & Condition. 4 How far Differences of Climate Influence Mens Characters. Opinion of D. Hume & Montesquieu. 5 To Difference of Age. 6 To Unaccountable Distempers of the Mind such as Melancholy whose history & Phenomena are much Wanted & Enthusiasm, Hypocondriac". 5) On 4v (lower half of the page). "Questions in Pneumatology 1 Whether Matter may have the Power of thinking. Consequences of the Minds Immateriality. 2 Whether we act freely or by Necessity 3 Whether we have Innate Principles. 4 Of the Reality of our Knnowledge against Scepticism 5 Of the Nature of Spirits. 7 Of the Principle of Action in Brutes & Vegetation in Plants 8 Of the Limits & Extent of Human Knowledge" 2131/7/V/23OThe Second Class of Pleasures & Pains are those of Imagination & Understanding.,8 Of the Limits & Extent of Human Knowledge.8Hutcheson (Essay on the Nature and Conduct of Passions). Type: reading note of Hutcheson's Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions. 2 parts. 1) On 1r, after the Incipit. "We have got the Number five fixed for our external Senses, tho' seven or ten might as easily be defended. We have Multitudes of Perceptions which have no relation to any external Sensation, if by it we mean Perceptions, occasioned by motions or impressions made on our bodies; such as the Ideas of Number, Duration, Proportion, Virtue, Vice, Pleasures of Honour, of Congratulation; the pains of Remorse, Shame, Sympathy, and {many} others. It were to be wished That those who are at such pains to prove a beloved maxim That all Ideas arise from Sensation and Reflection, had so explained themselves that none should take their meaning to be, That all our Ideas are either external Sensations, or reflex Acts upon external Sensations: Or if by Reflexion they mean an inward Power of Perception, as I fancy they do, they had so carefully examined into the several kinds of internal Perceptions as they have done into the external Sensations: that we might have seen whether the former be not as natural as the later. Had they in like manner considered our Affections without a previous Notion, tha they were all from self Love they might have fall (?) an Ultimate Desire of the happiness of others as eaasily conceivable, and as certainly implanted in the human breast, tho' perhaps not so strong as self Love". 2) On 2r. "Essay on the Nat & Cond of the Passions Pref. Pag 7. The natural Dispositions of Mankind will operate regularly in those who never reflected upon them, nor formed just Notions about them. Many are really virtuous who cannot explain what Virtue is. Some Act a most generous disinterested Part in Life who have been taught to account for all their Actions by Self Love, as their sole Spring. There have been different and opposite opinions in Optcks, contrary Accounts have been given of Hearing, Voluntary Motion, Digestion and other Natural Actions. But the Powers themselves inreality perform their several Operations with sufficient constancy and Uniformity in persons of good health whatever their Opinions be about them. In the same Manner oour moral Actions & Affections may be in good order when our opinions are quite wrong about them. True Opinions however about both may enable us to improve our natural powers, and to rectify Accidental disorders incident to them. And true Speculations on these Subjects must certainly be attended with as much Pleasure as any other Parts of human knowledge". 2131/7/V/24Nat & Cond of the Passions Pref pag 10, 11 Some strange love of Simplicity in the Structure of human Nature, or Attachment to some favourite Hypothesis has engaged many writers to pass over a great many simple Perceptions which we may find in ourselves.And true Speculations on these Subjects must certainly be attended with as much Pleasure as any other Parts of human Knowledge.Type: uncertain. Reading note of a book on musical theory? See subheading: "Sect 4 of the Ancient Systems of perfect Consonances". According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelec< tions on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Date and place of origin, undetermined. Subjects: sound, music, musical theory (harmony). Music as part of practical mathematics. Compare with the other papers on sound, music, and musical theory: 6/I/20, 4v; 6/I/24; 7/III/04; 7/III/05. 2131/7/V/25mMusic Intervals are proportional to the Logarithms of the ratios of the vibrations of the terminating Sounds.But if 5 be admitted among musical primes the Ratios of 10:9 &16:15 belonging to the minor tone & semitone, are also admitted; and the Octave is now divided into three major tones two minor tones & two semitons.H Draft of IP, E II, Ch. XXII "Of the Fallacy of the Senses", Hamilton ed., pp. 335b-339b. This MS was originally between fols. 1 and 2 of 8/II/20. Approximate correspondences between MS and IP. 1r, first two paragraphs, from Incipit to "[...] can be removed from or brought nearer to another", correspond to IP, pp 335b-336a, from "Many false Judgments [...]" to "[...] removed farther from another". False judgments which arise from our taking relative motion for absolute motion. 1r, third paragraph, from "The Cause of a Prejudice [...]" to "[...] the motions of the heavenly bodies are to be estimated", corresponds to IP, pp. 336a-b, from "The cause of a prejudice [...]" to "[...] this opinion". Cause of the prejudice that the earth is at rest. Distinction between the testimony of the senses and the conclusions we draw from them by reasoning. 1r-v, from "Another general prejudice [...]" to "[...] accounted fallacies of Sense" (this part includes crossed out passages): he considers the fallacy of vision whereby the sun, moon, and stars appear on a concave surface. This part does not appear at this point in the published version. In this part of the MS, he considers the effects of reasoning and those of habit and experience together. In IP, he separates them. In the MS, he considers again the effects of experience as a third point. On 1v: "Secondly many mistakes called fallacies of the Senses arise from Ignorance of the Laws of Nature" [etc.]; compare with IP, p. 337b: "A third class of errors, ascribed to the fallacy of the senses, proceeds from ignorance of the laws of nature" [etc.]. On 2r: "Thirdly we are liable to many Errors in acquired perception which are commonly called fallacies, but improperly. Acquired perception is not properly the testimony of the Senses which God hath given us, but a [conviction arising from a certain improvement which they receive]del {conclusion drawn} from {past} Experience [& habit]del" [etc.]; compare with IP, p. 336b: "Secondly, Another class of errors imputed to the fallacy of the senses, are those which we are liable to in our acquired perceptions. Acquired perception is not properly the testimony of those senses which god hath given us, but a conclusion drawn from what the senses testify" [etc.]. On 2v: "The fourth and last Class I mention comprehends the deceptions which proceed from some disorder or preternatural State of the external organs of [Sense] {Perception} or of the Nerves & Brain which are the internal organs of perception" [etc.]; compare with IP, p. 338b: "There remains another class of errors, commonly called deceptions of sense, and the only one, as I apprehend, to which that name can be given with propriety: I mean such as proceed from some disorder or preternatural state, either of the external organ or of the nerves and brain, which are internal organs of perceptions" [etc.] 2131/7/V/26zMany false Judgments that are called deceptions of Sense arise from mistaking Relative Motion for real or absolute Motion.These are more properly deceptions of Sense than any of the three classes mentioned before , and we acknowledge that this is the lot of human nature that lall the human faculties are liable by means of accidental Causes to be hurt and unfitted for their natural functions either wholly or in part, but this affords no reason to impute fallaciousness to the senses ["senses" is a catchword, the text contin< ues on 8/II/20, 2r]q1r: Aristotle 2r: Paterculus (on Cato), Hobbes, Hume 2v: Priestley ("Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity pag 21")Type: undetermined. It continues from another document. Compare with AP, E IV, Ch. X, pp. 629-632. Compare with other papers on freedom. Subejcts: divine prescience compatible with freedom. 2131/7/VI/01[...] that a Man has no more power over his past Actions than he has to make the past to be present. But I call them free Actions (I think in the common Sense of the Words) if, when he determined to do them, he had power not to do it [it continues from another document]I think therefore my reasoning shews that the Patrons of Liberty are under no necessity of giving up the Prescience of free Actions though they do not pretend in the least to shew how they may be foreseen.1r: Plutarch, Tacitus. 1v: Milton (quotation from the Paradise Lost), Xenophon ("fifth book of his Memorabilia commonly called his Oeconomicks"), Socrates, Cicero.Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 226-229. Subjects: oeconomical jurisprudence. 2131/7/VII/19From all this it appears that in all Places of Europe where observations have been <made> with care, the Number of Males born in every Country is so nearly equal to the Number of Females that Nature appears to intend an equality of both Sexes which could never be the case if it [had been]del were agreable to the intention of Nature that one Man should have several wives or one woman several Husbands at the same time.ZI shall offer very briefly the reasons that have been urged to shew that those prohibitions are not meerly positive {divine} Institutions, grounded onely upon the Authority of Revelation but that the Marriages prohibited on Account of Consanguinety or affinity have some natural Inherent Turpitude on Account of which they ought to be condemned.2r: Euripides ("Euripides in Andromache ex Persona Hermiones"), Plautus ("Plautus in Mercatore"), Horace (Hor Lib 3. Od 6 ver 17"), Cicero, Xenophon ("Cicero's Oeconomicts of Xenophon Lib 1").Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 229-236. Subjects: oeconomical jurisprudence. 2131/7/VII/20The Domestick or Family Relations, from which the Rights and Obligations belonging to the family State do arise are three. That of Husband and Wife, That of Parent and Children & that of Master and Servants.NThe condition of Slaves more tollerable among rude Nations than the civilized."Apr 24 1768" (top left corner)E1r: Justinian (quotation), Cicero (quotations, "de Leg Lib 2 sec 8").Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 182-183. See also Commentary, pp. 369-370, and Textual Notes, pp. 456. Subjects: duties to others: states. 2131/7/VII/21(1r, and 2v (according to Haakonssen, 1v)sJustinians Def. Quod communis Ratio inter omnes homines constituit. Lex Naturae quod Natura omnia Animanlia Docuit.dEvery State therefore in Order to preserve Peace & prevent War ought to deal justly by other States.Of the Law of NationsType: notes for lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 268-269. See also Commentary, n. 92-95, p. 438, and Textual Notes, p. 463. In Haakonssen this MS is located between 8/IV/8, 1v and 3/II/5, 1v. Subjects: rights and duties of states; war. 2131/7/VII/22%Private 1 In the State of Nat Liberty8 Death-Def. of War Private & Publick Its LawfullnessType: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 257-264. In Haakonssen, this Ms is located between 8/IV/9 and 8/IV/8. For a description of this MS, see Textual Notes, pp. 462-463: "MS. 2131/7/VII/23: Four folios; fol. 4 is blank recto. The composition of this manuscript is complicated, and it is impossible to be entirely certain of the proper order of its elements. The manuscript begins in the midlle of a discussion of established religion, the beginning of which is in the preceding manuscript, 8/IV/9, though it is impossible to say wehter the two manuscrip< ts originally were one. Following the few clues given by Reid and the sense of the material, I have organized the text as follows: (1) Established religion from 257/14 "As" [1r] to 258/24 "animus" [1v]; (2) internal self-government from 258/25 "Whether" [1v] to 262/70 "individuals" [3v]; (3) relations between states from 262/13 "Behaviour" [1v] to 263/23 "Nature" [2r]; (4) war from 263/24 to "War" [4v] to 264/18 "Jurisprudence" [4v]". Subejcts: rights and duties of states; established religion, internal self-government, relation between states, war. 2131/7/VII/23 1r-3v, 4v[...] As it is evident therefore that there must be Articles of belief in an established Religion iether expressed or implied as well as Modes of Worship [it continues from 8/IV/9].Whe the injurious party offers just Reparation, & it is refused, the injured becomes an unjust aggressor. The Prudential Motives to War belong to Politicks rather than Jurisprudence.Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethics. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 215-216. See also Commentary, pp. 387-392, and Textual Notes, p. 459. Text divided in three section. First section: see title. Headings of the other sections: "Of Interpretation", "Of the Collision of Laws". Note that there is a passage marked as "a" on the bottom of the page that is to be inserted before "2 That interpretation [...]". Subjects: dissolution of obligations; interpretation. 2131/7/VII/25E1 By the performance of what we are {bound} to do, payment of debt &cThe laws of the 12 Tables made the Nearest relation of a Pupil his Tutor in Law, quia ubi Successionis Emolumentum est ibi et onus Tutelae esse debet, hence the Roman Lawiers conclud that where there was no Realtion the Patron was to be Tutor.$In what ways obligations are loosed?Fleming, Cleeve. 2 texts. The first text, on 1r-2r, is printed and is a proposal for the republication by subscription of Robert Fleming's "Christology". On 1r, there is the proposal with the frontispiece of Fleming's work and a statement of the conditions for the republication. On 1v-2r, there are extracts from two letters, dating from 1794, to the editor, about Fleming's work. On 2r, there two specimens from the works of Fleming. On 2v, in handwriting, there is the inscription: "Lectures on Jurisprudence": the two leaves of this documents were used as a folder for the various manuscript lectures on jurisprudence. 1r: "Proposals for Re-publishing by Subscription, CHRISTOLOGY, or a Discourse concerning Christ: a very scarce, and valuable work. By the Rev. Robert Fleming, Author of the "Discourse on the Rise and Fall of Papacy." to which it is proposed to prefix An account of the Life of the Author By Alexander Cleeve, A.B. Vicar of Wooler, Northumberland. Conditions. The Work, originally in Three, to be comprised in Two large Volumes, Octavo, of about 600 pages each, closely and neatly printed on a handsome Paper; Price Seven Shillings each volume, in boards; and to be sent to the Press as soon as a competent number shall have subscribed. Subscribers Names will be received by the Editor, and by Wm. Creech, in Edinburgh; and by all Booksellers in Town and Country." 1v: "TO THE PUBLIC. In order that the Public may form some judgement how far this Work originally printed in the 1705, will be likely to merit their Attention and Patronage, (especially at this astonishing period, with which, in every view, it is so intimately connected,) the following are Extracts from Letters of the first authority very lately addressed to the Editor concerning it. I. From a Layman in one of the highest Offices of State. London, Jan. 25. 1794." [etc.] 2r: "From a Clergyman revered for his Sincerity: and eminent for Learning; Vigour of Mind; and profound Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures. Feb. 10. 1794." [etc.] "To these testimonies are added by the Editor two specimens of Mr. Fleming's style and diction. I. From the Preface to the 1st Volume, page V." [etc.] "II. From a separate Publication of the same Author written soon after; and styled, a Dissertation on the first Resurrection of Chr< istians, page 37." [etc.] 2131/7/VII/26+"February 12th 1794" (1r, top right corner)3v: Preceptor ("Vol 2d").z4r: "The Rule above mentioned is just & is demonstrated in the inclosed paper" [to which paper is he referring? 7/VIII/4?] Type: notes. Place of origin and date: undetermined. 3 parts. Part 1, on 1r-4r. Subjects: astronomy, chronology, calendar. 3 problems with solutions. After the Incipit, on 1r: "Prob 1. The Golden Number & indiction given Required the year of the lesser Period. Solution." [etc.] 1v: "From these observations we may easily deduce a Rule for finding the year of the lesser period from the Indiction and Golden Number." [etc.] 2r: "Prob 2d Having given the year of the small Period and of the Suns Cycle to find the year of the Julian Period Solution." [etc.] 3r: "Prob. 3 Having given the year of the Indiction (a) the year of the Lunar Cycle (b) & that of the Solar (c) to find the year of the Julian period (P). Solution." [etc.] 3v (after break of a line or two): "After writing what is above I find this Rule given by some Authors for finding the year of the Julian Period from the Indiction Golden Number and year of the Solar Cycle. Multiply the year of the Solar Cycle into 4845 the Golden Number into 4200 and the Indiction into 6916 Divide the sum of the Products by 7980 and the Remainder of this division is the year of the Julian Period. see the Preceptor Vol 2d. Passage crossed out on lower half of 3v and upper half of 4r: "It is easy to see that there is some Error in this Rule. I endeavoured therefore to find whether some correction of the three Numbers might not make it answer but I conceive that no such Correction will make it a just rule and that this may be demonstrated as follows." [etc.] After crossed out passage, end, on 4r: "The Rule above mentioned is just & is demonstrated in the inclosed paper" [to which paper is he referring? 7/VIII/4?]. Part 2, on 4r-v. "Problem 1. In the triangle [symbol] ABD given the base AB=2b the Perpendicular CD=p & the Rectangle under the Sides DA, DB=aa R the sides that Bisect AB in E; call EC=x" [etc.] Diagram on 4r. Subjects: geometry, algebra: analytic geometry. 3 problems on triangles, requiring the use of equations for their solution. Part 3, on 4v. Subjects: problem requiring the use of equations for its solution: algebra. "Prob. Two Persons A & B comparing their Stocks together found ad follows A's ready Money was three times as much as B's. His Goods were twice the worth of B's goods the [money owing to]del {Debts due to} each were of equal Value, the debt due by A was four times as great as that which was due by B, and the whole stock of A was double that of B. It appeared moreover that B's ready money was 50. Queriter [sic] the whole Stock of Each, what ready money, what value in Goods what debt {each had}, and what was owing to each. The goods of B x, Debts due to B y debts due by him z his Stock S. The Problem is not determined when thre are more than two kinds in the Stock" [etc.]2131/7/VIII/01The Cycle of the Moon multiplyed into the Indiction makes a Period of 285 years, which we shall for distinction's sake call the lesser Period and which revolves twenty eight times in the course of the Julian Period.200+3x+2y-5z=3S<Type: paper. Place of origin and date: uncertain. Subjects: astronomy, optics: aberration of the axis of standard and water telescopes from terrestrial places and the place of fixed stars.. Transcription in Wood, Ph.D. Thesis, Appendix V, pp. 392-394. On the aberration of light, see also 3/III/11, 5/II/55, 7/II/5, 7/VIII/3. See Wood Ph.D. Thesis, Chapter 4, (ii) Physical Optics, pp. 240-262. 1v: "Prop 2 The aberration of the Axis of a Telescope from the place of a fixed Star is the same whether the Telescope be of Air or of Water." [etc.] On 2r, four corollaries.2131/7/VIII/02wProp 1. There is no aberration of the Axis of a Telescope whether of Air or water, from terrestrial Objects seen by it.Cor 4 In the Air Telescope the Velocity of the Ray to the Velocity of the Telescope was DE to EC; in the Water Telescope it is as DF<  to FC or as DG to EC.(Mathematics) Numerical Seriesu2 parts. 1) On 1r-v.[Insert for 7/VIII/1, 4r? The same problem appears in 7/VIII/1, 3r, but I don't know if the solution presented there is different from the one presented in 7/VIII/4] Type: note. Date and place of origin, undetermined. Subjects: astronomy, chronology, calendar. 3 points on 1r; "Corolary from the preceding" on 1v. 2) On 1v, separated from the other part by a line. Heading: "Theorems". 9 points follow. Incipit: "1The Sum of (n) terms of the Series 1+2+3+4&c=n*n+1/2" [etc.] End: see above Explicit. Type: note. Date and place of origin, undetermined. Subjects: mathematics, numerical sereis, permutations.2131/7/VIII/04|Given the Year of the Suns Cycle (a) of the Moons (b) & {that} of the indiction (c). Required the Year of the Julian Period.<9 The Number of permutations in n things is 1*2*3*4*5&c to n(Mathematics) TrigonometryType, place or origin, date: undetermined. Diagram on 1r (circle), various proportions and calculations involving angles (trigonometry) on 1r and 2v. On 2v, after a horizonatal line: "Angles which the Hour Circles Make with PS". It has to do with the "Astronomical problems solved by Spherical Trigonometry" listed in 7/VIII/06, where he also mentions "Hour circle". It might have to do with a sun-dial (see 7/VIII/11).2131/7/VIII/05 1r and 2vType: list of various problems in astronomy. Place of origin and date: undetermined. See also 7/VIII/5. Subjects: astronomy. After the Incipit: "To Describe the Coelestial Sphere and the Circles belonging to it and the Terms in Astronomy depending on them. The Division of Time and the principal Aeras by <which> is distinguished. The Problems that May be resolved by the Globes. How to find thee Meridian of a Place by observation. The Latitude & Situation of the Equator & its parallels by Obs. The Declination of a Star or Phaenomenon by Observation. The Inclination of the Ecliptic to the Aequator. The situation of the Equinoctial & Solstitial Points with regard to the Fixed Stars. The Right ascension [& Declination]del of the sun or a Star {--Declination of the Magnetic Needle} The Methods of Determinning by Observation the Difference of Longitude of two places on the Earth Surface. [Declination]del Parallax & Refraction Astronomical Problems Solved by Spherical Trigonometry. By the following Triangles 1 Equator Ecliptic & Declination 2 Equator Ecliptic and part of the Horizon intercepted 3 Equator Amplitude & Declination 4 Hour Circle Azimouth and Meridian 5 Circle of [Longitude]del {Latitude} of a Star. Circle of [Right Ascension]del {Declination} and the Solstitial Colure (?) 6 The Meridian of a Place, any Circle upon whose plain a Dial is to be drawn, a Circle from the Zenith perpendicular to the plain; an Hour Circle perpendicular to the plain." End: see above, Explicit.2131/7/VIII/06To Describe the Terrestrial [Globe]del {Sphere} and the several Circles belonging to it & the terms in Geography depending on them.7 The Meridian, any other Hour Circle, and the Arch {intercepted between them} of a [plain]del {circle} on {the plain of} which a Dial is to be drawn.Type: report of observations of a comet, made at Glasgow College, on September 1769. On 1v, report of temperatures on a hot day, on August 1770. After the Incipit: "Septr 4th Monday. This day at one in the Morning the Comet appeared in the East in Orion. The Nucleus was so near to the a of Orion that Star might be mistaken for it, the rather as the Nucleus was faint but it was really 10' or 15' southward from the a and a little higher. The tail reached to the a of Ceti which I take to be about 35 degrees [symbol] of the Heavens. Its direction was nearly parallel to the Equator and somewhat bent downward. The Air was unfavourable and the Comet was seen onely about an hour & a half for the Clowds [sic]. Sept 7 Three in the Morning. I saw the Comet very faintly the Air being dusky the place may be thus defined. Draw a Line between the two great Stars in the two Shoulders of Orion. From the eastmost of the two Stars draw another line So< uthward making an angle with thee line above mentioned of 95 degrees [sic] and let the length of this line be 4/5 of the former. The Comet appeared in the South extremity of this second line. I could trace the tail but a little way for Clouds and the Nucleus was rather like bright Cloud than like a Star. Septr 10 Three in the Morning. The Comet was seen about twice as far from the [space] of the two Stars inn Proeyon as these Stars are from each other and the two Stars of proeyon {Canis Minor} with the Comet made a Right Angle 69 18 degrees [symbol] 22 degrees. About half an hour after two the Comet was in a Right Line with Venus and Proeyon but by four it was very sensibly below that line.| Septr 12 About three in the Morning. The Comet was seen very faintly. Its place 69 28 1/2 degrees [symbol]. Lat 23 degrees [symbol] South. Aug 5 1770 Being Sunday The Day was excessively hot at 5 afternoon the heat in the shaddy side of my Room window was 82 degrees [symbol] of Farenheits Scale at 8 at night it was 75 degrees [symbol]. I apprehend the Heat was greater at Midday than at 5 but I did not examine it" (end).2131/7/VIII/08Glasgow College Sept 1769 From the West window of my Room the South point lies over the East Chimney tops of Provos Eaton's House.NI apprehend the Heat was greater at Midday than at 5 but I did not examine it.September 1769- August 1770WType: notes. Place of origin and date: undetermined. 1) After the Incipit: "Suppose also that according to the Ptolemaick System the Earth is at rest, & the fixed Stars move round it in twenty four hours; Should not that Star appear to us as an oblong coloured Spectrum." Subjects: optics. He considers Melvill's conjecture that the differing refrangibility of the rays of light was linked to the velocity rather than the size of their constituent particles. Transcription in Wood, Ph.D. Thesis, p. 246 (n. 35, p. 464): 2) On lower half of 1r, upside down in relation to text in the upper half: numbers. Subjects: undetermined (arithmetics? quantity?). N.B. on 2r, remnant of some writing (signature?). 3) On 1v: "Number of Incomposites From 1 to 100 - - 25 100 - 200 - - 21 200 - 300 - - 16" [etc.] Subjects: undetermined (arithmetics? quantity?)2131/7/VIII/09Suppose the rays of Light that give the Different Colours to have Different Velocities, so that Red and Blue Rays coming from a Star at the same time, the last shall come to our Eye five minutes later than the first.Whiston, NewtonType: reading note of Whiston (check catalogue for the book). Place of origin and date, undetermined. It looks like an old document.2131/7/VIII/101o The third Column of the Table which contains the roots of the mean motion of the Earth & its Apsides has this tittle | Motus Perihelii Terrae ab Equinotio verno | whereas it should I think be Motus Aphelii.I judge there fore that the nearest distance of the Center happens always in a place which is exceedingly near to the sd (?) perpendicular to the moons orbit but lies betwixt that perpendicular & the nearest Node, but it never falls betwixt that perpendicular & the place of the Syzique.ySome observations, concerning the Astronomical tables annexed to Whistons Astr Praelect, & his directions how to use themType: According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Other MS on sundial 5/II/29. Subjects: on the construction of a sundial; astronomy, practical mathematics (dialling). 1) On 1r. After Incipit and other two lines of text, there is a table. 2) On 1v. "A Calculation for an East or West Dial" [etc., other three lines of text]. Table. 3) On 2r. "A Calculation for a Dial inclining to the line joining the Zenith & Nadir in <an> angle of 80 degrees and declining from south towards West in an angle of 45 degrees." Text follows, with a diagram. 4) On 2v. Table.2131/7/VIII/11GA Calculation for an Horizontal Dial. Latitude 57 degrees [symbol] 12'.1v-2r (pp. 2-3): Hume. 2v (p. 4): Hartley ("Observations on Man"). 5r (p. 9):<  Hunter, Reamur. 5v-6r (pp. 10-11) Stahl. 7r (p. 13): Stahl, Whytt ("Dr White"), Descartes. 7v (p. 14): Whytt ("the Ingenious Author before Mentioned"), Hunter, Reamur.S7v (p. 14): "4 The Effects of Various Passions. See next page" [unrecovered paper].FType: part of the lectures on the Culture of Mind, Glasgow. Beginning of the part on the mind-body relation. Subjects: mind-body relation. After the Incipit, on 1r: "That which relates to the Human Mind may again be divided into three parts. In the first we consider the Powers of the Mind. In the Second What Culture and Improvement those powers are capable of & by what Means. & In the third we consider the Connections and Relations between the Mind & that Body or System of Matter to which it is so wonderfully united. I have handled the first of these Branches in the Morning lectures the other two are reserved for this hour. & I have already gone through the first to wit the Culture of the Mind both in its intellectual & in its Active & Moral Powers. I am now to Consider the Connexions and Relations that are established by Nature between our Minds and our Bodies. This is not onely a curious and important Subject in itself; but it is as I shall have occasion to shew the very Basis and foundation of all the fine Arts. In any Philosophical Disquisition it is very proper that we should not onely examine the Powers and Properties of that which is the subject of Inquiry but the Relations & connexions it has with other things. A great Part of human Knowledge consists in knowing the connexions & the Relations which different things have to one another. When a Chemist examines according to the Principles of his art any Natural Body as Gold for instance." [etc.] "In like Manner when the Human Mind is the Subject of Philosophical Disquisition it is not enough to know its intrinsick powers & Qualities, it is likewise of consequence to know what Connexions the Wise Author of Nature has established between it and other Beings. The most Remarkable of these Connexions is that which we find between our Minds and our Bodies. Although no two Substances seem to be more unlike to one another {in their Natures and Attributes} than Body and Mind are [as far as we can discover]del Yet Man is a Being compounded of Both United in one Person. How this wonderfull Union is produced by what link {or chain} they are tied together untill Death separates them is a Matter altogether above our Knowledge: & {it} is probably beyond the reach of our faculties to comprehend it. But we are able to discover some of the Effects of this Union, which deserve our Attention. I shall reduce what I have to say upon this head to these three Heads. 1 The Influence which the Body has upon the [Body]del {Mind}, and which the Mind on the other hand has upon the Body. 2 The Indications that may be taken of the State and Disposition of the Mind from the Body & of the Body from the Mind. 3 The Analogies between Body & Mind between things Corporeal & things Spiritual which have a great Influence upon language & upon fine Arts. 1v (p. 2): "1 First we are to consider the Influence of the Body upon the Mind and this is seen in these three Instances. 1 That all Perception of external Objects depends upon our bodily organs and the impressions made upon them. 2 That we have a great variety of Pleasures and pains which depend upon certain motions and affections of the Body & 3 That Memory, Imagination & even Reaason depend very much upon the sound State and proper temperament of the Body. All I have to say upon this Subject is, I confess, hardly anything more than a confession of human Ignorance. But it is somewhat even to know wherein we are ignorant . It is fair and candid and becoming a Lover of Truth, to make no Pretence to Knowledge which we have not; and it is our Wisdom and our Duty to rest satisfied which [sic] that Measure of Knowledge, however Scanty, which God hath put in our power to attain. It is certain that all that we know of the Material World depends upon the Information of our Senses, & that our Senses inform us of Nothing un< less impressions are made upon them & upon the Nerves and Brain by their means. What the Nature of those impressions is, we are not able to discover;" [etc.] "Certain Motions in the Nerves and Brain are allways followed by that Act of the Mind which we call the Perception of an External Object. This is a Matter of Fact of which we are assured by constant Experience. It is a Law of our Nature. But do we know how those Motions in the Nerves and Brain and the Subsequent Perception are connected? Or what is the cause of their conjunction? Not in the least. Can it be said that the Motions produced in the Nerves and Brain are the proper efficient Cause of the perception that follows? This surely cannot be said with the least degree of Probability." [etc.] 1v-2r (pp. 2-3): Hume's notion of causality. If we adopt Hume's notion of causality as constant conjuction, there can be no doubt that the impressions upon the nerves and brain are the proper and efficient cause of thought. Absurdity of Hume's notion of causality (ex. night as cause of the day, etc.). A cause must be adequate to its effect, and there cannot be any real excellence in the effect which is not to be found in the cause in a higher degree. Thus, matter appears inadequate as a cause of thought and perception. Besides, it is an inert inactive substance. 2131/8/I/011r-7vPneumatology may be divided into two great Branches the first of which has for its object the Human Mind & by some has been called Psychology. The second has for its Object the Supreme Being and is Called Natural Theology.Dr Hunter's Discovery of the Stomach's digesting itself after Death. Reamurs Discovery that there are some shell fishes which renew their Stomach every Year, and the first Office of the new Stomach is to digest the Old.2r: Cicero. 5v: Bacon ("De Dignitate & Aug. Lib. 1"). 6r-v: Demosthenes, Cicero. 7r: Cicero, Aristotle. 7v: Cicero, Demosthenes. 8r: Cicero, Corneficius, Quintilian, Longinus, Dionisus of Halicarnassus, Demetrius Phalereus. 8v: Isocrates. 9r: Cicero. 10v: Cicero. 11r: Stephanus (other editors of ancient texts mentioned). 25r: Virgil, Crassus. 25v: Cicero. 27v: Quintilianus, Cicero, Demosthenes. 28v: Plinius ("Plin. Hist. Nat. Lib. 18 ch. 6"), Cicero.?Three main parts: 1) On 1r: recapitulation of the parts on mind-body relation and on fine arts of the lectures on the Culture of Mind. 2) On 2r-5v: general prolusion to Reid's lectures, Glasgow, November 1 1766. Ends of education: knowledge, eloquence, good breeding, virtue. He discusses the first of these, knowledge. 3) On 6r-11r (pp. 1-[11]) plus additions on fols. 25-28: eloquence (last part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind). On 1r: recapitulation of the part of lectures on the Culture of Mind on mind-body relation and on fine arts. Bottom of 1r: "We have likewise made some {general} Observations upon the Several fine Arts or arts of Taste, with a view to shew that their principles depend upon these Connections between Body and Mind which have been mentioned. The last of them Remains to be spoke of that of Eloquence on which I intend to insist more fully and to give some delineation of its Principles & Precepts". 2r, on top left corner: "Novr 1 1766". "I shall spend this hour Gentlemen, as I use to do, in laying before you some things relating to your studies in General and to your Manners and Behaviour." [etc.] "It is of no small Importance in any Pursuit to have the End always in View especially if it is important and excellent. This serves both to direct and quicken us in the Pursuit of it. I shall therefore {point out} some of those Qualifications which are {the Ends of a Liberal Education &} are expected in those who have had the Benefit of {it}, and recommend them to your vigorous pursuit. I shall confine my discourse to these four Knowledge Eloquence good Breeding and Virtue." [on left margin, "prefix A"] After the preceding passage: "1" on left margin. "An {eager} Desire to know the Causes & Connexions and Relations of things is planted by the Author of Nature in the human breast and it is as natural<  for man to pursue Truth as it is for a Dog to hunt his prey." [etc.] On 2v: passage marked "E" (on right margin). Beginning: "I need not inform you that young men may expect to meet with temptations, which require fortitude and manly resolution to resist them." [etc.] "But those who are young and unexperienced, ought as much as possible to keep out of the way of temptation. It is not always proper for them to be reprovers of Vice, & where a man [keeps company with]del is witness to vicious behaviour without signifying his disapprobation of it or indignation against it, he can hardly escape being hurt by it; if not in his morals at least in his Character & Reputation." On right margin: "Insert F". Lower half of 2v, blank. On 3r, the text continues from 2r (the text on 2v is an insertion). "I will not therefore so far affront your Understanding as to use any arguments to incite you to the desire of Usefull Knowledge. I trust that you feel this desire in your own breasts. If any of you does not, he ought to be elsewhere and otherways employed. One thing however I think proper to observe, That there are some ages and some periods of Society wherein Knowledge and Learning are much more necessary for those who would be eminent than they are in a different Age and Period." [etc.] 4r:"But as the short life of Man is not sufficient for acquiring the knowledge of every thing; and as it is contrary to our duty to employ that time even in the acquisition of knowledge which ought to be spent in active Life. It becomes every mans concern to apply chiefly to those parts of knowledge and Learning that are most necessary for the particular Station and profession in which he is to appear." [etc.] 4r-5r: "Let every man therefore bend the whole force of his Studies towards the profession or employment which he intends and consider every kind of Study that is not more or less subservient to it as meer amusement. For it is a contemptible Character to be a smatterer | in every thing but really good for nothing. It is too common for those who have applied to one particular branch of Knowledge or Learning to despise or even to disparage every other Branch. This is a weakness that proceeds from a narrow and illiberal turn of Mind and ought carefully to be avoided by Scholars of every profession. I allow a man to be an Enthusiast in his own profession; to have the high ideas of its Utility and Importance that are consistent with common Sense. But let him indulge others in the same kind of Enthusiasm for their Profession. If he is rapturously in love with one of the Muses, he ought {not} to find fault with another man because he is no less in Love with another. They all have their Charms, nor is it generous or mannerly to detract from any of them because she is {not] my particular favourite. I may admire my own Mistress without disparaging another Mans." On left margin: "Insert B". "It is likewise to be observed that there are some general Branches of Knowledge that are subservient to every honourable Profession. Knowledge is in this respect like a tree which has its trunk and its branches; [etc.]". "It is the intention of this Academical Curriculum that Young Gentlemen being initiated in the Languages, in History Natural & Civil, in the Principles of Mathematicks and Physics, of Logic, Pneumatology, Ethics Jurisprudence & Politicks should have {all the} faculties of their Minds opened enlarged and strengthned by being exercised in all these different ways. By which means they may know better their Fort & their Foible, how far Nature has fitted them for any particular Profession they intend; [etc.]". On 5v: three short passages. 1) "The Dignity and Utility of Knowledge & Learning is fully handled by Bacon De Dignitate & Aug. Lib 1" 2) "the fine Arts are all grounded upon Certain Connexions which nature has established between the Objects of our Senses and the Objects of our Intellect." [etc.] 3) "A" [to be inserted on 6r (p. 1): "A last page] "The Orator exhibits to the Ear all that <is> expressive in Sound, he exhibits to the Eye all that is expressive < in the features the Attributes and Motions of the Body. Thus he Makes the Emotions of his own Soul visible by their proper Signs, & when those Emotions ap<p>ear to the hearers to be proper and perfectly suited to some Important and interesting Occasion; the Emotions of the hearers correspond with them. They are spread by a kind of infection through his Audience, and carry them along with him by a kind of Violence." 6r (p. 1). Heading: "Eloquence". Beginning: "Of all the fine Arts Eloquence is undoubtedly the Noblest. The force and Energy of all the others are in this concentred [sic] and brought, as it were, into one Focus." "A last page" [on left margin]. "The harmony of Sound , the power of Description, the force of Action, & the charms of good breeding operate in this Art with united force." [etc.] "All the Excellencies {or Prerogatives} by which one Man is distinguished above another may be reduced to two general Heads or Classes. These are Power and Virtue of Power there are many different kinds, but Eloquence when possessed in the highest degree seems to be of all kinds of human power the Noblest and the greatest, because it commands the passions the affections the Judgments the purposes and Resolutions of other Men." [etc.] "This powerfull Engine is able to rouse the Courage of the dejected to inspire noble and virtuous Sentiments into the degenerate to tame the most savage passions to calm the Storms of popular rage and Sedition and to shake the throne of Tyrants. And it was not without Reason that Philip of Macedon considered the Eloquence of Demosthenes as a stronger barrier against his ambitious views than all the Power of Grace. [asterisk, signaling the point of insertion of labeled addition]". "Add H" [on left margin, reference to addition on fol. 25r-v]. "When we speak of the highest Pitch of Human Eloquence we speak of a thing that is not to be found in every Age. The first rate Orators have perhaps been fewer than the first rate Poets. [asterisk, signaling the point of insertion of labeled addition]". "add Y" [on left margin, reference to addition on fol. 25v]. 6v (p. 2). "But there are many degrees of Eloquence below this Summit which in every age are attainable by those to whom Nature has not been unfavourable, and who begin early and pursue with ardor the noble prize. A Superiority over our co<n>temporaries in this Excellence is one of the most honourable Distinctions, and above all others enlarges a mans power to be usefull to himself to his friends and to his Country. Add A [reference to marked addition on 26r-v]. Eloquence like the other fine Arts has had its ebbs and flows in the various periods of human Society. It is a plant that cannot thrive where there is not a considerable degree of civil Liberty." [etc.] 6v-7r (pp. 2-3). "The Style and manner of Speaking that was used in this Country 40 or 50 years ago will not pass now with tollerable Judges, and those who were | educated then find themselves under a Necessity of applying to those studies in old age which ought to have been the study of their youth. I mention this that you Gentlemen, who are setting out in life may be the more convinced of the necessity of studying early and assiduously, correctness, elegance and Strength in speaking and writing, lest while these Studies are making so quick a progression, you be thrown to far behind by those who come after you. [The [following]del {few} lectures I shall give on this Subject are intended to give you the best assistance I can in so short a compass in the prosecution of this Study]del. "[Add B]del Add B" [reference to addition on 26v-27r] "We may define Eloquence to be the Art of speaking so as to answer the purpose intended by it." [etc.] "The Definition given by Cicero is Ars apte & ornate loquendi The Art of Speaking aptly and ornately. This definition I conceive takes in too much. For the ornaments of Speech are sometimes proper to be used and sometimes improper." [etc.] "Aristotle defines Rhetorick to be the faculty of perceiving in every subject what is fit to perswade. If Cicero's definition be < redundant this seems much more to be deficient. It is not always the intention of an Orator to perswade; he may sometimes intend no more than to please or to move. And where his intention is to perswade, he must not onely find out what is fit for that purpose, he must dispose it in proper order and express it <in> a proper Manner. This Definition therefore is faulty as it includes no more of the Art but what the Artists call Rhetorical Invention, and leaves out Disposition Elocution and Action. That you may understand my view in the definition I have given you may please to observe these two things. 1 I conceive speaking to be used onely as a mean in order to some End. No wise man speaks for speaking's sake, but either to entertain or please or perswade or instruct or move those to whom he speaks. Since speaking therefore is onely used as a Mean, its Excellence must consist solely in its propriety and fitness to answer its end." [etc.] 7r-v (pp. 3-4):"And every Ornament every Embellishment that has no tendency | to promote directly or indirectly the End for which he speaks is inept and improper, and shews rather the folly and Vanity of the Speaker than any real Excellence in speaking." [etc.] 7r-v (pp. 3-4): criticism of the definitions of eloquence given by Aristotle and Cicero. 7v (p. 4): superiority of Demosthenes in comparison with Cicero. 8r (p. 5): "2 I have defined Eloquence to be an Art. This supposes that it is to be learned in some Degree at least, and so undoubtedtly it is." [etc.] "I would Observe farther that the chief Part of Eloquence by which I mean Pronunciation and Action, depends upon those connections between body and Mind of which we have before spoke." [etc.] 8v (p. 6): "Thus I have endeavoured to shew you that the Principles & Rules of Eloquence {at least of Pronunciation and Action the Chief part of it} must be drawn from the Knowledge of the Human Mind and particularly from the {knowledge of} <the> Manner in which it is apt to be affected by certain natural Signs of Sound features and Gesture. But it is one thing to understand Scientifically the Principles of this Art. It is quite a different thing to put them in Practice. This is common to all the Practical Arts. That the precepts of the Art may be understood by those who are nopt able to put them in practice." [etc.] "This gave occasion to a Distinction , well known to the Ancients, between an Orator and a Rhetor or Rhetorician." [etc.] "Isocrates taught the Art of Speaking but nature had not fitted him for publick Speaking. He therefore contented himself with teaching the Art which he could not practise. And he taught with so great Success that the greatest Orators that Greece ever producedn were bred in his School." [bottom of 8v (p. 6), blank]. 9r (p. 7): "Having now Explained what is meant by Eloquence taken in the most extensive Sense Before we proceed to consider the various Purposes to which Speaking may be applied it will not I conceive be improper to take a General View of the Menas that contribute to form the Orator, and which must concurr in a high degree to the formation of a perfect Orator. There is nothing indeed Perfect among Men. But in every Talent which a Man is ambitious to attain, he forms to himself some Idea of {a} Perfection in that Talent, which though he can never reach, yet he is still pursuing, & endeavouring to make nearer approaches to it." [etc.] "The Ancients endeavoured to form a Perfect Standart both in Morals and in Eloquence." [etc.] 9r-v (pp. 7-8): "In like Manner the Ancients framed to themselves a Notion or Conception of a Perfect Orator, as a Model which every Orator should Strive to imitate though no Man ever came up to it. One of Cicero's Books which he calls Orator is wrote expressly with a view to delineate this Perfect Orator, who he confesses never existed. Yet such a Model is of great Use, both as an Object which every one who would attain any considerable degree of Eloquence ought to pursue, & as a standart by which we may judge of our own Defects and Excellencies & those of others. In the formation of a<  perfect Orator therefore, Natural & acquired Endowments must concur & together with both these favourable Circumstances to draw them forth to the most vigorous Exertion. | Let us first take a brief View of the Natural Talents required in the Orator. It was a common Proverb among the Ancients Ex quovis Ligno non fit Mercurius. The general Meaning of this Proverb was; that every Man is not fitted by Nature for every Profession in Life. But as Mercury in the Pagan Theology was esteemed the God of Eloquence, the Proverb seems more particularly to apply to that Profession and to signify that every Man has not the natural Talents necessary to make an Orator." [rest of 9v (p. 8), blank] [Refer to 27v-28r, for a description of the talents required in the orator]. 10r (p. 9): "Besides the talents of body and Mind which a first Rate Orator must have form Nature; it is necessary that he should have great Examples to copy after." [etc.] "For these Reasons no Man can expect to arrive at a high pitch of Eloquence who has not before him great Examples in this Art to copy after." [etc.] 10v (p. 10): "The Examples which the Orator may have in his Eye are either of the Dead or of the Living. 1 The Examples of the Dead who have left in Writing the Monuments of their Art and Eloquence. To be thoroughly acquainted with these is the More more necessary for the Orator if in any former period Eloquence has been carried to a higher Pitch than in his own Time." [etc.] 11r ([p. 11]): "This I take to be one of the chief advantages of {what is called} Classical Learning that one who has contracted a familiar Acquaintance with the Classical Writers of Greece and Rome will if he has nay Taste & Judgment naturally fall into an Imitation of their Manner of Speaking & Writing. Every good Speaker must be formed much more by the Imitation of good Speakers or Writers he is acquainted with." [end] 25r-v; additions, marked as "X" and "Y", to 6r (p. 1). 25r: "X pag 1" [top left corner] "I think one of the finest Similies in the whole Eneid of Virgil is that wherein he compares Neptunes com 2131/8/I/02We have endeavoured in these Lectures to point out as far as we are supported by fact and observation the Connection between Body & Mind and their mutual influences on each other which are established by the Laws of Nature."Novr 1 1766" [2r] 1v: Homer, Virgil, Milton, Cicero, Demosthenes, Euclid. 2r: Demosthenes, Euclid, Apollonius, Per(?), Archimedes, Pappus, Diophantus, Aristotle. 2v: Quintilian ("Insert Q from Quintilian" "Q 1 & Q 2"). 3r: Quintilian (quotation, marked "Q 1": "Lib 8 cap 2") 3r-v: Livy (quotation, marked "R": it might a quotation from Rollin) 3v: Campbell (quotation, marked "Q 2": "Vol 2 p 16"). 4r: Livy ("R" "Lib 1 ch 25"), Rollin. 4v: Homer, Virgil, Milton. 5r: Virgil ("Georgicks"). 6v: Quintilian (quotation). 7r: Horace (quotation)Type: part of the section of the lectures on the Culture of Mind dedicated to eloquence. It follows 8/I/2. He discusses various type eloquence, distinguished from each other according to their different aims. 1r, after the Incipit: "These are either to inform to instruct or explain or to convince the judgment or please the Fancy, to move the passions, or last of all to bend the will and perswade to action. When the intention is onely to inform to instruct or explain, the Speaker addresses himself to the Apprehension of the hearer, & this Species may be called Narrative Didactick Exegetick. And it is evident that Perspecuity and Order are the prevailing Characteristicks of this kind of Speaking. When bare Narration is intended, as in the testimony of a Witness, or in giving information of a fact, all superfluous ornaments of Speech are improper and serve no End but to shew the Vanity and affectation of the Speaker." [etc] "There is no kind of Composition wherein the Narrative or Didactick Stile is not sometimes to be used." [etc.] 1v: "2 When the intention of the Speaker is onely to convince by sound Reasoning, he addresses himself to the Judgment of the Hearer, who is here supposed to have no prejudice against the t< ruth but to lie open to conviction. It is obvious that the Qualities mentioned under the last head, of Perspicuity Order & Distinction must be no less necessary here as indeed they are in all good speaking whatsoever. But the main Characteristick in this Kind is Argument. The Perfection of this kind therefore is to the Reasoning in the clearest light & in that Order in which it may most easily enter into the Understanding of the hearerand be best apprehended & remembered by him." [etc.] ex.: Euclid. 2r: "I would farther Observe before I leave this Subject that every good Speaker must make himself Master of this Style [the Narrative or Didactic style] as the foundation of all his future Improvements in Eloquence. And that for two Reasons 1 Because there are many Occasions of speaking where this is the onely style proper to be used, and where the figurative the Pathetick or the vehement would be absolutely ridicolous, and would show the Speaker to be a vain ostentatious weak Man devoid of good Sense and of a just Taste." [etc.] 2v: "2 A Second Reason why every good Speaker should make himself Master of the simple Didactick Stile is that the Virtues or good Qualities belonging to this Style ought to be found in every Style. For Perspicuity Precision Accuracy and Method are not to be confined to the Didactick Style they are qualities which are to be carried along with us in every kind of composition and Speaking. Insert Q from Quintilian." "Q 1 & Q 2" [on right margin, referring to quotations on 3r and 3v]. "3 A third end in Speaking or writing is to please & this is addressed to those Powers of the Mind which go under the Name of Taste. Description is the proper Characteristick of this kind. And as its Design is to please a good Taste, it allows of those beauties of Style which are proper for that end, even where they are not necessary to enlighten the Understanding or convince the Judgment." [etc.] "There are particularly two kinds of Description which have it for their main End to please & therefore fall under this head, to wit historical Description & Poetical. 1 The Historian in Describing a plot of a Battle or a Revolution is indeed much more confined than the Poet. Truth is the boundary which he ought never exceed as Probability is that of the Poet." [etc.] 2v-4r: "Interesting Events are not barely to be told by the Historian they are to be painted." [etc.] 4r: ex., Livy. "R", on left margin. First line of the quotation marked as "R", from Livy's Histories (Bk. 1, ch. 25) to be found on 3r-v. 4r-v: "Rollin a Judicious Writer in his Belles Lettres has first given us the dry Narration of this Combat in Livy's own words leaving out all that colouring that interests the reader so strongly. Afterwards he transcribes the whole description as it is wrote by Livt without omission. Every one may do this for himself, and by this means may see as in a Mirror what a prodigious difference there is between a bare dispassionate Narration of an Event and Just Description of it, & consequently between that Species of Eloquence which | we before spoke of under the Name of meer Narrative Eloquence and that Historical Description of which we now Speak. 2 But the difference is still greater betwixt Narration and poetical Description. The Poet to the force of Language adds the Harmony of Numbers, which in first rate Poets iss often almost as expressive as language itself. Besides this, the character of a Poet as person supposed to be inspired is extreamly different from that of the Historian. He takes a bolder flight." [etc.] 5r: "In all kinds of Description whether Poetical or Historical the Pleasure we Receive arises chiefly from these two Sourses, from the Beauty or Dignity of the thing Described, & from Resemblance in the Portraiture." [etc.] "Three of the fine Arts seem to vie with one another in the Power of Expression, I mean Painting, acting or the drammatick Art, and Eloquence." [etc.] 5v: "4 A fourth End or Intention of a Speaker may be to move the Passions, to raise pity, terror, love, admiration desire Aversion, anger, indignatio< n. To this kind of Eloquence we may give the Name of the Pathetic." 6r: "As the Passions are the Workmanship of the Author of our Nature, & are a part of the human Frame; so they have all their natural Objects and occasions; and the onely way in which they can be raised is by presenting to the Mind their proper objects or what we may call their natural Fewel." [etc.] 6v: "5 The last End of Speaking I mentioned is to determine the Will of the hearers to Action. This is properly addressed to the Will and may be called Vehement." [etc.] 7v: " Form what has been said it appears evident that this kind of Eloquence, which is intended to perswade & influence to Action will for the most part consist in a proper Mixture of the Pathetic and the Argumentative." [etc.] 2131/8/I/031r-8rWe are now to consider the various kinds of Eloquence and First of all it may be divided according to the End which the speaker has in view.A Similar Difference has been observed between the Orators in the Upper & lower houses of the British Parliament. Which may partly account for a political Phenomenon that has been often Observed in Britain. To wit that the most powerfull Demagogues in the house of Commons when raised to the housee of Peers have sunk in the Reputation for Eloquence & have been little heard of afterwards as first Rate speakers their Eloquence being better fitted to operate upon the one Assembly than the other.!1r: Aristotle, Gorgias. 3r: Hume.Type: part of the lectures on Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. 2 parts. 1) On 1r. After the Incipit: "The Answer is obvious; Either by annihilating, or [secondly]del {when that is impossible} by diminishing the object that raised <it>; or Secondly by exciting some contrary passion that may as it were undermine it. By proving the falsity of the facts or the belief of which the passion was raised or their utter incredibility the Object of the passion is annihilated. It is diminished by all such circumstances as are contrary to those by which it is increased. These are Improbability Implausability, insignificance, distance in Time and Place, the Unimportance to us of the persons or things to which it relates. Aristotle mentions with approbation the Opinion of Gorgias a Rhetorician who wrote before Aristotle, That the Serious Arguments of an Adversary are best undermined by Riducule, and his Ridicule by serious Argument. This Method where where Ridicule can be properly applied to the serious Argumentation of an Adversary, or where he hath endeavoured to throw an Air of Ridicule upon things truly grave and important is undoubtedly a very potent Engine for undoing the impression made upon the hearers. The second way of Silencing an unfavourable Passion is by raising some contrary passion which may overcome it. There is hardly any point of conduct which gratifies one passion, which does not at the same time hurt another. Such an Action will promote my Interest but derogate from my Honour. Or it will gratify my resentment but it will hurt my Interest. As there is such an opposition of principles of action or passions in every case that admits of deliberation, what adds force to one diminishes the Effect of the other. And in regard to the Effect it is the same when you put additional Weight in one Scale or take from the other." 2) On 3r. "it is to be observed that when Rhetoricians speak of the Passions that are to be raised or calmed by the Orator in order to effectuate his Purpose; They take this ambiguous Word Passion in the largest Sense so as to include under it all the Principles of Action in the human Mind, all the Motives that may influence a Mans Conduct. Whatever gives a Man any impulse to Action or inclines him to act in a certain manner is brought under the Name of Passion. A Man may be moved by his Appetites by his desire of Power of Reputation or of Riches, by his affection to his friends, his resentment his indignation his love of his Country, his hopes and fears, his Interest, or his Conscience. All these the Rhetoricians consider as passions, because they al agree in this that < they may give some impulse to Action or furnish some Motive of Conduct. Each of these Principles or Passions to speak in the Style of the Rhetoricians has its Natual Object to which it produces a Desire or Aversion. And the way to raise the Passion is to present to the Mind its natural Object in the most lively annd Striking colours. For no passion can be raised without an Apprehension of the Object, and the more lively that Apprehension is the more vigorous will be the passion which is byy the constitution of our Minds its natural Attendant. Thus a lively conception of an Injury done us naturally awakens Resentment. And whatever tends to enliven our Conception of the Injury tends to enflame our Resentment. But here it must be observed unless the Conception of an Injury be attended with belief it will not produce resentment. I can conceive the highest Injury done me by my dearest friend, but while I am fully perswaded tha this injury never was done nor intended to be done; I feel no Resentment. I am conscious that it would be madness to entertain it in the least degree. If a lively conception were as Mr Hume maintains the same thing with belief no more would be necessary to raise the highest degree of Resentment than a bare representation to the fancy of an Injury without the least motive of Credibility but this is absurd." (Explicit follows]. 2131/8/I/04 1r, and 3rA Second Question regarding the Passions in Eloquence is, How is a Passion or Disposition that is unfavourable to the Purpose of the Orator to be calmed?It is necessary therefore that I should not onely have a distinct conception of the Injury but a Conviction that it was done or intended. Circumstances that facilitate Belief. 1v: Campbell, Addison ("six Papers of the Spectator [...] 1 Vol no. 58 &c"), Trypheodorus. 2r: Addison, Cicero, Locke, Quintilian, Longinus, Dryden, Euclid, Pope ("Essay on Criticism"). 2v-3r: quotations (Martial and Butler's Hudibras). 3v: Butler. 4r: Dr Radcliff.OType: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: facetious kind of eloquence, wit. After Incipit: "But there are likewise some pleasant and facetious kinds, in which some speakers excell, & by which very considerable Effects may often be produced. All Men have serious business to do, for surely we were not sent into this World meerly for play & pastime and Serious business requires a Serious Tone and frame of Mind, which naturally expresses itself in grave discourse. But Nature has not fitted us to keep up this tone of Mind unniformly and without interruption. As a bow that is allways bent is apt to lose its force; There is also a force and Energy of the Mind required in serious Occupations which will be weakened without some intermissions of its Exertions. The Mind needs relaxation more I apprehend than the Body." [etc.] "I believe it is impossible to define accurately what {on the one hand} we call a serious or on the {other} hand what we call a facecious tone of Mind. Both are best understood by all Men from their Feelings, and it is evident thaat the one is akind of Contrast to the other, and that in the best disposed Minds both have their turns and prevail alternately." [etc.] "Every Passion and every Tone and Disposition of the human Mind {in a Speaker} when it appears proper decent and Seasonable, is contagious; and is apt to excite an Emotion of the same kind in the hearers." [etc.] 1v: "Having therefore made some observations of the serious kinds of Eloquence I shall now make some Observations on the facetious which I think may be reduced to three Wit Humour & Ridicule. And first of all I would Observe {with the Ingenious Dr Campbell} that there is a certain Correspondence between these and the three last kinds I mentioned of Serious Eloquence Wit corresponds to grave Description. Humour to the Pathetic and Ridicule to the Vehement. Wit Nothing says Mr Addison is so much admired and so little understood as Wit. That ingenious Author who had himself a large share of Wit has given us no less than six Papers of the Spectator upon the Subject<  of Wit. 1 Vol No 58 &c. In those Papers to which I refer as they are in every ones hands he gives an historical Account of the Various Species of false Wit which have made their Appearance both in Ancient and Modern times. All Wit true and False is adapted to strike the Mind with surprise and therefore there must be something in the thought that is uncommon and unexpected. In true Wit there is a real beauty in the thought arising from some unexpected similitude or contrast or some uncommon Light in which the object is put by a certain quickness of Understanding, which we admire and approve. False Wit is commonly the effort of Laborious Dullness to give surprize and gain Applause by what has no merit to deserve it." [etc.] 1v-2r: Addison's account of various examples of false wit. 2r-v: definitions of wit by Locke, Dryden, and Pope. 2r: "Locke. Wit lying mostly in the Assemblage of Ideas and putting those together with Quickness and Variety wherein can be found any Resemblance or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant Pictures and agreable Visions to the fancy. Judgment on the contrary lies quite on the Other Side, in separating Carefully one from another Ideas wherein can be found the least difference thereby to avoid being misled by similitude & by affinity to take one thing for another." [etc.] "Drydens def of Wit "A Propriety of words & thoughts adapted to the occasion" If this be a true Definition of Wit says Addison Euclid was the greatest Wit that ever set pen to paper. This Censure too severe as the Word Wit has gradually changed its signification. Mr Pope seems to have had the same Vague & indefinite Notion of Wit when he says in his Essay on Criticism True Wit is Nature to Advantage dressed." [etc.] 2r-v: "This Definition of Wit does in no wise distinguish it from any other Species of fine Writing, but is equally applicable to them all. The Poet surely had a different Notion of Wit in his Mind, when he says but two lines after. For works maay have more Wit than does good them as Bodies perish through Excess of Food. He could never | mean that Works could have too much of Nature dressed to advantage. It is here evident that the Poet had annexed two different Meanings to the same Word: That Wit which is Nature to advantage dreess'd, must be something else than that Wit of which a Work may have more than does it good." 2v: before and after the passage continuing from 2r, there are quotations from poems. Before the passage: 2 stanzas (from which authors?), and a line from Martial. 2v(after the passage continuing from 2r)-3r: quotations from Butler's Hudibras (5 stanzas). 3v: "It deserves here to be observed that altho Wit Humour & Ridicule may be distinguished in our Conceptions, they are close and almost inseparable Companions. We shall hardly find any true & chaste Wit either in a speaker or writer that has not something of humour in it and which {at the same time} does not present to the Imagination Something Ridicolous. There is perhaps no Book in which we find a more compleat Conjunction of all the three than in Hudibras. The Intention of the Poet is to expose to ridicule the follies the Oddities and Absurdities of those Fanaticks who in the Reign of Charles the first under the Pretence of reforming the Church & State overturned both and introduced anarachy and Confusion." [etc.] "It is not Butler therefore {in his own person} who is the Poet in this Work; it is a fictitious Poet whose Character & Sentiments are fitted to the Subject he undertakes." [etc.] "I apprehend it is so in every Species of what is called wit: we shall find that the Witty Person presonates some imaginary odd Character who might say in sober earnest what he says for entertainment. The Wit lies in the ready conception of this Oddity, but the lively representation of it is Humour and the Oddity which is ascribed to an Imaginary Person is an object of Ridicule." [rest of 3v, blank] 4r: "Wit an edged tool not to be used without great caution and Prudence. The Answer of a Physician {Dr Radcliff} of Great Fame to King William." [end follows] 2131/8/I/0< 51r-4rThe various [Ends]del {Kinds} of Speech which we have hitherto considered {& distinguished according to their Ends} are all Serious and Grave.*The Character of a Wit is not a respectable Character, it is more dreaded than Loved. He is considered as a Man that has much power to hurt & do ill but little to do good. And a great Share of Wit without a proportionable share of prudence discretion and good Nature, is what no wise man will envy.2r: South Sanderson, Tillotson. 3r: Fleshier Bardolous, "the Bishop of Clermont", Saurin, Tillotson, Sacker, Blair, Demosthenes, Cicero.8Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on Eloquence. Subjects: eloquence of conversation, and eloquence of pulpit. 1r-v. Eloquence of conversation, and perspicuity as chief excellence where the end of speaking is simply to inform the understanding or to convince the judgment. After the Incipit: "This Definition is intended to comprehend not onely the Eloquence of Declamation but that of more familiar conversation, not the Eloquence of Prosaic Compositions but also of Poeticals, nor the grave and serious onely but also the facetious and witty. There is no purpose under heaven to which speech may be applied, which does not give occasion to the Exercise of one species or another of Eloquence. Eloquence of Conversation [on the left margin] A simple tale may be well or ill told a message may be properly or improperly delivered. An advice may be given in a manner {so improper as to} defeats its end, or {on the other hand} in such a manner as that if it is not followed it shall at least be well received. A favour may be asked in such a manner as to dispose strongly to a denial of it or on the other hand in such a manner as that it shall be painfull not ot grant it or to grant something equivalent to it. The same thing may be observed with regard to admonition reproof consolation, & every other purpose of Speech. And a man may have a wonderfull Power of Eloquence who never declaimed in his Life. We see some Men either by Nature or Art (or which is most probable by the happy influence of both) possessed of such talents in Conversation as makes them the delight of all their Acquaintance. a Superiority in Wit Humour complaisance and affability must needs produce this Effect. And the man who has the Art of sayying what is proper to be said on every Occasion, and of not saying what is not proper, has the power of Eloquence in a high degree although he never pled a cause or made an Oration." [etc.] 1r-v: "And as the perfection of every Mean or Instrument must consist in its <being> properly adapted to promote the End it must be so in Eloquence which is always used a mean in order to promote some end. As this is true of Eloquence in general, so it will hold equally with regard to every particular Species of it | and as we have distinguished the different Species of Elooquence by their several Ends. The end in each must also point out wherein the chief excellency of that Species of Eloquence consists for it is then undoubtedly most excellent in its kind when it is best adapted to promote its end. Where the End of Speaking is barely to inform the Understanding Perspicuity must be the chief Excellence." [etc.] "Perspicuity arises partly from the choice of Words partly from the Strictures of Sentences. {To be perspicuous 1 A Speaker must have distinct Notion of what he would express} 1 Words to be perspicuous ought to be Pure, Proper, Precise. Sentences , in order to perspicuity ought not to be too prolix nor always too short. The parts to be properly arranged so as to mark their Relation to each other. In a Sentence there should be Unity." [etc.] 2r-6v: eloquence of the pulpit. 2r, heading: "Eloquence of the Pulpit". Beginning: "The Pulpit a very Noble Field of Eloquence as the Speaker has the Noblest & most Sublime Subjects to handle." [etc.] "From all which [subjects of pulpit eloquence] it is evident that there is no Species of human Eloquence from the lowest to the most Sublime and vehement which the Preacher has not frequent occasion to exe< rcise." "Insert B" [on middle of page, left margin] Insertion "B" on 3r-4v, highlighted by a vertical line on the left. Beginning of "B", on 3r: "Yet it may be observed that not withstanding the great Number of pulpit Orators in all Christian Countrys, yet fewer have attained to the highest pitch in that kind than almost in any other kind of Eloquence." [etc.] "1 A higher Degree of Purity & Sanctity of Manners is required in the Preacher than in any other publick Speaker." [etc.] "But of all Speakers the least Indulgence is shewn to him whose very profession and Business it is to be an Authorised Censor of Manners & to point out every deviation from the line of our Duty." [etc.] "When it appears that a Mans arguments do not convince himself they can have little weight to convince others. He is like a Commmander that exhorts his men to stand against the Enemy while he himself runs away.. There are many Occasions of publick Speaking in civil and political Matters, in which it matters little to the hearers what is the private Character of the Speaker. And if it is not remarkably odious they can shew great Indulgence, & consider more what is said than who says it. But little or no Indulgence will be given to him who takes upon him to correct others for vices from which he himself is not free." [etc.] 3v: "2 We may observe that the hearers to whom the preacher addresses himself are more diversified in Character than those of other Orators. A Christian Congregation especially in a popolous City is of all Audiences the most promiscuous. And therefore it requires the greatest Judgment and Art to suit what is said and the Manner of saying it to the Audience." [etc.] "It requires great Attention and Judgment in the Speaker in Such an Assembly, that while he avoids either in Style or in Sentiment soearing above the capcity of the lower Class, he may not on the other hand sink below the Regard of the higher. To attain Simplicity without flatness, delicacy without Refinement, perspicuity without recurring to low idioms and similitudes, will require his utmost care." [etc.] "Even in the lower house the Audience have all had the Education of Gentlemen and is not nearly so promiscuous as the popular Asseemblies of Athen and Rome. Yet even of these Women Minors and Servants made no part. We may therefore justly reckon the Audience which the preacher addresses the most promiscuous of any and by thaat Means he is deprived of some advantages which other speakers have from a greater Uniformity of Character in the persons to be wrought upon." 3v-4r: "3 If we compare the Subjects that are handled in the pulpit, and at the Bar or in the Senate, we shall find that in this respect the Preacher hath indeed some Advantages over other Speakers but these are ballanced and perhaps more than Ballanced by other Disadvantages. The Perfections and Providence of the Supreme Being the Relation we stand in | to him & to our fellow Creatures & the duties consequent thereupon are without doubt the most Sublime and the most important of all Subjects of Discourse. And in this the preacher may be conceived to have a great Advantage of other Speakers." [etc.] "This seeming advantage which the pulpit Orator has from the great Weight and Importance of his Subject is perhaps counteballanced our outweighted by its being more Spiritual & intellectual and less an Object of the Senses." [etc.] 4r-v: "4 I would observe in the last place that the pure Doctrine of J. Christ is most opposite to the Principles the Passions and Habits by which the greater part of Men are governed, so that the Pulpit orator has greater Obstacles to oppose his Success tha any Other. By the wise Destination of the Almighty, Man is placed in such a Station in this World, as that his cares and his labours must be for the greatest part employed about things pertaining to the present Life. The necessities of his Nature and the care of his Animal Life occupy much of his Time and Thoughts, and the habit of attending to objects of a temporal kind indisposes him for the Contemplation of those of a Spiritual Nature<  tho' in themselves much more important. The things of | another World to which the preacher would call our Attention are hid as it were behind a veil, they are the Objects of Faith and not of Sense, attended indeed with sufficient Evidence to convince the Caandid and Ingenious {who have a hearty concern to know the will of God & to do it}. But not with that irresistible Conviction which Sense or Memory affords." [etc.] "One part of our Trial is that we are surrounded with Objects that are apt to take possession of our hearts & engross all our attention. This strong attachment to the objects of Sense the Preacher has to oppose his Efforts; and therefore it needs not appear woderfull that he often speaks with less Effect upon his hearers, than those who move them by those very Passions which govern their ordinary Conduct in Life. Insert C" "C" on 2r, highlighted by vertical line on the left margin. "And it deserves our Notice that this Noble and ample Field for every strain of Eloquence is peculiar to the Christian Religion. As that is the onely institution we know in which there is an Order of Men appointed for this very purpose of instructing admonishing and perswading their fellow Mne in all Matters pertaining to their moral and Religious Conduct in Life, & preserving in their minds a lively Sense of those great Arguments and Motives which both Reason and Revelation suggest to engage us in the practice of our Duty." [etc.] "As we distinguished Eloquence into the Grave and Facetious. It is obvious that the grave kind is that which is suited to the Pulpit. When Men are Met together for religious Worship and with a view to be instructed and admonished in things pertaining to their Salvation Stains of Wit of Humour can hardly be suitable. Yet I do not deny that there may be occasions wherein the folly of Vice may be represented as to be an Object of Ridicule and in like Manner where errors are to be refuted that are truly absurd and contrary to the first Principles of human Belief. That absurdity may be laid open even in the Pulpit. Wit and Humour can hardly at any time be made consistent with the Gravity and Solemnity of Pulpit Discourses. Ridicule sometimes may but requires delicate Management & great Restraint. South Sanderson Tillotson" 2v, without vertical line: "Gravity & Warmth the chief Characteristicks of Pulpit Eloquence. The business of the Preacher 1 To Instruct. Perspicuity in Preaching, Catechising. 2 To please. {This to be used onely as a Mean & measured by the End. The Simile of the Israelites robing the Egyptians of their Silver Gold and Jewels for the Service of the Tabernacle. To much Ornament. Too great Negligence in preparation}. 3 To Move The Furniture of a Preacher Poetical Eloquence" 4v: "It is not necessary , I apprehend that every Discourse from the Pulpit should be pathetick or vehement. There may be very usefull Preachers whose talents are not adapted too the higher Strains of Eloquence; & such should not attempt what is above their force. The Didactick Style in Sermons if accompanied with a proper degree of Seriousness & fervor may be very usefull to well disposed hearers. In Subjects where the main Intention of the Speaker is to enlighten the Understanding it is the most proper Style." [etc.] 5r: "As in every Subject where the Didactick Style is used so particularly in Instruction from the Pulpit, Perspicuity ought carefully to be studied." [etc.] "As to the Matter of the Preachers Instructions, That is the whole Doctrine of the Gospel & the Rules of a Christian Life." [etc.] 5v: "Besides the instructiong his hearers & enlghtening their Understandings it is the Business of the Preacher to please that his Instructions may be received with the better Effect. But here it is of the greatest importance that he seek to please onely in order to profit his hearers, & not in order to gain a vain Applause either with those of Rank or with the vulgar." [etc.] 5v-6r: "The third Branch of the Preachers Business according to the Division I have mentioned is to Move & to perswade. In this he has access to display < | whatever talent he may possess, all his abilities Natural & acquired in the Descriptive, the Pathetic & the Vehement. The Descriptive Kind of Eloquence of which I before gave an Account may be intended meerly to please the Fancy by presenting to the Imagination agreable pictures adorned with the Ornaments of Tropes and Figures and allusions; or {secondly} it may be intended to make a deeper Impression upon the Mind of what is Described so as to give that force & Vivacity to Things distant which they naturally have when at hand, that force to things intellectual and Objects of Faith, which we feel in the objects of Sense. As to the first of these ends of Descriptive Eloquence, it can onely be allowed {to take place} in trivial Subjects. In grave and important Subjects, no Ornaments of Speech ought to be admitted but what spring naturally from the Subject and either throw Light upon it or give it a deeper impression upon the Mind." [etc.] 6r: "When Description is properly executed it facilitates belief. For altho' belief is not meerly as Mr Hume conceives a lively Idea of the thing believed, yet it must be allowed that in things that are not Objects of Sense a Description which produces a lively conception of the thing contributes much to make the belief of it more easy and more Steady. In the Pathetick and Vehement the Pulpit Orator makes his Address chiefly to the Conscience of Men, and to their hopes and fears and their other Principles of Action onely so far as they are connected with Conscience." [etc.] "His Zeal [of the pulpit orator] must be employed against the vices & corruptions of Men but not against their Persons." 6v: "There is no kind of Perswasion that has greater force of Argument to support it, yet there is none that is commonly attended with less Success than that which is employed too perswade Mned to amend their Moral Conduct to correct their Vices to subdue their passions and to act the part which their own minds dictate to them, they ought to act. This is the {chief mark of the} business of the Preacher and of all the most difficult. The difficulty as was just now observed arises not from the want of Solid Arguments but from the strength of evil habits and of animal Passions and the Weakness of the governing Principles of Reason & Conscience. What I said before of the best & most effectual way of pleasing is equally applicable to the end of perswading. That nothing renders Sermons so perswasive as known Sanctity of Life and Manners iin the Preacher, & seriousness and fervor indelivering them. What comes from the Heart of the Speaker has power to reach the hearts of the hearers. And without this all the Ornaments of Rhetorick will be of little avail." [end follows]. 2131/8/I/061r-6vaWe have defined Eloquence to be the Art of speaking so as to answer the intention of the Speaker.The most important thing of all therefore is that the Preacher appear both from the general tenor of his Life, and from the Manner of his preaching to have a real & a deep Conviction on his own Mind of the things of which he would convince his hearers.#"Mar. 6 1765" [1r, top left corner]1r: Lucretius, Horace, Juvenal. 1v: Berkeley, Fenelon, Lord Littleton, Fontenelle, Plato, Cicero, Lucian, D.H. More, Seneca, "Romances Telemachus. Pamela Clarissa & S C grandson almost the onely moral ones" Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: various kinds of eloquence. Eloquence of popular assemblies, eloquence of the pulpit, poetic eloquence; summary of the lectures on eloquence; eloquence of conversation. After the Incipit: "This political Hypocrisy, is nearly allied to Hypocrisy in Religion which very justly is more odious than open Profannes. And it is perhaps as difficult for a Man to wear a Mask long in Politicks as in Religion." [etc.] "In all Popular Governments, ancient and Modern there have been Demagogues, who courted Popular applause with a view to serve their own Interest or Ambition, and many of these have made their Eloquence the Engine of Promoting their private Ends. But wise Men comm< only soon see through this disguise of Patriotism, & even the Multitude discover at last how they have been imposed upon, & treat with Just Contempt those whom they have formerly carried upon their Shoulders." [etc.] Notes on the rest of 1r and on 1v, in point form (topics or questions treated in classes). Heading: "Eloquence of the Pulpit". "A field of Eloquence peculiar to the Christina Institution, & a very Noble Field. Peculiar Advantages of a Preacher above other Orators. Peculiar Disadvantages. All the Species of Eloquence have a place in the Pulpit." [etc.] "Poetical Eloquence. Intended to please the Ear by the Harmony of Numbers and to entertain the Imagination by the beauty of figures & Imagery at the same time that it instructs and moves. What distinguishes Poetry from Prose is difficult to determine." [etc.] various kind of poetry. "Why many who relish the Beauties of Poetry & are affected by them are made little better or wiser by them." On 1v, summary of lectures on eloquence: "We have distinguished Eloquence according to the different Ends of the Speaker or the various Effects he intends to produce by it which are either Grave or facetious. The Grave Kinds may be divided into the Didactick, the Argumentative, the Descriptive, the Pathetick, & the Vehement, the facetious kinds into Wit Humour & Ridicule. We distinguished it in the Second Place according to the different Occasions of Exercising it, into the Eloquence of Conversation, That of the Bar, the Popular Assembly, the Pulpit. Nature has been so kind to us, as not onely to give us a serious delight & pleasure from the Contemplation of what is beautifull grand or excellent, but also a tickling kind of pleasure from oddities and incongruities of characters and from unexpected Similitudes and contrasts in things." 1v: "Eloquence of Conversation, in which good Breeding Modesty & Equity ought to take place." [etc.] "Dialogue" [etc.] "Epistolary Writing" [etc.] "Romances Novels" [etc.] "History a Record of the Transactions of Past times intended to make Men Wiser & better. Modern Historians have with good reason taken a wider Field than the Ancient. Whether Speeches are to be given in History and Characters drawn. The Historian ought to have those Emotions which the Matter suggests & to make his Reader feel them. Description his main Talent. Care to have the best Information of facts. Impartiality. Stile ought to be suited to the Matter & therefore various. Sometimes simple sometimes elevated and Sublime but allways correct, & chaste." [end follows] 2131/8/I/07There is no Character more detestable than that of a Man, who covers over his Avarice or his Ambition with a Cloack of Patriotism.Stile ought to be suited to the Matter & therefore various Sometimes simple sometimes elevated and Sublime but allways correct, & chaste. Philosophical Writing, more or less animated according to the Subject.Eloquence of Popular Assemblies1r: Quintilian, Cicero. [see Incipit]bType: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: recapitulation of preceeding lectures; "the Different Branches of the Orators Business"; invention. After the Incipit: "The three last of which may be carried on either in a Serious or in a facetious way. We have also considered the various Occasions of Speaking, and the Style & manner adapted to each. In the last lecture I made some general remarks upon the Nature of Pulpit Eloquence & concluded with some remarks upon the difference between prosaick and Poetical composition. I proceed now to the Different Branches of the Orators Business & to give Some Observations upon Each. Different Authors both in ancient and Modern Times have divided the Task in enumerating all the Divisions they have given of this Subject. Those who have the Curiosity may find a large detail of them in Quintilians Institutions. I mention onely that Division of the Orators Work which I shall follow because it seems to be the Simplest. It may therefore be divided into five Parts Invention Disposition Elocution Pronunciation & Action. To which Quin< tilian & Cicero add a sixth to wit Memory. Invention must suggest to the Speaker what he is to say. Disposition is the Arranging in Proper Order what is to be said & Invention is in the Order of Nature the first Part of the Work. Cicero wrote 4 Books on Rhetorical Invention where of two are still Extant & two are lost. He has treated of it more briefly in his Books de Oratore. Quintilian, and in general all the ancient writers of Eloquence have handled this as a most Important part of the Orators business." 2131/8/I/08We have considered the Various Kinds of Eloquence by which it is suited either {first} to the Design and Intention of the Speaker, which must be either to instruct barely or to convince or to please or to move the passions or to influence the will.He has treated of it more briefly in his Books de Oratore Quintilian, and in general all the ancient writers of Eloquence have handled this as a most Important part of the Orators business.1r: Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, Longinus, Dionisius of Halicarnassus, Demetrius Phalereus, Hermogenes. 1v: Aristotle, Homer.Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Date: March 11 1765. It seems to be the lecture after 8/I/6 (given on March 6 1765). Subjects: recapitulation of previous parts; division of parts of eloquence (invention, disposition, elocution, pronunciation, action); invention. After the Incipit: "All that I propose farther upon this Subject is to suggest some Advices that may be usefull to those who would improve in the Noble Art. That these may be the More methodical it is proper to attend to that Division of the Business of an Orator which is mentioned by Aristotle and has been followed almoost by every author on this Subject Since his time. The business of an Orator therefore may be comprehended under these four heads Invention Disposition Elocution and Pronunciation {Memory added by Cicero} The three first are common to the Writer and Speaker the last is peculiar to the Speaker. The Writers upon the Subject of Eloquence both Ancient and Modern have handled each of these parts at great length and indeed with much Judgment and Ingenuity, and I think every man who studies this Art should be well acquainted with what has been wrote upon it especially by the Ancients, who, as they carried this Art to a much higher pitch of perfection than it has been brought in modern times, so they wrote upon the art itself so fully and so judiciously that they have almost exhausted the Subject as far as relates to the first three parts I have mentioned of Invention Disposition and Elocution. And we shall hardly find any thing of great importance upon this Art that has not been said by Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, Longinus, Dionisus of Halicarnassus, Demetrius Phalereus, Hermogenes, and others. Upon these three first parts of the Art of Eloquence the Ancients seem to have communicated all the Secrets of their Art. And no doubt would have done the same with regard to the fourth part that of Pronunciation and Action if Language had supplied them with words to express their thoughts. But no Language is sufficient to express all the different Modifications of the Voice of an Orator {or the variety of his Action} by which it is adapted to alll the various passions, and to all different Characters and Situations both of the Speaker and hearers." [etc.] 1v: "Yet tho Eloquence as well as other Arts may be attained without Rules yet the study of the Rules is of no smal [sic] Moment especially to those who have not the opportunity of improving by the best {living} Examples. The Writers on Eloquence have been very minute on the head of Invention and have endeavoured to reduce to certain common places or heads all that can be said upon a Subject properly and pertinently. For this purpose they distinguish the subject upon which an orator Speaks into two kinds Thema simplex & Thema compositum. The first is a Subject that is to be illustrated or described. The Second a proposition that is to be proved. Examples of the first and of the Second. The Loci or pla< ces from which Illustrations of any Subject of Discourse or the arguments fir for proving any point are. By the inartificial Loci they understand Testimonys Authoritys either Divine or human. The [Artificial]del Topicks or places of Artificial Arguments or Illustrations are drawn either from the Name or from the thing." [etc.] "Besides these General Topicks or heads of Argument which are considered as common to the Logician and Rhetorician there are others peculiar to the Rhetorician Which are therefore called Rhetorical Places. And these Rhetorical Places Are such as afford either what is proper convince the Judgment or to conciliate the audience to the Speaker and give weight and Authority to what he says, or lastly to move the passions of the hearers." [end follows] 2131/8/I/09We have divided eloquence into different Species {1st Ac<cording to> the End it is intended to produce &} [according to]del the different faculties to which it is addressed viz The [Understanding]del {Apprehension} the Judgment, Taste, the Passions or the Will. And according as it is Serious or facecious {2ly According to the different Occasions on which it is to be used. We are now to Divide Eloquence into its Parts}._Without a true Understanding of the Subject a Knowledge of the Loci of little Use. Disposition."Mar 11 1765" [top left corner]$1v: Cicero. 2v: Cicero, Demosthenes.Type: part of lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: disposition; exordium, and narration. After the Incipit: "These are Exordium Narration Division Proposition Confirmation Refutation and Peroration or Conclusion. {These Different Parts belong most Properly to pleading, civil or criminal}. There are usefull Observations delivered with regard to each of these. The Use of an Exordium is to render the Judge or the Persons to whom the Discourse is addressed, attentive docile & benevolent. When there is reason to believe that the Attention of the Auditor is already sufficiently awakened, it would be improper & foolish to attempt by arguments to effect what is already done. And the same thing may be applied with respect to the Docility & Benevolence of the Auditor." [etc.] "It requires good Judgement therefore to determine whether an Exordium be at all necessary or proper, & this must be determined by a due Consideration of the Manner in which the Hearer is already affected towards the Speaker and towards the Cause." [etc.] 1v: "We have Exordiums in many of Cicero's Orations which are Masterpieces in their kind. And such Examples ought to be studied with the greatest Care by the young Orator, because they are often more instructive than precepts. In General an Exordium where it is proper ought not to be long. It should in the Stile rather be simple than ornamented and to have all the appearance of Modesty {& even of Timidity} and of Candor and Sincerity in the Speaker as well as of just Confidence in the goodness of the Cause which can be given it. It ought to be void of all appearance of Artifice, not to be commonplace, nor borrowed from anything forreign to the cause, nor to be ostentacious, nor to be capable of being retorted by the adverse party. Narration. The second Branch of a Pleading is what is called the Narration. This is for the most part necessary in pleading at the Bar to make the Judge acquainted with the Circumstances of the Cause. This is a part of Pleading which requires great Judgment and Art as well as Exordium." [etc.] 1v-2r: "In Narration the Audience | may be supposed to be cool & dispassionate & so ought the Speaker. Perspicuity therefore Precision and Accuracy ought chiefly to be studied in this part. A false stepin setting out will be considered ominous. A Narration ought to be concise ommiting all unnecessary circumstances. But facts ought often to be accompanied with such hints of the Characters of the Persons as may give greater degree of probability to their Actions & Motives." [etc.] 2r: "The credibility of the Facts disposes the Mind not a little to yield to the Proof and makes it open to conviction. I take it to be < impossible to fix by general Rules the Order of a Narration." [etc.] "And I take it to be one of the best general Rules than can be given on this Subject that there should be a class Relation & Correspondence between the Narration & the Proof. The last is to be built on the foundation of the first. A just Correspondence between them gives Strength to both. And therefore where there are different points to be proved it may be convenient to divide the Narration into the same Parts as the Proof; or at least in the different parts of thre Narration to point out the things that are to be proved & to observe the same Order in the Proof as in the Narration. Although Narration is chiefly necessary in pleadings at the bar in civil or criminal Causes, yet in other kinds of Speaking there is often something Analogous to it, which may open the way to the main Subject of the Discourse and serve as an Ariadne's thread to lead us through all its turnings and Windings. When the Orator gives us a View of the Country he is to travel through & the road he is to take, we accompany him with more pleasure & can better judge whether he deviates from his intended journey by unnecessary or improper digressions, or holds on in a streight Course to his Journey's End." 2v: "The importance of a Judicious and well executed Narration in Causes which require Narration may appear from this, that even in the Narration of a common Story a Man never fails to accompany the facts he narrates with some indications of his Judgment & Opinion of the Actors, if he approves, if he admires the Actions which he relates, there will be found probably in his words but certainly in his features and tone & Action some signs of that Approbation or Admiration. And the sam thing holds no less if he relates any thing which he disapproves or despises." [etc.] "What I before observed with regard to Exordiums may be applied no less to Narration; That more is learned from the best Examples than from Rules." [etc.] 3r: "In Narration the Didactick Stile must prevail. Tho it may often very properly be mixed with the Descriptive. It is not necessary that it should be a dry & unanimated detail. It ought to set things in that point of View which is most favourable to the Orators Design." [etc.] "By attending to what commonly passes in Conversation we may be convinced tha the Effect which the Narration of any Event has upon the hearers depends very much upon the manner in which it is narrated." [etc.] "The Power of an Artfull Narration to operate upon the Passions or the Judgment of the hearers is so much the greater, that it is indirect and covered as it were." [etc.] "We may see likewise that {Eloquent} Pleaders on the Opposite sides of a Cause will Set facts in a very different Light, even where the Substance of the fact cannot be contested. What one places in a grave & serious light another will paint in a ludicrous light. What one exaggerates another will extenuate what one exhibits in the most conspicuous point of view, to draw the Attention of the hearers the Other will throw into the Shade soo that it is scarcely perceived. It appears I think from what has been said that in the Eloquence of the Bar especially a well executed Narration is a most essential Part of the pleaders business. It instructs it pleases and it perswades at the Same Time. The hearers must be supposed to be persons who have in themselves the Powers of Apprehension of Judgment of taste and of Passion. What more is necessary therefore than to set before them in the clearest light the Objects which are in their Nature fitted to operate upon these Powers. And we may say with truth that if the Judgment of the hearers is not in a great Measure gained by the Narration of the Orator, he has but a bad chance to succeed in all that follows." [end of the discussion on Narration; Explicit (on modulation) on 4v] 2131/8/I/10 1r-3r, and 4vI began in the last Lecture to speak of [the Different Part into]del which the Ancients have divided an Oration {the Second part of the business of the Orator to wit Disposition}.Q What is it in<  the Composition of a Discourse that makes it agreable to the Ear. This in general we may call Modulation. We consider here onely the Modulation that belongs to composition not that which belongs to pronunciation.\1r: Aristotle, Hermogenes. 1v: Quintilian, Cicero, Cecilius, Plautus, Virgil, Cato, Ennius..Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: invention, and elocution. After Incipit: Heading: "Invention" [in Greek: "logoi" and other two words] "On this the Ancients very Copious but Dry. The Orator must consider the Reasons and arguments he is to use in many points of View that do not fall within the province of the Logician. The last considers arguments onely in Relation to their force and Strengh [sic] to support the conclusion which he builds upon them. The Orator must note onely attend to the strength of his Argument but to the propriety of it, and if there is anything <in> his own Character or Situation, or in the Judge or Hearers, or in the parties that makes it improper to be used {at all} or requires that it should be touched with particular delicacy and in a particular Manner." [etc.] "A General Rule with Regard to the Rhetorical Precepts of Invention & Disposition is that although a Speaker of Judgment may make good use of them in the Composition of a Discourse, yet they ought to be very carefully removed out of the sight of the hearer." [etc.] "When an Architect builds a house he must use rulers and Squares & levels & ladders and Scaffolds & trowels & hammers & engines. But when the house is finished all these must be carried away out of sight. Much more must the Speaker in the fabrick of his discourse remove out of the Sight of the hearers all those Rhetorical Tools and Engines which may have been of use in the composition. The Precept holds here more than in any case Artis ets coelare artem. * [asterisc] See below [does he refer to the Latin quotation which follows, after one paragraph?]. Beggars are commonly very eloquent & speak with good Effect but if it should appear that a beggar had formed his speech by the Rules of Aristotle or Hermogenes, he might entertain us but woould draw little of our Money. Illud quoque studiosi Eloquentiae [...]" [quotation, from which author?]. "Topicks Name, Etymology Conjugates Definition. Genus, Species, Whole & Parts, Subject & Accidents Substance & Qualities, Cause & Effect. End & Means. Contraries & Opposites. Testimonies Of Wise Men of Witnesses. Difference between the Orator and Logician." 1v: Heading: "Elocution" "That Elocution is a most important Part of the Orators Business we may judge from this that the very Name of Eloquence is derived from Elocution. By Elocution is meant the Manner in which the Orator expresses hiss thoughts, it his Language his Composition & this may be distinguished into two parts 1 The Choice of Words 2 The Structure of Sentences. 1 Choice of Words Our Thoughts must be cloathed with words on order to their [entring into the minds of]del {being perceived or apprehended by} others. We are conscious of our own thoughts whether we put them into words or not. But they are not perceived by other Men, [but in as]del {any} farther than they are expressed by Language. Words therefore being the Signs of our thoughts, must be chosen so as to answer their End in the most proper & perfect Manner. And as a Stranger is received and respected, according to his dress, by which we judge him to be a person of Rank, or a Gentleman, or one of the vulgar; so {&} much more do Mankind judge of the things an Orator says by their dress and cloathing that is by the manner in which he expressess them in Language." [etc.] "We must not however imagine tha the Orator ought to be more Sollecitous about his Words than his thought. His first and chief care should be that what he has to say be proper and pertinent, & we allow the second place onely to word & Expression according to the judicious Precept of Quintilian. Verborum Curam, rerum vero Sollecitudinem esse volo. Far less ought we imagine that a great Stock of Words thrown into < well rounded periods can supply the want of thought." [etc.] "On this Point Cicero Expresses himself admirably as he commonly does Constat [...]". End: quotation (from Quintilian?) in Latin in two columns. "New Words" [in the center] "Quint. Nova (Nomina) [...]" 2131/8/I/11The Task or Business of an Orator has been divided by the Ancient writers on Eloquence into These different Parts Invention Disposition, Elocution, Pronunciation & Action.1v: Quintilian. 2v: Cicero (quotation, "De Inventione Lib 1 ch 1"). 4r: Cicero (quotation, "de Orat 3"), Quintilian (quotation).Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Place of origin and date: uncertain. It seems an early MS, from Aberdeen. 3 parts. 1) On 1r-2v: recapitulation of the course on eloquence. 7 points on learning and practising the art of eloquence (dealing especially with elocution, pronunciation, and action). 2) On 3r. Short notes on fine arts. 3) On 4r. Quotations from Cicero and Quintilian on eloquence. 1) On 1r-2v. After the Incipit: "1 To begin as early as possible to {perfect} form the Voice {Lungs} & Organs of Speech & to cure their Defects." [etc.] He mentions various defects. "Stammer. Reading aloud speaking in a Storm at the Sea Side in Wind or the Russing [sic] of the Waters. Going up Hill. 2 Observe carefully the Force & Meaning of Words." [etc.] 1v: "3 One that would attain the Art of Speaking ought to begin early to compose & practise it dayly." [etc.] "4 To take every Opportunity of hearing the Most excellent Speakers & of being intimately acquainted with the most Excellent Compositions of every Kind." [etc.] "5 As to Pronunciation Quintilian among the Ancients is most Particular yet he and all that have wrote upon the Subject are by far to<o> general. In Reading or Pronouncing a Sentence the proper Stops must Carefully be observed of Comma Semicolon Colon & Point. A Due mean betwixt a precipitate and drawling Deliveries to be observed." [etc.] 2r: "What is call<ed> Accent in our Language is greater Strength & length of the accented Syllable. If the Ancients had told us how far they sharpened the voice upon the Acute Accent how far they flattened it in the Grave and {how} they turned it in the Circumflex the {Ancient} pronunciation of the greek Words might have been recovered but now it seems to be irrecoverably lost. The Eloquence of the Greek ascribed to the Care of their Mothers in teaching them a Pronunciation peculiarly Gracefull." [etc.] "There seems to be a variation of the key in Sudden Passions and Variation of the tone Time & Strength of the Voice according to the Passions. Best learned from Actors, next from observing the Natural Expressions in Women & Children and other persons. 3 By being ourselves affected with those passions which we would raise in others." [etc.] "There are also variations of the Voice which derive their propriety not from the Subject but from the Character of the Speaker & hearers Others from the Different parts of the Discourse others from the figures that are used." 2v: "6 Action. Here equal Care ought to be used to avoid what is faulty & unnatural & to argue what is just & gracefull. The vast variety of Parts concerned in Action. The Whole Body the Eyes face Mouth Head Shoulders Hands feet. Action to be learned from Actors from Poets from observation chiefly by being really impressed with what we Say. 7 How far Virtue is necessary or usefull to an Orator. 1The Character of a good Man gives great weight to what he says. 2 it is much easier too express the Sentiments & passions properly which one feels than those which are Counterfeit. 3 There is nothing so forcible in Eloquence as what touches our Moral Faculty. Nothing interests the Heart deeply which has not at least the Appearance {of Right or Wrong} & therefore a good Man must have the advantage in the Noblest parts of Eloquence. Cic. De Inventione Lib 1 ch 1. Ac me quidem diu cogitantem [...] atquae amicissumus cives fore videtur" [quotation from Cicero in smaller character and different pen from what precedes it]. 2) On 3r. "The<  fine Arts were during the dark & Scholastic Ages excluded from the Schools of Philosophers, as having no Connexion wt Reason or Philosophy. The Unhappy effect of this both upon the Arts and upon Philosophy. Painting Colouring Shading & Perspective are in Painting what the Rules of Composition are in Music. Or the Rules of Versification are in Poetry. These are the Body of the Art but Expression is the Soul of it." 3) On 4r. "Constat neque infantiam ejus qui rem norit [...] Stultitiam loquacem Cic. De Orat 3. Id Omnes enim Motus animi suum quendam a Natura habet vultum & sonum & gestum Id Ingenio [...] memoria Singulari. Quint. Non alia est autem ratio pronunciationis quam ipsius Orationis. [...] formandae actionis." 2131/8/I/131r-3r, and 4r.The Two Kinds of Eloquence Serious & Facetious. The Species of the former 5 of the Latter 3. The Dignity & Importance of this Art. The Writings of the Ancients upon it. Advices for those that would Study it.|Id. Quaere norit se quisque nec tantum ex communibus praeceptis sed etiam ex natura sua capiat consilium formandae actionis.F2r: Addison. 2v: Hogarth, Moliere 3v: Sallustius ("Salusts"?), Cicero.0Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Place and date of origin: uncertain (it might be from Aberdeen). Subjects: definition of eloquence, various kinds of eloquence (narrative, didactic, exegetic; argumentative; descriptive; pathetic; vehement), facetious kinds of eloquences (wit, humour, ridicule), invention and disposition. On 1r, after the Incipit: "Ends Information. Explication. Conviction Addressed to the Understanding. [Pleasing] Addressed to the Imagination to raise some Mental Taste. Moving addressed to the Passions & Affections. Perswading addressed to the Will. Caracters [sic] of these Perspicuity Sublimity. Pathetic Vehement. In the Sublime the Images must be Natural Beautifull & Grand where Likenesses are represented of things where no likeness is exprected it makes the Witty of which there are two Species most remarkable where great things are compared to little as in burlesque & where little things are compared to great as in Mock heroic. The pathetic is a just & Natural Representation of Objects, that are apt to move the Affections & passions. Humour is a Representation of Slight or momentary passions or affection raised by objects not adapted in their nature to raise them or not to [illegible] a degree." [etc.] "Materials of Eloquence Thought Expression Pronunciation. The Orator must not onely attend to the Medium & Conclusion but to himself his Audience and what is proper to produce belief as well as what may prove his point. His Expression must not onely be Grammatical but such as may convey the Clearest Ideas & fix most upon the Memory of his Hearers what he says. Hence many of the Figures of Retoric explained. He must for that end use not onely the artificial Signs of Words but those Natural Signs which tend to operate his end. All {Rational} action & pronunciation reducible to the use of Certain Natural Signs." [etc.] "Ridicule fitter to disswade than perswade to Confute than prove. Humour admits of a Representation of odd & whimsical concomitant circumstances of a passion but the Pathetic does not." 2131/8/I/14HEloquence the Art of Speaking so as to answer the design of the Speaker.yConfirmation Arguments Artificial Inartificial How to be classed in regard to strength. Refutation. Retortion. Peroration1r: Bacon, 1v: Shaftesbury. Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of Mind (if from Glasgow), or of the lectures on Pneumatology and Fine Arts (if from Aberdeen). Most likely from Aberdeen. Date, and place of origin: uncertain. It might be from Aberdeen. Subjects: on 1r, mind-body relation; on 1v, Fine Arts. 1 The Effects or Operations of Body & Mind on each other. of Which there are Various instances. 1 The perceptions of External Things by Means of the Organs of Sensation. 2 The Pleasure or Pain that arises in the Mind on various Situations or Motions of the Parts of the Body. 3 The Influence of the bodily Constitution upon Memo< ry Imagination & even upon Reason Upon the Active Powers 4 The Power of the Mind in producing Voluntary Motions in the Body 5 The Influence of the Mind in producing the Natural Involuntary Motions 6 The Effects of Passions upon the Body & bodily Organs as Shame a Red Colour in the face &c 7 The Production of [Habitual]del Motions in the Body By Habit without Thinking or design. 2d Part Of the Indications that may be taken of the State of the Mind from the Body or vice versa. 1 The indications of the Character or State of the Mind from the Body 1 From the Size & proportions of the body in general {Lord Bacon Obs.} 2 From the Features of the Face, and especially the Eye 3 From the Motions & Gesture of the Body. The particular of these Indications are to be learned 1 By much Conversation and Observation. 2 From the best Paintings and Statues 3 from Descriptions in Prose or Poesy Pretended arts of Indication. Palmistry Judicial Astrology National Character Different Professions & Fortunes their Influence Difference of Age Of Sex These four Articles might perhaps more properly be placed after explaining the active principles of the Mind under Physiology." On the margin, 1r: "As an Appendix to Pneumatology These Questions may be handled 1 Whether Spirits are Immaterial 2 Whether they can be said to have a place 3 Whether Reason leads us to think that they Survive the Body & are immaterial." Heading, on 1v: "Of the Fine Arts, or Arts of Taste" "1 Music 2 The Plastic Arts. Painting Sculpture Statuary {Architecture Gardening}. 3 The drammatic Art or Acting. 4 Poetry 5 Eloquence. 1 Music." [etc.] "2 The Noblest part of painting that which represents Manners Passions and Affections." [etc.] "3 Acting." [etc.] "4 Description of Passions and Affections the chief Beauty in Poetry." [etc.] "5 Eloquence "6 Breeding." 2131/8/I/15hOf the Connections & Mutual Influences of Body & Mind on each other. This may be divided into two parts. 6 Breeding.Pneumatology Part 3d|1r: Buffier, Harris, Aristotle, Scaliger, Sanctius Perizonius, Wilkins, Arnauld, Ward, Monboddo, Bauzee Marsais. 2v: Avison.qType: uncertain. It might material for lectures on the Culture of the Mind (Glasgow), or Rhetoric and Fine Arts (Aberdeen). Subjects: language; fine arts (music, painting). 3 parts. 1) On top of 1r. Heading: "Opinions of Buffier concerning Language". After the Incipit: "2 That Usage alone determines what is proper & what is improper in Language. 3 That Usage must be taken from those who are thought the best speakers and Writers in the Language. 4 The Qualities that constitute the Perfection of a Language are reducible to three Copia of words. Neatness & Brevity". 2) On 1r, separated from top of page by a horizontal line. Heading: "Structure of Speech". "A material Part a Formal Part. How the infinite Variety of Objects of human Thought may be expressed by a few Articulate Sounds. Harris Division of Sentences into those of Assertion & Volition, imperfect. Aristotle better into Enunciative & not enunciative. Enunciative have been analysed by Logicians, the others as far as I know {have never} been analysed. The principles of General Or Natural grammar must be grounded upon the Analysis of a Sentence. For the parts into which a Sentence may be analysed are the parts of Speech of which Grammarians treat & the Art of expressing these {& their various Compositions} by Articulate Sounds with distinctness and propriety is the Art of Grammar. The Arts of Grammar Logick & Rhetorick more nearly allied than is Commonly imagined. The Province of Each. The first Confined to the Structure of a Sentence the two latter not so. Even in the Structure of a Sentence the Rules of all these Arts may be transgressed and they have different provinces. What is the province of each? As there is an Art of Logick and Rhetorick common to all Languages, sso there is an Art of Grammar common to all Languages. This we call Natural or Universal Grammar. Aristotle de Interp & Poeticks. His Greek Commentators Scaliger Sanctius Perizonius. Wilkins, Arnau<l>d, Harris Ward Monboddo. Bauzee Marsais.<  Great Differences among these. The Subject not yet brought into a clear light chiefly from the imperfection of our Systems concerning the Notions and Conceptions & Operations of the human Mind. A Man who attempts this Subject without distinct Notions of these will find himself involved in an inextricable Labrinth [sic]". 3) On 2r-v. 2r, heading: "Music". "It is difficult to enumerate all the Sources of that Pleasure which wee perceive from Musick. Some of them are common to us with many brute Animals others proper to Man. Even Simple Sounds have their perfections and their imperfections, which a good Ear discerns immediately but which it is not easy to express by Language. One Sound is Sweet another harsh one is full another faint. One is {grand and} solemn another Melancholy another cheerfull. The very names by which we express the perfections and imperfections of simple Sounds shews that they are expressive of something beyond themselves, which is agreable or disagreable. There are various Motions or alterations off the same simple Sound which have likewise an Expression. A Sound May Swell it may die away it may vibrate or it may continue Uniform and full. In Conversation the Human Voice does not allways keep upon the same tone it rises and fall it swells and sinks wihtout our Intending it, being guided instinctively as it were by the Sense of what we speak and by our dispositions & emotions of Mind in uttering it. Let us suppose several different Persons successively to read or to pronounce the same Discourse or part of a Discourse, that we hear them after one another. Let us even suppose that we do not see them; that so all means of Judging may be cut off excepting what comes by the Ear. Do we not in such a Case perceive a very great Difference [...]" [etc.] "Nature has established a connexion between the Disposition of the Mind and the Sound of the Voice. And Nature teaches all Men to discern the one in some degree by perceivng the other. Now every thing which is signified or expressed by Sound may be expressed by Music. This Expression is the capital thing in all Compositions of Music, and this evidently depends upon those connections between Sound & thought between things Sensible & things intellectual. There is in Sound what Musicians call the Tone which may be acute or grave, through a great Scale of degrees. We call the grave tone low and the Acute high. There are various Relations in the Tone of Sounds which make them give pleasure to the Ear either when sounded simultaneously or when sounded in Succession, and of this pleasure we can hardly give any Account it seems to be an original Quality of the Mind depending upon its constitution and we cannot assign any physical Cause for it". 2v: "The Acuteness or Gravity of Sounds depends upon the Number of Vibrations of the Air that are in the same time [...]" [etc.] "What is Harmony." [etc.] "What is Melody." [etc.] "What an Air." [etc.] "Avison has wrote a Small Tract on Musical Expression." Spave break. "Painting Exhibits to the Eye onely colours and Shades but by means of these it may Exihibit a great Variety of things. Copying from a Picture or Copying from Life is the Mechanical part of the Art." [end follows] 2131/8/I/16 1r, and 2r-vi1 That there is no such thing as general Grammar, but every Grammar must be the Grammar of some Language.GThe Sentimental Part is that which represents human Actions & Passions.'Opinions of Buffier concerning Languaged1r: Hume, Hobbes, Lord Kames ("Elements of Criticism"), Gerard ("Essay on Genius"). 1v: Locke, Hume.fType: draft of IP, Essay IV, Ch. IV "Of the Train of Thought in the Mind", Hamilton ed., pp. 386a-388a. Cf. 6/II/5. Approximate correspondences between the MS and IP: MS passage crossed out at the beginning, from "I shall now make a Reflection [...]" to "[...] a certain Kind of Attraction which Ideas have for other Ideas that bear [interruption]: see IP, p. 386a, from "I shall now make a few reflections [...]" to "[...] a kind of attraction which ideas have for other ideas that bear a certain relation to them". MS passa< ge crossed out at the beginning, from "Let us consider in the second Place [...]" to "[...] original Qualities of human Nature, not to be accounted for": see IP, p. 387a, "Secondly, Let us consider how far this attraction of ideas must be resolved into original qualities of human nature". MS passage crossed out at the beginning, from "The Disposition we have to pass [...]" to "[...] it seems to preceed all habits by which it might be acquired": see IP, p. 387b, from "I believe we are likewise originally disposed [...]" to "[...] before any habit might be acquired that might account for it". MS, from "Lord Kaims in his Elements of Criticism [...]" to "[...] Causes that have influence {upon} our thinking": see IP, p. 386b, from "Lord Kames in his "Elements of Criticism"" to "[...] the causes that influence our train of thinking". MS, from "Let us consider in the second Place [...]" to "[...] either of the person himself or of some other": see IP, pp. 387a-388a, from "Secondly, let us consider [...]" to "[...] either by the person himself, at that or some former time, or by some other person". 2131/8/I/17I shall now make a Reflection or two upon a Theory which has been applied to account for this Successive Train of thought in the human Mind.Bur I see nothing in his Theory that should hinder us to conclude that evey thing in the trai of thinking that bears the marks of Judgment and Reason has been produced by {that} Judgment and Reason, either of the person himself or of some other.01v: Milton, Lord Kames, Portius, Cato ("Portius in Cato an ill placed Simile"), Shakespeare. 2r: Bollingbroke ("his Dissertation on Parties"), Cicero, L. Cotta ("Cicero tells us that L. Cotta was of this opinion"), Isocrates, Quintilian. 2v: Demosthenes, Quintilian. 3r: Quintilian. 5r: Cicero (quotation, "in Catilin."). 5v: Swift, Butler 6r: Clarke, Hoadly, Shaftesbury, Harvey, Bishop Blackwall (?), Atterbury (?), Dr Johnston (Johnson?), Pope, Addison, Tillotson, Berkeley, Secker (?), Arbuthnot, Bishop Sherlock, Lord Bolingbroke. 6v: Cicero, Demosthenes, Quintilian, Andronicus (Demosthenes "studied Pronounciation with Andronicus an Actor"), Eschines, Cn. Lentulus, C. Grachus, Hortensius. 7v: Hume. 8r (fragment): Shakespeare, quotation from "Young Gentleman" appeared in "Edinb. Advertiser Jan 14,,17 1772",x?Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Date and place of origin: fragment (fol. 8) contains an extract from the "Edinburgh Advertiser", from January 1772. For date, take note also of reference, on 1v, to Lord Kames' Elements of Criticism. Subjects: part of lectures on eloquence (elocution, pronunciation, action). 7r-v: list of synonimes. Take note of the peculiar arrangement of the text. 1) 1r-v and 5r-6r: elocution, in particular various rhetorical figures. 2) 6v and 2r-3v: pronunciation, and action. Note that fols. 2 and 5 are conjugate, and there is continuous page numeration between 2v (p. 4) and 5r (p. 5). On 6v (p. 8), bottom, there is reference to the continuation of the text on fols. 2r-v (pp. 3-4); "add page 3 & 4". 3) 7r-v: list of synonymes, with their meanings. See 8/I/19, 5r-8v (d). 4) 8r-v, fragment. The text labeled "A", on 8r, to be inserted on 2v. Pronunciation and action. 1) On 1r-v and 5r-6r. 1r: various qualities of a good sentence (purity, perspicuity, unity, strength or energy, harmony). "But there are other Qualities of Sentences that are of a Middle Nature and can neither be called Virtues nor faults in composition. A Sentence may in its Composition be concise or it may be copious. Where the ends of Speech may be answered by saying much in as few words as possible, there is a beauty in concise composition. And this appears in Aphorisms, in Proverbs, it is often very proper in Epistolary writing." [etc.] "For these reasons the best Speakers may sometimes find it necessary to use a Copious Stile to facilitate the reception of what they say and the Digestion of it by the hearer. For this reason what is to be heard ought to be delivered in a more full & copious stile than what is to be read< . The Reader if he is at a loss at any part can take time to think of what he reads, he can look back upon what he has read and recover what he has lost. The hearer [has not the advan]del has not this advantage. His attention is not allways upon the stretch. Therefore in Speaking repetitions Enlargements, and a copiousness of Composition is necessary for the sake of the hearer, which would be unnecessary & disgusting to a reader." [etc.] "Now as the cloathing of the body may serve two purposes both for covering and for ornament, so Speech may serve two purposes with regard to thought. It may serve barely to express our thoughts and make them an object of discernment to the hearer, or it may likewise serve to adorn the thought and set it off to advantage. Simplicity of Composition answer the first purpose onely. an ornamented Stile the Second." [etc.] 1v: "Comparisons or Similes. To Judge of their Propriety we must attend to the Ends of Speech [sic] to instruct, perswade, please, move." [etc.] "Similitudes used to Aggrandize or diminish a Subject or barely to play upon the imagination & excite pleasing Ideas. Rude Nations use Similitudes far fetched where resemblance is extremely faint." [etc.] "Pleasant Similitudes from Milton 1 Kames Observation on them Elevating & Depressing Similes Portius in cato an ill placed Simile 2 great things compared to small improperly 3 Other figures that are not Tropes see p. 5" [reference to 5r (p. 5)] Heading: "Personification or Prosopopeia" "Among the Retorical Figures, the Prosopopeia, or Personification {is one of the most Remarkable}. The Nature of this Figure is to attribute to inanimate things, the Qualities, the Actions or the Speeches which can belong onely to persons or intelligent beings." [etc.] example from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar ("bleeding piece of earth"). "But still it may be asked what foundation is there in human Nature for this Method of Address from what principles of the human Constitution does it derive its force. In answer to this it may be observed that in the first period of Life when Children begin to exercise the powers of their Minds, they are disposed to attribute to every thing the same Nature the same Operations and Passions which they feel in themselves. They conceive every thing about them to be animated and intelligent untill Experience convinces them of the Contrary. Among Savages this natural Propensity is corrected more Slowly than among the civilized hence the disposition of Savages {& rude people} to conceive fountains and Groves the Earth the Winds the Sea the Sun Moon and Stars to be animated beings. Naature seems to have given [text interrupted]". 5r (p. 5): "Having spoke of Tropes we are next to make some observations on the principal Figures of Speech which are not Tropes. In Tropes some word or words are used not in their Natural & simple meaning but in a borrowed one. To the upright Ligth shall arise in darkeness. But there are many Figures of Speech where every word of the Sentence is used in its natural and simple meaning. Et quisquam Numen Iunonis adoret (?). Although Tropes may be distinguished from those figures of thought which are not Tropes: yet these two are often confounded in the Names given to them. Prosopopoeia or Personification We are disposed to bestow life & sentiment upon inanimate things when we are agitated by a strong passion. Of three kinds ascribing to things inanimate 1 the qualities 2 The Actions of Living Creatures 3 The speeches." "Apostrophe the addressing real Persons who are absent as present." "Hyperbole" [etc.] "Interrogation" [etc.] "Irony" [etc.] 5v (p. 6): "Having pointed out the various Tropes and Figures which aree used by Orators as Ornaments of their Style, I shall now conclude this Subject with some general observations with regard to the Use of Figures [in Composition]del. 1 It is of great Importance to observe that as the proper Use of Figures may add great beauty and dignity to a composition; so the using them improperly or impertinently is most disagreable & disgusting to a {person} of good Taste." [etc< .] "2 Great care should be had that the Sentiment or thought we would adorn have some real Strength and dignity otherwise all the ornaments we can hang upon it will sit but ackwardly and ill become it. An ugly face {by being} set round with jewels is not made more handsome." [etc.] "3 The Figures that are used must be adapted to the Subject, otherwise they deform rather than adorn Speech. Irony would on many Occasions be insufferably arrogant, & is never to be used but when we are intitled to exposea thing or person as contemptible or ridiculous." [etc.] "4 In every Subject which admits of Figures or Ornamented Speech, the Speaker ought very cautiously {to steer a meddle Course} between the opposite Extreams of a dry Composition on the one hand and a florid Composition on the other." [etc.] 5v-6r (pp. 6-7): comments on the style of various contemporary writers. Lower half of 6r, blank. 2) On 6v, and 2r-3v. 6v (p. 8), heading: "4 Pronounciation". "The last part of the Business of an Orator is Pronounciation or Action. This includes the management of the Voice in speaking and the Gesture of the whole Body. Pronounciation taken more strictly signifies the first and Action the Last. But each of the word both in Latin and English may signify booth. Cicero calls action sometimes the Speech of the Body sometimes the Eloquence of the Body. And he divides it into two Parts Voice and Motion. One the Object of the Ear the other of the Eye. That Proper Action and Pronoounciation have the greatest Force in Eloquence is allowed by all who have wrote upon this Subject." [etc.] "The great force of Eloquence is chiefly to be resolved into sympathy. We perceive the sentiments and Emotions of the Speaker, & when they appear just and proper, we are seized with the same by a kind of contagion. As in Musical Chords the Vibration of one produces a similar Vibration in another which is concord with it; so it is in human Minds. Every passion in the Speaker thaat appears just and proper produces by sympathy a like passion in the hearers. Now the Passions of the Speaker are perceived not so much by what he says as by the manner of saying it and the manner in which he is affected by it." [etc.] ex: Eschines and Demosthenes. Hortensius and Cicero. End of 6v (p. 8): "So that it is not unreasonable to conclude that Hortensius excelled Cicero in Action almoost as much as he was excelled by him in Composition." On bottom right corner: "add page 3 & 4" [reference to 2r-v]. 2r (p. 3): "Bollingbroke in his Dissertation on Parties speaking of british Liberty "There have been Ages of Gold of Silver & of Iron on our little World as in the great World, tho' not in the same Order. In which of these we are at present let others determine. This at least is certain that in all Ages Brittain has been the Temple as it were of Liberty. Whilst her sacred fires have been distinguished in so many Countries; here they have been religiously kept alive, here she hath had her Saints, her Confessors and a whole Army of Martyrs; and the Gates of Hell have not prevailed against her. So that if a fatal Reverse is to happen of Servility is to overrun the whole World like Injustice; and Liberty is to retire from it like Astroea; our portion of the abandoned Globe, will at least have the mournfull honour, whenever it happens of shewing her last, her parting Steps". Pallida Mors aequa pulsat peede pauperum tabernas Regumque turres." These quotations are separated from the rest of the text on 2r by a horizontal line. "Some among the Ancients as well as in later times have condemned the Study of Action altogether, & Cicero tells us that L. Cotta was of this opinion." [etc.] "It is true indeed that nothing can please in Action or Pronunciation that doess not appear Natural. But this is the perfection of every Art to appear natural Custom and Habit <must> become a second Nature, & the Orator must acquire in private the habit of Pronouncing & acting properly that os when he cones to the publick Stage he may do it naturally." [etc.] Isocrates never mastered the art of pronunciation and action. "< I made some Observations in the last Lecture on the Management of the Voice and shall now conclude that Subject with a passage from Quintilian, wherein he describes as far language serves the Variations of Voice that correspond to the several Passions. Vox est mentis index et exemplar [...] I shall translate this as well as I can. "The Voice is the true interpreter and Image of the Mind; and has its variations corresponding to all [text continues on the left margin, on bottom right corner: "see Margin"] the different passions. [...] In explication, as in common Conversation {it ought} to keep the proper medium between acuteness and gravity to be raised by things interesting, and to descend when we become calm and dispassionate, more or less according to the Strength of the Emotion."" [end of part on pronunciation] On 2v (p. 4), heading: "Action". "Of how great Moment Action or Gesture is in publick speaking we may learn from this that most things may be expressed by it even without words." [etc.] "And what strong expressions of Sentiment and passion do we often see even in a picture which can exhibit features & attitude without any {sound or even} Motion. [asterisc, and on the right margin indication for insertion: "Here insert A", referring to folio 8r] If therefore the Countenance has one Language while the Speech has a contrary, we shall be more disposed to believe the first thhan the last. The natural Sign will take away all authority & Credit from the Artificial. The Countenance and gesture & voice are natural signs of the Affections of the heart & cannot so easily be counterfeited as Speech which is onely an artificial Sign." [etc.] "But the Action of an Orator ought not onely to be expressive and to speak the same language with his speech, it ought moreover to be gracefull. Grace and Dignity inAction have a very powerfull Charm. They make way into the heart of the hearer more effectually than the most eloquent Composition delivered in an ungracious and ackward manner. For this Cause Demosthenes practised many years before a large Mirrour which showed him his Motion and attitude from head to foot. I do not remember to have read any Modern Orator that has imitated him in this practice. The practice of the Mirror is left to the Ladies. And that many of that Sex do in this School improve those attractive charms and Graces which so often captivate the hearts of the other sex, I think there is no ground to Doubt. Nor would it be easy to shew a Reason why the Male Graces may not be acquired and improved by this kind of practice as well as the Female. Quintilian observes that as the head is the principal Part of the Body so it bears a principal part in the Action of the Orator, and that both for Grace & for expression." [etc.] 3r: "There is no Author ancient or Modern as far as I know tha has entered so minutely into all parts of the Action of an Orator as Quintilian, he has pointed out the various expressions of the Eye brows the [illiegible] the Nose the Shoulders the feet the Arms and above all the hand which has allways been owned as one of the chief Instruments of the Orator." [etc.] "From this passage it is evident what a variety of expressive Action, the Ancients performed by the hand. At the same time we have not words to describe the various motions of the hand by which so many different {operations of Mind} might be expressed in a significant and lively Manner. Indeed it is very difficult for us in Modern Ages to conceive how the language of the hand could be made so copious & expressive as Quintilian makes it. Since the Orators we have occasion to hear seem hardly to understand the Rudiments of this Language. We may perhaps with good reason reckon it among the Artes deperditae the Arts that are lost." [etc.] 3v, end of part on action: "Another thing which <paper torn>d to improve Action among Romans was that on the Theatre the Recitation was performed by one and the Action or Gesticulation by another. By this Means the Actors becaame so expert in expressing by their Gesticulations what was recited behind the Scenes that t< he Action was understood even by Strangers who did not understand the Language of the recitator. To such a pitch." [text interrupted] 3) On 7r-v. This folio belongs with text on 8/I/19, 5r-7v (d). Beginning, on 7r: "To fly from, To Shun, To Elude. One flyes from what they fear by running the contrary way. One shuns {those whom} they desire not to meet by taking another rout. One eludes the search of those who want to find them." [etc.] Other words considered, on 7r: Guard, Guardian. Able, Knowing, Learned. A Speech a Harrangue a Discourse an Oration. Civility, good breeding. Enmity, Rancour. Invention, Discovery. Justness, Precision. Levity, Inconstancy, Changeableness. A Libertin, a Vagabond, a Rogue. A Literary Man, A Man of Letters, A Man of Erudition. A Learned Man, in Divinity Law or Physic. A man of Science relates to Philosophy & Mathematicks. Poverty, Indigence. Project, Design. Quality, Talent. On 7v (p.8): Relax, To take Relaxation. Devotion, Piety, Religion. Wisdom, Prudence. Content, Satisfied. Sentiment, Sensation, Perception. Severity, Rigour. Sign, Signal. Sincerity, Ingenuity, Simplicity, Frankness. State, Situation. Stability, Firmness. Version, Translation. Tranquillity, Peace, Calm. Union opposed to Division. Junction opposed to Separation. Onely, Alone. Usage, Custom. Veneration, Respect. Vestment, Habiliment, Habit. Old, Ancient, Antique. On margin: Esteem, Respect, Regard, Consideration. 7v (p. 8): "Sentiment. Sensation. Perception." [etc.] End, on 7v: "Vestment, Habilement, Habit/ Old Ancient Antique." On margin: "Esteem. Respect. Regard, Consideration. see next Sheet page 9" [etc.] 4) On fragment (8r-v) 3 parts. 1) Insertion on 8r, marked "A", to be added on 2v: "A page 4 Action". "When Britains Roscius on the Stage appears [...] When Garrick acts no passage seems perplext. Lines written by a Young Gentleman, deaf and dumb from his Childhood, on seeing Mr Garrick perform the part of Hamlet. Edinb. Advertiser. Jan 14,,17 1772." 2) On 8r-v(on verso, text continues after the horizonatal line, on the lower half of the page). Beginning: "The Actors did not pronounce. P 2131/8/I/181r-2v, and 5r-8v.cIn the Structure of a Sentence there are certain qualities which every good Sentence ought to have.[after 1772: see fragment, folio 8; take note also of reference, on 1v, to Lord Kames' Elements of Criticism for dating this MS]Type: unknown. Short note. Date and place of origin: unknown. Subjects: origin of sciences. They arise either from the arts, or from curiosity. After the Incipit: "The Sciences most of them at least have a great dependance upon and Connexion with the Arts. Many Sciences are nothing else but an Art reduced to Rules and Principles. Medicine Navigation. Grammar Poetry Rhetorick Logic Politicks. There are other Sciences which are more purely Speculative Astronomy Geometry. Physicks Pneumatology. Necessity and Want the Parent of the Arts. Wants of Nature, of Fancy & Luxury. Science that is not immediately applied to any Art seems to be derived from a different Origin, from Curiosity or the innate Desire of Knowledge. I see no reason to think that men will ever acquire any thing that can be called Science untill they begin to live in cities and Camps so as to have much social intercourse. Bare Curiosity or Love of Knowledge, is not sso strong a Principle in men that have not been educated to the search of Knowledge nor have already made some considerable Progress in it as engage them to painfull Study in the acquisition of it. But when a Man finds that a little Superiority over others in this Talent draws upon him the Attention of his Country men and makes them listeen to him in Council or in War. He then sees the value of his Knowledge in a very different light and consider it as an Object worthy of his pursuit." [explicit follows] 2131/8/I/19h1 What is the Natural Order in which the Sciences arise & 2 Is not that the Best order of teaching them.I conceive the {publick} Games of ancient Greece where every man has access to make an Exhibition of his Talents and to receive the Publick Appl< ause were a most happy institution for the Advancement both of Arts and Sciences.Pope (quotation from the "Essay on Criticism p 25"), Burke ("his Enquiry into the Sublime &c"), Legerdemain, Locke, Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Berkeley, Hume.bType: reading notes, and dictionary of synonimes (see 8/I/18, 7r-v, and (d), 8/I/19, 5r-7v). Date and place of origin: unknown. 4 parts divided by horizontal lines. 1) quotation from Pope's "Essay on Criticism p 25". "But where's the Man who counsel can bestow Still pleas'd to teach, and yet not proud to know Unbias'd, or by favour, or by Spite Nor dully preposse'd nor blindly right Tho' learn'd well bred; & tho' well bred sincere Modestly bold, and humanly severe. Who to a friend his faults can freely show; And gladly praise the Merit of a foe Blest with a taste exact yet unconfined A Knowledge both of Books and human kind. Of generous Converse, and exempt from Pride; [Who l]del And love to Praise; with reason on his side." 2) Varia. "Burk<e> in his Enquiry into the sublime &c confounds the sublime with the terrible. Beware, Take Care, one requires Caution, the other Diligence. Dignity, Worth, The first is opposed to meanness the last to baseness. What a man thinks by himself or speaks to others may be may [show]del have a good appearance and yet be very hollow. It is seen transiently & in a certain light & therefore easily imposes upon the Judgment, like the works of Legerdemain. But what is wrote is subjected to the severest trial, it may be handled on all sides and examined thoroughly. Is not thhis the reason why those who are accounted good Speakers, and pleasant Companions are often bad writers." 3) "Meekness. One of the virtues of self government Implies the right Government of our Irascible Passions. Resentment Malice Anger Revenge Peevishness. The Opposites. 1 The Passionate who is suddenly enflamed & loses the Government of himself upon provocation. 2 The Revengefull who commands his passion for the present but meditates revenge and waits his opportunity. 3 The Peevish & Discontent whose Mind is ruffled by injuries and neglects. Q Whether the Proud & overbearing Man ought to be considered as opposed to the Meek? May not the excess of any passion have an equal title to be opposed to meekness." 4) "Resolved to make an Abstract of Lockes Chapter on Maxims & to make Remarks upon it." [end follows]2rEssay on Criticism p 25.Resolved to collect from Aristotle & the Peripateticks, from Des Cartes, Malebranche, Berkeley & Hume Authorities for the Opinions I ascribe to them.<3r: Hume, Lord Kames, Nugent, Condillac ("Nugents translation of Condillac's Origin of human Knowledge"), Rutheforth (?) ("Essay on Virtue"), Burke ("on the Sublime & Beautifull page 87"), Blackstone (?), Shaftesbury ("Vol 3, page 2"), Tillotson. 1v: Locke ("1 Lett to Still", "4.19.1"), Hume ("Essays Vol 2 p 391").Type: unknown. Notes. Place of origin and date: unknown. 2 parts, separated by a line. 1) On top of 3r. List of errata, with corrections, from a book (which book?). After Incipit: "3. 12 an infinite absurdity. I conceive some other epithet would suit suit [repetead] better with absurdity. 2 12. 19 for in read into 3. 30. 4 shut the widest door." 2) On 3r-v. He considers various idiomatic words and expressions in English. Examples are taken from contemporary writers. Heading: "Words and Phrases contrary to analogy". "Allways--for ever, still [constant]del To set together by the ears, for to set at variance Worth his While, for, worth his [pains]del labour To take in ones head, for to think fit." [etc.] "Q What part of Speech is (there) in thse forms of Speech there is no man, there are few men, there is nothing, there are many things [all these expressions are overlined] Ans It is an indefinite pronoun" [etc.] On 3v: "A Great Many. Many a Man. The more the better. I like him the better for that." [end follows] most of 3v, blank.3r-v'p 3 l 17 for Reasonings read Reasoning.MWould take it amiss to be thought otherwise of [of, overlined]. Locke 4.19.1.Type: reading note (from which book?) Date a< nd place of origin: unknown. Subjects: anedoctes on various figures from the time of Edward VI owards.4r-vTSr Anthony Cooke. Preceptor to Edw. 6. Happy in his Royal Pupil & in his Daughters.&A Still Discourse compared to Buckram.Anedoctes & Bons Mots5r, left margin: Girard ("Vide Synonimes Francois par M l' Abbe' Girard. Et traite' de la Prosodie Francoise par M L' Abbe' d' Olivet Amst 1752"). 6v, left margin: extract from a review appeared in "the Monthly Review Aug 1766 page 150" on "a Book entitled The Difference between Words esteemed Synonimous, in the English Language; and the proper Choice of them determined: 2 Vol 12o", including a reference to "the Abbe' Girard' Book".)Type: alphabetic list of synonimes with their different meanings considered. Add 8/I/18. 7r-v at the end. Date and place of origin: note reference on 6v, margin, to a review published in the "Monthly Review", on 6v. Words considered: On 5r: Abhor, Detest. Abject, vile. Affront, Insult, Outrage. Air, Manner [it continues on 5v]. On 5v: passage crossed out: distinction between private or solitary actions and commercial or communicative actions. To Add, to Augment to Increase. On 6r: Love, Gallantry. Arms, Armour. Brief, Short, Succinct. Conceal, Dissemble, Disguise. On 6v: To Chuse, To make Choise of. To Conduct, Guide, Lead. To Consent, TO acquiesce, To agree. Copy, Model Cure, Recovery. Danger, Peril, Risque. Decision, Resolution. Dwelling, Lodging. On left margin: Courage, Fortitude. On 7r: Divination, Prophecy. Ability, Dexterity, Address. Diffiuculty, Obstacle, Hindrance. Diligent, Prompt, Expedit. Discernment, Judgment. Durable, Constant, Understand, Comprehend, Conceive. To Hope, To Expect. Spirit, Reason, Good sense, Judgment, Invention, Imagination, Genius [it continues on 7v] Astonishment, Surprise, Consternation. Event, Accident, Adventure. Easiness, Facility. Fashion, Figure, Form, Conformation. Flat, Insipid. To Act, To Do. Famous, Illustrious, Celebrated, Renowned. Faded, Withered.5r-7vAbhor, Detest, The last implys an aversion accompanied with disapprobation, or indignation; the first is applied to any natural or accidental Aversion."Faded, Withered, differ in degree.English Synonimes1r: Aristotle. 2r: Locke (quotations from the Essay). 2v: Locke. 4r: Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley, Hume (quotations). 4v: Hume (quotations).FType: draft of IP, E III, Ch. VII "Theories concerning Memory", Hamilton ed., pp. 354-359. If we consider the order of the correspondences with the text of IP, the disposition of leaves should be changed. Folios 1 and 2 should be folded in the opposite way, and folios 3 and 4 should be inserted between them, so that 2r becomes 1r, 1r becomes 4r, folio 3 becomes folio 2, and folio 4 becomes folio 3. This would also account for the blank page on 1v that would become 4v. Note also that 2r bears the page number "1". There should be another paper, preceding this MS, containing the beginning of the chapter. Beginning, on 2r: "This would be a very Noble Improvement of the Medical Art, and ought not to be despaired of." Approximate correspondences with IP: 1r, from Incipit to "[...] what the commission was": see IP, p. 359b from "Before we leave [...]" to "[...] what the commission was". From "This would be a very Noble Improvement of the Medical Art [...]" on 2r, to "[...] the imperfections of his Essay are owing to that Cause" on 3v: see IP, pp. 354b-356b, from "This would be a very noble improvement of the medical art. [...]" to "[...] the imperfections of his Essay are owing to that cause". From "It may be observed [...]" to explicit on 4v: see IP, pp. 357b-358b, from "It may be observed [...]" to "[...] generate the conclusion". 2131/8/II/03 1r, 2r-4vAristotle distinguishes Memory from Reminiscence; meaning by the last that active Recollection by which [things that had been forgotten are {again} remembered]del we revive the Memory of things which had been for some time forgotten.It puts one in Mind of Martinus Scriblerus Ingenious a<c>count of the Power of Syllogism [to produce the concl< usion]del by making the Mayor the Male, the Minor the Female, which being coupled by the Middle term generate the conclusion.2r: Locke (quotations from "Essay Book 2 ch 32 sect. 1") and "his chapter upon Perception B. 2 ch 9"). 2v: Descartes, Gassendi, Berkeley, Hume, Lord Kames (on the right margin, reference to "his Elements of Criticism"). 3r: Euclid. 3v: Descartes (quotation from "his Dissertation on Method"), Cicero (quotation from "his third Book De Oratore"). 4r: Locke (reference to "B 2.2"), Hume.Type: draft of IP, E IV, Ch. I "Of Conception, or Simple Apprehension in General", Hamilton ed., pp. 360a-368b. Place of origin and date: Glasgow, presumably after 1780. Subjects: imagination (simple apprehension or conception). First three paragraphs are canceled. Beginning of the text after canceled paragraphs: "Conception, Imagination, Apprehension, are the Words commonly used to express that [Operation]del {Power} of the Understanding which the Logicians call simple Apprehension ["Simple Apprehension": overlined]." references ot other parts of the Essays: 1r: left margin. "No 3. Pag 29. [...]", "N 4 page 22. [...]": numbered additions (to which draft og IP do they refer?). 1r: "[Conceiving, imagining, apprehending, are common Words, often taken as synonimous. We have explained to different Meanings of them B 1 Ch 1]del". 1v: "We must therefore remember what was before observed B. 2 ch 1." Approximate correspondences with IP: From Incipit to "[...] which common Sense & common Language teach us to distinguish", on 2v: see IP, pp. 360a-362a, from "Conceiving, imagining [...]" to "[...] common Language teach us to distinguish". From "To return [...]", on 2v, to "[...] this operation of the Mind", on 2v: see IP, p. 362b, from "To return [...]" to "[...] this operation of the Mind". From "3. Our conceptions [...]", on 2v, to "This must be admitted by every man who knows what the conception of an object means" (Explicit), on 4v: see IP, pp. 365a-368a, from "5. Our conceptions of things [...]" to "[...] though no centaur ever existed". Margin, on 2v-3r, from "It is easier to form a lively Conception [...]" to "[...] I conceive the Demonstration": IP, pp. 365b-366a, from "It seems easier to form alively conception [...]" to "[...] I conceive the demonstration". Numerical series: correspondences between the MS and IP. MS, parts 1 (on 1v), and 2 (on 1v-2v): IP, parts 1 and 2. MS, parts 3 (on 2v), and 4 (on 2v-3v): IP, parts 5 and 6. MS, part 5 (on 3v-4r): IP, part 7. MS, part 6 (on 4r-v): IP, part 8. MS, part 7 (on 4v): IP, part 9. 2131/8/II/04o[As this word has various meanings it is necessary to distinguish these in order to treat of it distinctly.]delTThis must be admitted by every man who knows what the conception of an object means.6Of [Imagination]del Conception, or simple Apprehension2r: Descartes. 5v: Euclid. 6r: Locke. 6v: Locke. 7r: Pope (quotation), Dr. Bentley. 7v: Locke, Hutchenson, Pope. 8r: Hutchenson. 8v: Pope, Aristotle.Type: draft of IP, E VI, Ch. 1 "Of Judgment in General", Hamilton ed., pp. 413a-421a, and Ch. 2 "Of Common Sense", Hamilton ed., pp. 421b-426a (I did not check the text of the MS in order to find more definite correspondences of passages with the text of IP). Place of origin, and date: Glasgow, presumably after 1780. Subjects: judgment, common sense. Some passages have been cancelled. There are many marginal additions, and passages between horizontal lines. Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 3r, left. 3v, right. 4r, left. 4v, right. 6v, right. 7r, left. 7v, right. 8r, left. 8v, right. Cancelled passages: 2r, all page. 2v, almost all page. 6v, 2 sentences. 7r, left margin, and paragraph at the beginning. 8r, one paragraph. 2 main parts. 1) On 1r-6v (pp. 1-12): "Of Judg[ment]del{ing}". 2) On 7r-8v (pp. 13-16): "Of Common Sense". Note on 7v (p. 14): "No 13 page 5 line 22 Add. [...]". Numbered addition (to which draft is it to be added?) 2131/8/II/05Judg[ment]del{ing} is an Operation of Mind so familiar to every Man that has Understanding, & its Name so common and so well understood even by the<  Vulgar that it needs no Definition.)To return to the popular meaning of the word Sense, I believe it would be difficult to find an Author, who has never used it in that Meaning. We may take Mr Pope as a good Authority. [Oft hav]del Epistle to the Earl of Burlington. Oft have you hinted to you brother Peer [...]" [text interrupted].Of Judg[ment]del{ing}01r: Locke (quotation from "Essay, Book 4 ch 14"), Dr Isaac Watts (quotation from "Logick Introd. p 5), other quotation from "Book ch 2 #9 (Locke or Watts?), Aristotle. 1v: Locke (quotation from "Book 4 ch 4"). 2r: Descartes, Locke. 2v: Locke. 3r: Descartes, Locke, Aristotle, Lord Kames ("A short Account of Aristotles Logick with Remarks" in "Sketches of the History of Man"). 3v: Euclid. 4r: Lucian, Swift, Berkeley (quotation). 4v: Locke, Hume. 5v: Locke (quotation from "his first answer to the Bishop of Worcester") 6r: Oswald, Beattie, Campbell, Buffier.eType: draft of some passages from IP, E VI, Ch. III "Sentiments of Philosophers concerning Judgment", Ch. IV "Of First Principles in General", Ch. V "The First Principles of Contingent Truths", Ch. VI "First Principles of Necessary Truths", Ch. VII "Opinions. Ancient and Modern, about First Principles", Hamilton ed., pp. 426-469. This MS appears to be constituted by a series of additions for a draft of IP, E VI. In most cases, these insertions are separated from each other by a horizontal line. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: uncertain. Subjects: judgment, common sense, history of philosophy. Approximate correspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to "[...] Differences of Opinion about things", on 1v: see IP, pp. 426a-427a, from "A Difference about the meaning of a word [...]" to "[...] real differences of opinion". MS, from "3 Setting aside those two meanings [...], on 1v, to "Mr Locke himself referred to [an]other Sources", on 3r: see IP, pp. 431a-433a, from "3 Setting aside, therefore, the two meanings [...]" to "[...] knowledge cannot consist in perceiving the agreements and disagreements of ideas". MS, from "By Memory [...]" to "[...] Ideas {that are} present and are perceived", on 3r: I did not find correspondences in IP. MS, from "There are many particulars [...]" to "[...] his Sketches of the History of Man": see IP, p. 434a, from "There are many particulars [...]" to "[...] his Sketches of the History of Man". MS, from "This is a common observation [...]", on 3r, to "[...] to confirm it if it be right?", on 3v: see IP, pp. 437b-438a, from "This is a common observation [...]" to "[...] to confirm it if it be right?". MS, from "I apprehend that we are not left destitute [...] to "[...] Matters of this Kind": I did not find correspondences in IP. MS, from "Secondly we may observe [...]", on 3v, to "[...] to blind the Understanding", on 4r: see IP, pp. 438b-439a, from "2. Secondly, We may observe [...]" to "[...] to blind the understanding". MS, "Truth is the Natural Issue of our Faculties especially in things selfevident. Error is an accidental deviation", on 4r: I did not find correspondences in IP. MS, from "[To suppose]del such a Judgment Erroneous [...]" to "[...] highly unreasonable", on 4r: I did not find correspondences in IP. MS, from "Fourthly. Opinions [...]" to "[...] may safely be adopted as first Principle though we", on 4r: see IP, p. 441a, from "Fourthly, Opinions [...]" to "[...] may safely be taken for a first principle". MS, from ""Surely" says Bishop Berkeley [...]", on 4r, to "[...] advancement of that Science", on 4v: see IP, p. 441a-b, from ""Surely," says Bishop Berkeley [...]" to "[...] advancement of that science". MS, from "Another first Principle, I think, is That we have a certain Degree of Power over our own Actions & Determinations. [...]" to "[...] governed by it in their Practice", on 5r: see IP, pp. 446b-447a, from "6. Another first principle, I think, is, That we have some degree of power over our actions, and the determinations of our will. [...]" to "[...] philosophy contradicts first principles". MS, from "By what means [...]", on 5r, to "[...] Natural Signs in the Countenance voice & Gestur< e", on 5v: see IP, pp. 448b-449a, from "By what means [...]" to "[...] thoughts and dispositions of mind". MS, from "The distinction between {sensible} Qualities [...]" to "[...] we become foolish": see IP, pp. 454b-455a, from "The distinction between sensible qualities [...]" to "[...] we shall become foolish [...]". MS, from "The Definition of Knowledge [...]", on 5v, to "[...] no intermediate Idea is necessary to shew the agreement or disagreement", on 6r: see IP, p. 465b, from "His definition of knowledge [...]" to "[...] their truth is immediately discerned as soon as they are understood". MS, from "Some late Writers [...]" to Explicit, on 6r: see IP, p. 468b, from "Some late writers [...]" to "[...] to give testimony of one another". 2131/8/II/071r-6rXA Difference aboutt the meaning of a Word ought to occasion Disputes among Philosophers.The three Writers above Mentioned have my highest Respect & Affection as Men, but I [resolve]del {intend} to say nothing of them as Writers on this Subject, [least]del {that} I [should be suspected ]del {may not incur the Censure} of Partiality; [The]del two [former]del {of them} have been so closely joyned with me in the Animadversions of a celebrated Writer, that we [must not vouch for one another]del may be thought to near of kin to give Testimony one of another..Sentiments of Philosophers concerning Judgment3r (p. 5): Hume. 4v (p. 8): Bishop Wilkins ("his Essay towards a Real Character & a Philosophical Language"). 5r (p. 9): Locke. 5v (p. 10): Aristotle. 6r (p. 11), margin: Seneca, Fabianus, Cicero 6v (p. 12): Locke. 7r (p. 13): Aristotle. 9r (p. 17): Pliny. 10v (p. 20): Cicero. 11r (p. 21): Locke, Lord Mondobbo ("the Learned Author of The Origin and Progress of Language"), Mr Harris.Type: draft of IP, E V, Ch. IV "Of General Conceptions formed by Combination", Ch. V "Observations concerning the Names given to our General Notions" pp. 398-405. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: abstraction, language. First two paragraphs have been cancelled. First paragraph. Heading: "Of the Nature of that intellectual Analysis by which we form Abstract Notions". "As it appears that we form abstract Conceptions by analysing {1} the complex Conceptions of Objects which we get by our Senses, by Consciousness, Memory & other Faculties, into their more simple ingredients, or Attributes [from "into [...]" to "[...] Attributes": overlined]". Title [not cancelled, in different pen]: "Of Composition". Second paragraph: "As the Mind has the Power of analysing complex objects of thought into their most simple Elements or Attributes, & of giving {a} Names to [these]del {each} and by that means of forming the most simple & most distinct Notions we use in Reasoning; so it has likewise the power of combining those simple Notions into parcels, [&]del {of} giving a Name to each parcel [by which means it is]del {&} consider[ed]{ing it} as one thing. This {last} may be called the Power of Composition, and is the counterpart to the former which we have called Analysis or Resolution" Approximate correspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to "[...] formed by Resolution or Analysis": see IP, p. 398a, from "As, by an intellectual analysis of objects [...]". MS, from "Thus a Mathematician [...], on 1r, to "[...] and consider it as one thing", on 1v: see IP, p. 398a, from "Thus, one who, by analysing extended objects [...]" to "[...] and consider as one thing?". MS, from "We shall find a great part [...]" to "[...] designed by one name", on 1v: see IP, p. 399a, from "We shall find a great part [...]" to "[...] designed by one name". MS, from "Every Combination [...]" to end of 1v ("[...] the Language"): I did not find precise correspondences with IP. MS, from "Although the Simple Attributes [...]" to "[...] come to be considered as one thing" (before "NL"), on 2r: see IP, p. 399b, from "The simple attributes [...]" to "[...] rather than others". MS, sentence, after "NL", on 2r, "To find out those principles and Occasions is a Matter of no difficulty if we attend to the Use and End of Language, which is t< o communicate our Sentiments in Society in the easiest and most agreable Manner": no precise correspondence in IP. MS, from "In the rudest State of Society [...]" to "[...] common to all Men", on 2r: see IP, p. 400a, from "In the rudest state of society [...]" to "[...] common to men". MS, from "It is Commerce that gives Occasion [...]", on 2v, to "[...] in other Languages", on 3r: see IP, p. 400a-b, from "The notions of debtor and creditor [...]" to "[...] in other languages". MS, from "No other Principle [...]" to "[...] they neglect the last", on 3r: no precise correspondence in IP. MS, from "I apprehend therefore [...]" to "[...] to convey our Sentiments easily and agreably", on 3r: see IP, pp. 399b-400a, from "Mr Hume, in order to account for this phaenomenon [...]" to "[...] by language easily and agreeably". MS, from "All {complex} General Notions [...]", on 3r, to the end of 4r ("[...] belonging to that Class"): MS, from "The effect of a Systematical Division [...]" to "[...] being corrupted or lost", on 4v (including the margin): see IP, pp. 402b-403b, from "The effect of such a systematical distribution [...]" to "[...] being corrupted or lost". MS, from "From what has been said [...]", on 5r, to "[...] its own real Essence", on 8r: MS, from "The common occurrences [...]", on 8r, to "[...] no danger of Mistake. Here insert page 8th": see IP, pp. 400b-402b, from "The common occurrences [...]" to "[...] could hardly be defined in one page". MS, from "Having now explained [...]", on 10r, to Explicit: see IP, pp. 403b-405a, from "Having now explained [...]" to "[...] to convey useful knowledge!". 2131/8/II/081r-11rFrom what has been said in some preceedin Chapter it appears that we have the power of resolving of analysing or resolving [any]del Complex Objects of thought into [its]del their several Attributes.And I think it Pity that a Word which in ancient Philosophy had a distinct meaning, should when borrowed by the Moderns be made so ambiguous as to be more [apt to]del fit to raise Controversies than to promote knowledge.Of Composition/2v (p. 4): Plato. 3r (p. 5): Cicero. 3v (p. 6): Plato. 5v (p. 8): Aristotle, Plaato, Cicero. 6r (p. 9): Aristotle, Plato. 6v (p. 10): Aristotle. 7r (p. 11): Aristotle. 11r (p. 19): Descartes. 11v (p. 20): Descartes. 12v (p. 22): Locke. 13r (p. 23): Descartes, Cudworth (quotation from "Eternal & Immutable Morality. page 272&c"), Clarke (quotation), Lord Bolingbroke (quotation). 13v (p. 24): Dr. Price (quotation), Wolff (quotation from "Wolfii Ontologia"), Hume (quotation). 14r (p. 25): Descartes. 14v (p. 26): Wolff. 15r (p. 27): Hume (quotation), Euclid.CType: draft of IP, E IV, Ch. II "Theories concerning Conception", Ch. III "Mistakes concerning Conception", Hamilton ed., pp. 368-379. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: imagination, conception, simple apprehension; history of philosophy. On 3v (p. 6), on the right margin: "add A the annexed leaf". Folio 4 contains addition "A page 6". On 4v, only one line of text. Heading, on 10v (p. 18): "Mistakes concerning Conception". Cancelled passages: On 1v (p. 2), 2 sentences. On 4r ("A"), one sentence. On 5r (p. 9), one sentence. On 6r (p. 11), one sentence. On 6v (p. 12), one sentence. 13v (p. 24), 4 paragraphs, most of the page. 14r (p. 25), 5 paragraphs, most of the page. Marginalia: 1v (p. 2), right. 2v (p. 4), right. 3r (p. 5), left. 5r (p. 9), left. 5v (p. 10), right. 6v (p. 12), right. 13r (p. 23), left. 2131/8/II/091r-15vzThe Theory of Ideas has been applied to [account for]del the Conception of Objects, as {well as} to Perception and Memory.I cannot admit as a good Argument in reasoning, or even {as} a pressing difficulty, what is grounded on the supposition that such a thing is possible when there is no good Evidence that it is possible, and for any thing we know, may in the Nature of things be impossible.B2v (p. 4): Aristotle, Clarke. 3r (p. 5): Locke. 4v (p. 8): Newton. Type: draft of IP, E III, Ch. I "Things Obvious and Certain with Regard to Memory", Ch. II "Memory an Original Faculty", Ch. III "Of Duration< ", Hamilton ed., pp. 339-344. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: memory, duration. There are not the headings of Ch. 2 and 3. Approximate correspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to bottom of 1v (p. 2), "[...] concerning Duration & Identity": see IP, E III, Ch. I, pp. 339-40. MS, from bottom of 1v (p. 2), "First I think [...]" to bottom of 2v (p. 4), "[...] which it concerns us to know: see IP, E III, Ch. II, pp. 340-342. MS, from beginning of 3r (p. 5), "2ly From what has been <said> in the last Chapter [...]". to "[...] that a Circle cannot be a Square" on 3v (p. 6): see IP, E III, Ch. III, pp. 342-344. MS, from beginning of 4r (p. 7), "Duration Extension & Number [...]", to Explicit: see IP, E III, Ch. III, pp. 342-344. Note blank break at the bottom of 3v (p. 6), and that there are two versions of E III, Ch. III, one on 3r-v (pp. 5-6), another on 4r-v (pp. 7-8). 2131/8/II/10The Faculties of the Mind unfold themselves in a [certain]del {regular} Order In the gradual progress of Man from Infancy to Maturity, and this seems to be the most [natural]del {proper} Order [of proceeding in the]del we can [take]del {follow} in analysing them.Perhaps some Faculty which we have not, is necessary to remove that Darkness which hangs over them, & which makes us so apt to bewilder our selves when we reason about them..Things obvious & certain with regard to Memory1r (p. 1): Locke, Bishop Butler. 1v (p. 2): Locke. 2v (p. 4): Locke. 3r (p. 5): Locke. 3v (p. 6): Alexander Aphrodisiensis, Alcinous (quotation from "de Doctrinis Platonis Chap 4").'(Philosophy) Identity/Personal IdentityType: draft of IP, E III, Ch. VI "Of Mr Locke's Account of Our Personal Identity", Ch. VII "Theories concerning Memory", Hamilton ed., pp. 350a-354b. It continues on 8/II/03. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: personal identity, memory, history of philosophy. On 3v (p. 6), heading: "Theories concerning Memory". Approximate corrspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to "[...] but for a Moment", on 3r (p. 5): see IP, E III, Ch. VI, pp. 350-353. Bottom of 3r (p. 5), blank. MS, fols. 3v-4v (pp. 6-8): see IP, E III, Ch. VII, pp. 353a-354b. Marginalia: 1r (p. 1), left, horizontal. 2v (p. 4), right. 3v (p. 6), right. 4v (p. 8). right. Note on 4r (p. 7), horizontal line. 2131/8/II/11Mr Locke in a long Chapter upon Identity & Diversity hath many ingenious and just observations; Others, which he has been led into in attempting to deduce our Ideas of Identity and Diversity from {the simple Ideas of} Reflection, I think, cannot be justified.And it is possible that by accurate observation the proper Means may be discovered of preserving that temperament of the brain which is most favourable to Memory, & of remedying the disorders of that temperament.2Of Mr Lockes Doctrine concerning Personal Identity1r (p. 1): Locke (quotations), Berkeley, Hume. 1v (p. 2): Locke, Hutchenson ("his Inquiry into our Ideas of Beauty") , Price ("his Review of the principal Questions & Difficulties in Morals"). 2r (p. 3): Locke. 3r (p. 5): Locke. 3v (p. 6): Locke. 4r (p. 7): Locke.Type: draft of IP, E III, Ch. V "Mr Locke's Account of the Origin of our Ideas and Particularly of the idea of Duration", Hamilton ed., pp. 346b-350a. Place of origin: Glasgow; date unknown. Subjects: memory, duration, history of philosophy. On the margin, references to Locke's Essay (horizontal). Marginalia, vertical: 1v (p. 2), right. 2r (p. 3), left. 2v (p. 4), right. 3r (p. 5), left. 3v (p. 6), right. 2131/8/II/12aIt was a very laudable attempt of Mr Locke, To enquire into the Original of those Ideas, Notions, or whatever else you please to call them, which a Man observes & is conscious to himself he has in his Mind; and the Ways whereby the Understanding comes to be furnished with them. [from "To enquire [...]" to "[...] to be furnished with them", overlined].From this I think it follows that the sixtieth part of a second of time is discernible by the human Mind. Whether our Ideas succeed one another at so short intervals I cannot pretend to determine.rOf Mr Lockes Ac< count of the origin of our Ideas in general & of his Account of the Idea of Duration in particular.2r (p. 7): Swift. 5r (p. 13): Cicero, Pythagoras, Plato, Norris. 5v (p. 14): Aristotle, Plato. 6r (p. 19): Aristotle, Plato. 6v (p. 20: Cicero, Aristotle.Type: draft of IP, E IV, Ch. I "Of Conception, or Simple Apprehension in General", Ch. II "Theories concerning Conception", Hamilton ed., pp. 363b-372a. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: imagination, conception, simple apprehension; history of philosophy.. Marginalia: 1r (p. 5), left. 2r (p. 7), left. 2v (p. 8), right. 4v (p. 12), right. 5r (p. 13), left. 5v (p. 14), right. Cancelled passages: 1r (p. 5), last two paragraphs. 1v (p. 6), most of the page. 4r (p. 11), most of the page, from the heading; "Of Theories concerning Conception". 4v (p. 12), all page. 5r (p. 13), all page (on top of the page, heading: "Theories concerning the Conception of Objects"). 5v (p. 14), all page. Approximate correspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to "A man may think for a long time what he is to do {& after all do} nothin [at all]del. add C) margin", on 1r (p. 5): see IP, pp. 362b-363a, from "3. Of all the analogies [...]" to "[...] and after all do nothing". MS, cancelled part on 1r-v (pp. 5-6), from "But it may be said [...]" to "[...] If a man did not kno[interrupted]": no precise correspondece in IP. MS, from "To one who did not understand the meaning of the Word conception [...]", on 1v (p. 6), to "[...] other Men affix to the same Words", on 2v (p. 8): see IP, pp. 363a-364a, from "If one ignorant of the language should ask [...]" to "[...] other men, who understand the language, affix to the same words". MS, from "Things are parcelled into kinds and sorts [...]", on 2v (p. 8), to "[...] because they are applicable to many individuals" on bottom of 2v (p. 8): see IP, p. 364a-b, from "Things are parcelled into kinds and sorts [...]" to "[...] it cannot be defined" (no precise correspondence). MS, from "Perhaps there may be some States of Mind in which a Man may be apt to confound his conceptions with Realities. [...]", on 3r (p. 9), to "[...] I do not see how a Man could have [a Notion of]del the Notion of Existence [unless he could]del {untill he can} conceive some things which he believed not to exist" on bottom of 3r (p. 9): no precise corrspondence with IP. MS, fols. 3v-4r (pp. 10-11): no precise correspondence with IP. 3v (p. 10): "8, The last thing I observe Concerning our Conceptions of things is that many of them are purely Relative, that is we have no conception of the thing itself but merely of a certain Relationn it bears to some thing else. 3 It may give some light to the last Article, [as well as ]dell To observe that some of our Conceptions are referred to a Standard or Archetype, with which they are intended and thought to agree. Others are are not." [etc.] "3 The Analogy between painting Objects and [Conceiving them]del {the conception of them in the Mind} is so obvious and so strong that in all Languages the Words [belonging to the first of these Operations are applied to the last]del by which we express the last of these operations are borrowed from the first. It is impossible [to avoid]del in speaking upon this Subject to avoid those analogical terms because we have not other in Language." 4r (p. 11): "Conception Art 9 end. [To a Man]del {I am afraid that to those who are} unacquainted with the Doctrine of Philosophers on this Subject [it will]del {I shall} appear {in a very} ridiculous [to insist upon this point]del {light for insisting upon a point so evident}, that men may {barely} conceive things that never existed. [He]del {They} will hardly [be able to]del believe that any Man in his Wits ever doubted of it. Indeed I know no truth more evident to the common Sense and to the Experience of Mankind. But if the Authority of Philosophy, ancient and modern opposes it, as I think it does, I wish not to treat that Authority so fastidiously as not to hear patiently what may be siad in support of it." "Of Theories concerning Conception" [heading of cancelled < part]. 4v (p. 12), cancelled part, after horizontal line: "The Conception of a thing in the Mind, [especially of a thing which never was perceived by the Senses]del {without the Aid of Sense}, seems to be the Original meaning of the Word Idea in the Greek Language." [etc.] 5r (p. 13), heading of cancelled part: "Theories concerning the Conception of Objects". 5v (p. 14), end of cancelled part: "From this Account of the Platonick Ideas they appear to correspond [ interrupted]". Originally there were two leaves, between fols. 5 and 6. MS, from "It may farther be observed [...]", on 6r, to Explicit, on 6v: see IP, pp. 371b-372a, from "It may farther be observed [...]" to "[...] & in this they have been followed in modern European Languages". MS, from "Conception Art 4. An Individual is expressed in Language [...]", on 7r, to "[...]. And these different kinds have different properties which we have endeavoured to describe", on 7v: see IP, pp. 364b-367a, from "An individual is expressed in language [...]" to "[...] and these different kinds have different properties which we have endeavoured to describe". MS, top of 7v, "There does not appear any thing in Number so mysterious as in Space and Time.We find ourselves under no necessity of believing that Number has nay Existence but in the things numbered". MS, bottom of 7v, from "7. It is proper here to observe [...]" to "[...] and may not appear to contradict it": see IP, p. 367b, from "It is proper to observe [...]" to "[...] to be inconsistent with it". 2131/8/II/133 Of all the Analogies between the Operations of Body and those of Mind there is none so strong and so obvious to all Mankind as that which there is between painting or other plastick Arts, and the power of conceiving Objects in the Mind.tBut both Words being used as Terms of Art, one [in the Syst]del [by]del {in} the Platonick {Philosophy} the other by the Peripateticks, the Latin Writers generally borrowed the word Idea from the Greek {of Plato}, to express the Platonick Notion, and they translated Aristotles word into Species [overlined]; & in this they have been followed in modern European Languages.2r (p. 3): Hook ("Dr Hookes Lectures"), Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 2v (p. 4): Locke. 3r (p. 5): Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Hook. 3v (p. 6): Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Price. 4r (p. 7): Locke, Price.[Type: draft of IP, E III, Ch. IV "Of Identity", Ch. V "Mr Locke's Account of the Origin of our Ideas and particularly of the Idea of Duration", Hamilton ed., pp. 344-350. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: identity, personal identity; duration, memory; history of philosophy. Approximate correspondences with IP: MS, from Incipit to end of 1r (p. 1), "That we may form as distinct a Conception of this Phenomenon as we are able it will be proper to consider what is meant by Identity, what by Personal Identity and how we are led to that invincible Belief which all Men have of their personal Identity as far back as they remember": see IP, p. 344a-b, from "The conviction which every man has [...]" to "[...] we are led into that invincible belief and conviction which every man has of his own personal identity, as far as his memory reaches". MS, top of 1v, "Material Objects continue to Exist while we perceive them; And as it is not our perception that gives them Existence, we have no reason to conclude that they cease to exist when they are not perceived": no precise correspondence, as far as I can see. MS, from "Our Judgments of the Identity of the Objects of Sense seem to be formed [...]" to "[...] continual changes of Substance, increasing diminishing, changing insensibly. When such changes [interruption]", on 1v (p.2): see IP, pp. 345b-346a, from "Our judgments of identity [...]" to "[...] increasing, diminishing, changing insensibly. When such alterations [etc.]". Bottom of 1v (p. 2), blank. On 2r (p. 3), heading: "Theories concerning [Memory]del {Duration & Identity}". Most of 2r (p. 3), cancelled. After cancelled part, on 2r-4v, (pp. 3-8) various parts; some of them are divided by horizontal lines: On bottom of 2r (p. 2)< : "It was a very laudable Attempt of Mr Locke to give an Account of the Ways whereby our Understanding comes to attain those Notions of things which we have." [etc.] On top of 2v (p. 3): "[I believe it is true]del In his setting out upon this Principle he includes under {the Ideas} Sensation all the [Operations]del {Notions we have mediately by ideas of} of our external Senses. And under Reflexion he comprehends [onely]del all the Notions we have of the Operations of our own Minds". On 2v (p. 4): "[In his setting out]del it is evident that he includes under Sensation all the Operations of our external Senses." [etc.] End: "Mr Locke indeed thought that all the original Ideas in the best furnished Understanding are onely of the Objects of Sense or of the Operations of his own Mind considered as Objects of Reflection. On 2v-3r (pp. 4-5): "It was a very laudable Attempt which Mr Locke proposes in the Introduction to his Essay, "To enquire into the original of those Ideas, Notions, or whatever else you please to call them, which a Man observes & is conscious to himself he has in his Mind, and the ways whereby the Understanding comes to furnished with them"." [etc.] End: "Whence we might conclude that the Idea of Duration if it be at all an Idea of Reflection, must be the Idea of some operation of Mind or of the manner of some Operation." On 3r-v (pp. 5-6): "Mr Locke makes the Idea of Duration to be got by reflecting upon the train of Ideas which we find to appear one after another in our own Minds, & in this he is followed by Berkeley & Hume." [etc.] End: "And surely we cannot believe this without having a Notion of Duration." On 3v (p. 6): "I take it to be the Doctrine of Mr Locke, That the Notions we get of material things by our Senses, & those which we get of the Operations of our own Minds by Consciousness, {which he calls Reflexion} are the Materials of all our Knowledge. From these Materials the Mind can form a {great} variety by compounding comparing abstracting the Notions got by the Senses or by Reflection. But it is confined to these materials and every Notion we can form is made out of them [del] by the operations above mentioned and is resolvable in to them." On 3v-4v (pp. 6-8): "It is the Doctrine of Mr Locke that all the Ideas or Notions with which the human Mind is stored are got either by the external Senses or by Reflexion; [...]" [etc.] End: see Explicit. 2131/8/II/14The conviction which every Man has of his own Identity as far back as his Memory reaches, needs no Aid of Philosophy to strengthen it.It is certain that the same period of Duration may [at]del on one occasion appear long and on another short. For although we can Measure very short intervals with great accuracy yet longer period [interrupted] Of Identity 1v (p. 2): Descartes (margin), Briggs, Newton ("Opticks"), Hartley ("His Observations on Man"). 2r (p. 3): Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume. 2v (p. 4): Berkeley, Hume, Descartes, Malebranche, Plato. 3r (p. 5): Augustin, Plato, Malebranche, Descartes. 3v (p. 6): Malebranche, Berkeley, Norris, Aristotle.. 4r (p. 7): Malebranche, Aristotle, Descartes, Hartley, Locke, Hume. 4v (p. 8): Ramus, Descartes. 5r (p. 9): Descartes. 5v (p. 10): Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Newton, Aristotle. 6r (p. 11): Descartes, Newton, Bacon, Hume. 6v (p. 12): Descartes, Locke, Clarke. 7r (p. 13): Descartes. 7v (p. 14): Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 8r (p. 15): Locke, Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Norris. 8v (p. 16): Locke, Descartes. 9r (p. 17): Locke. 9v (p. 18): Locke. 10r (p. 19): Locke. 10v (p. 20): Locke. 11r (p. 21): Berkeley, Descartes, Norris. 11v (p. 22): Malebranche, Berkeley. 12r (p. 23): Berkeley. 12v (p. 24): Berkeley. 13r (p. 25): Berkeley. 13v (p. 26): Berkeley. 14r (p. 27): Berkeley, Locke. 14v (p. 28): Berkeley. 15r (p. 29): Berkeley, Malebranche. 15v (p. 30): Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Norris. 16r (p. 31): Locke, Berkeley, Descartes. 16v (p. 32): Berkeley, Descartes 17r (p. 33): Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley. 17v (p. 34): Locke, Norris,<  Malebranche, Collier. 18r (p. 35): Descartes, Malebranche, Norris, Aristotle, Collier. 18v (p. 36): Hume, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley. 19r (p. 37): Hume, Locke, Berkeley, Hartley, Priestley, Descartes. 19v (p. 38): Hume, Locke, Berkeley, Aristotle, Arnauld, Malebranche, Descartes. 20r (p. 39): Malebranche, Arnauld. 20v (p. 40): Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld. 21r (p. 41): Hume 22r (p. 43): Descartes, Locke, Berkeley. 22v (p. 44): Locke. 23r: Locke, Norris. 23v: Plato, DescartesOn 13v (p. 26), reference to an addition marked as "A" (to be found on 6/III/12, 2r): "Insert A in the 8o enclosed". On 19v (p. 38), reference to an addition marked as "B" (to be found on 6/III/12): "Here insert B 8o"Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. I-XIV, pp. 245-306. I did not check the MS, for precise correspondences with the text of IP. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception; history of philosophy. Headings: On 4r (p. 7): "Of the Common Theory of Perception". On 11r (p. 21): "Of the Sentiments of Bishop Berkeley". On 18v (p. 36): "Of the Sentiments of Mr Hume". On 21r (p. 41): "Ch 14 Reflexions on the common Theory of Ideas". Approximate correspondences: MS, from Incipit to end of 1r (p. 1), "We cannot see without Eyes nor hear without Ears": see IP, E II, Ch. I, pp. 245a-246c, from "Of all the operations [...]" to "We cannot see without eyes, nor hear without ears". MS, 1v (p. 2): compare with IP, E II, Ch. I-III, pp. 246a-253a. Note that the beginning of a MS paragraph ("The Ancients conjectured that the Nerves were tubes filled with a very subtle fluid [...]") corresponds to the begining of a paragraph on IP, p. 248b ("The ancient conjectured [...]"). MS, from "[Although] many {Philosophers} [in]del Ancient and Modern [times]del have employed their Wit & Invention [...]" on 2r (p. 3), to "[...] 1 Because they are without the Mind, & therefore &c.", on 3v (p. 6): see IP, E II, Ch. VII, pp. 262a-266a, from "Many philosophers [...]" to "[...] 1st They are without the mind [...]". MS, cancelled paragraph, from "We come next to give some Account of the Common Theory concerning the Ideas [...]", on 3v (p. 6), to "[...] which those who chuse may consult". MS, part with the heading "Of the Common Theory of Perception", from "This theory in general is [...]", on 4r (p. 7), to "[...]. All their Systems are built on this foundation", on 7v (p. 14): see IP, E II, Ch. VIII, pp. 267a-275a, from beginning of the chapter until its end. MS, from "The Reputation, which Lockes Essay on Human Understanding [...]", on 7v (p. 14), to "[...] but indifferently acquainted with thee way", on 11r (p. 21): see IP, E II, Ch. IX, pp. 275a-280b, from the beginning of the chapter untill its end. MS, part with the heading "Of the Sentiments of Bishop Berkeley", from "G. Berkeley {afterwards} Bishop of Cloyne [...]", on 11r (p. 21), to "[...]. All I know of it is from having seen one Copy of it which is in the Library of the University of Glasgow", on 18r (p. 35): see IP, Ch. X, pp. 280b-287b, all the chapter (this part of the MS might contain material from Ch. XI too, but I did not check). Note the reference on 13v (p. 26) to an addition marked as "A" (to be found on 6/III/12, 2r): "Insert A in the 80 enclosed". MS, part with the heading "Of the Sentiments of Mr Hume", from "the first and second Volumes of the Treatise of Human Nature [...]", on 18v (p. 36), to "[...] since they came to be an Object of Speculation", on 19v (p. 38): see IP, E II, Ch. XII, pp. 292b-295a, all the chapter except four last paragraphs on 294b, which are included in the addition in 6/III/12, 2r-v. Note reference to this addition in 8/II/15, 19v (p. 38): "Here insert B 8o". MS, from "In this Sketch of the Opinions of Philosophers concerning ideas we must not omit Antony Arnauld [...]", on 19v (p. 38), to "[...] any other Philosopher who has treated of this Subject", on 20v (p. 40): see IP, E II, Ch. XIV, pp. 295a-298a, all the chapter. MS, part with the heading "Ch 14 Reflexions on the common Theory of Ideas", from 21r (p. 41) to "[...] may give a strong Suspicion of the un< soundness of the foundation", on 23v: see IP, E II, Ch. XIV, 293a-306a, from the beginning of the chapter to "[...] may give a strong suspicion of the unsoundness of the foundation". MS, last paragraph: "Having finished what I intend with regard to that [Operation]del {Act} of mind [called]del {which we call} the Perception of an external Object, I proceed to consider another [Operation]del which by our constitution is conjoyned with Perception and not with perception onely but with many other acts of Mind and that is Sensation" [Explicit follows]. Marginalia: 2131/8/II/151r-23vThe perception of external Objects [by our Senses]del is of all the Operations of our Minds {even in infancy while most of our other powers are not yet unfolded} the most frequent and familiar.ATo prevent Repetition I must refer the Reader to what was said Book 1 ch 2 in the explication of this word. [Sensation had not been {properly} distinguished from perception by the vulgar. Philosophers had]del All the operations of the senses had been called {sometimes} Sensation sometimes perception without distinction.^1r (p. 1): Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus (on margin). 2r (p. 3): Locke and Descartes (on margin). Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. XX-XXI, Hamilton ed., pp. 326-334 (I did not check the MS for precise correspondences with IP). Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception. 2 headings. On 1r, "Ch 20 Of the Evidence of Sense & of Belief in general". On 2v, "Of the improvement of the Senses Chap 21". Cancelled passage on the first half of 4v. Note that text on 4v belongs to Chapter 20. See reference on bottom of 4v: "Turn to page 3 of this sheet". Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 2r, left. 4v, right. 2131/8/II/161r-3r, and 4v.Ch 20 [General Observations [{fragment lost}]del touching external Senses]del Of the Evidence of Sense & of Belief in general. The Intention of Nature in [giving us those]del {the} powers which we call external Senses is evident.On 3r: "The effect of custom in the different parts of our constitution is very remarkable; for while it strengthens intellectual & active habits, it weakens our Sensations both agreable and disagreable. On 4v: Joy and Sorrow Hope and Fear imply a belief of good or ill either present or in expectation. Esteem Gratitude Pity & Resentment imply a belief of certain qualities in their Objects turn to page 3 of this sheet.=1r (p. 1): Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus. 3v (p. 6): Descartes.Type: on 1r-6r (pp. 1-11), draft of IP, E II, Ch. XX "Of the Evidence of Sense, and of Belief in General", Hamilton ed., pp. 326b-330b. This MS is a later version of Chapter XX than 8/II/16 and corresponds closely, as far as I can see, to the published version. Cancelled text from the bottom of 2r (p. 3), "Perhaps it may be thought [...]", to the first half of 3r (p. 5), "I conclude therefore that belief is an essential ingredient in consciousness, in remembrance & in perception by the senses, as well as in {what is commonly called} judgment and {in} resoning". On 6v (p. 12), a cancelled text with heading: "Of the Improvement of the Senses Chap 21". Beginning of the cancelled part: "There are two views in which the senses may be considered; as the means of giving us pleasant or painfull sensations; and as the means of giving us information." [etc.] After the end of the cancelled part, on 6v (p. 12), reference to the draft of Chapter 21 on 8/II/18: "see Chap 21 page 1". Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception. 2131/8/II/17SThe intention of Nature in the powers which we call the external Senses is evident.uOn 6r: But the wise and the humble will receive it as the gift of heaven and endeavour to make the best use of it. On 6v [cancelled passage]: A delicate sensibility [of]del {to} bodily pleasure may be acquired in a soft and luxurious life; but at the expence of a like sensibility to pain, and of cherishing the seeds of many diseases which produce pain see Chap 21 page 1.5Of the Evidence of Sense, & Belief in General Chap 201r (p. 1): Locke. 3r (p. 5): "[...] to prevent Repetition {I} refe< r the Reader to [what is]del the 21 22 & 23d Sect of Chap 6. Of an Inquiry in to the Human Mind".Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. XXI "Of the Improvement of the Senses", Hamilton ed., pp. 330-334 (I did not check the MS for precise corrspondences with IP). On 4v (p. 8), end of text on upper half of page: "From what has been said &c see page 9". Lower half of 4v (p. 8), blank. Beginning on 5r (p. 9): "From what has been said I think it appears, That our original powers of perceiving objects by our senses are small & inconsiderable compared with those which we acquire by Use and Habit." [etc.] On 6v, heading: "Chap 22 Of Fallacies of the Senses" (see 8/II/22, for a draft of Chapter XXII). Rest of the page, blank. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception. Marginalia: 4v (p. 8), right. 2131/8/II/18=Our external Senses may be considered in two different views.On 6r (p. 11): A wide field here opens to our View, of Improvements that may be made in the Information conveyed by our Senses, whose boundaries no man can ascertain. On 6v: Chap 22 Of Fallacies of the Senses.(Chap 21 Of the Improvement of the Senses1r: Bacon. 2v: Pythagoras, Euclid. 3r: Descartes, Newton (quotation from "the Preface to his Principia"). 4v: Abbe Raynal (quotation), Bacon, Descartes.Type: draft of IP, E VI, Ch. VIII "Of Prejudices, the Causes of Error", Hamilton ed., pp. 468b-473b, from the beginning of the chapter to "The ancient chemists were wont to explain all the mysteries of Nature, and even of religion, by salt, sulphur, and mercury". The handwriting (narrow spaced, and small) and the various deletions and marginalia show that it is an early draft of the chapter. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: judgment, error. It contains the section of Chapter 8 on idola tribus, and part of the section on idola specus. 6 points on idola tribus: 1, on 1r-v. 2, on 1v-2r. 3, on 2r-3r. 4 [cancelled part], on 3r-v. 4, on 3v-4r. 5, on 4r-v. 6, on 4v. Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 2r, left. 2v, right. 3r, left. 3v, right. 4r, left (vertical and horizontal). 4v, right. Cancelled part: 2v, one sentence. 3r, margin. From bottom of 3r to upper half of 3v. 4r, one sentence 4v, one sentence 2131/8/II/19Our [Rational]del {Intellectual} Powers are {wisely fitted} [given]del by {the Author of} Nature [to enable us]del {for the} discover{y} <of> truth as far as [is suited to]del our present State [of Existence]del {requires}.{The Ancient Chemists were wont to explain all the Misterys of Nature & even those of Religion by Sal<t>, Sulphur & Mercury.+Of Prejudices, the Causes of wrong JudgmentV1v: Tillotson (quotation from the "Discourse against Transubstantion", on 1v, margin).Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. XXII "Of the Fallacy of the Senses", Hamilton ed., pp. 335a-b. Note that 7/V/26 was originally between folio 1 and 2 of this MS. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: unknown. Subjects: perception. 3 parts. 1) Cancelled part, on 1r. Bottom of page, blank. Compare this part with IP, pp. 337a. End of cancelled part on 1r: "The signs of distance in visible Objects by which we learn to judge of their distance have been pretty accurately pointed out, but none of them extend beyond distances that are seen on the surface of the Earth. They all fail when we look at the heavenly bodies". 2) On 1v. This text corresponds to IP, pp. 335a-b, from "The appearances commonly imputed to the fallacy of the senses are many and of different kinds [...]" to "This is a fallacy, not of the senses, but of inconclusive reasoning". End of text on 1v: "And here as in the last instance we are deceived not by trusting to our Senses but by drawing a conclusion from their testimony which the premises will not support. In this case also the fallacy discovered by the Senses, & by them onely". 3) Two lines of text continuing from 7/V/26. Text interrupted. Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 2131/8/II/201r [cancelled part]: Of all the vulgar prejudices which philosophy contradicts, there [are two]del {is none} that seem{s} to be most general. [These are That the Earth remain< s immoveably fixed upon its foundation, and]del {than this} that the Heavens are spread over our heads in the form of a vast concave hemisphere. 1v: Having premised these observations that we may no account our Senses fallacious on account of such defects, limitations or accidental Disorders as are common to them with all our faculties; let us consider more particularly the[se]del Errors and mistakes which are commonly [considered as fal]del imputed to the fallacy of the Senses, that we may judge whether we do [them]del justice [or not]del to our Senses in this Imputation.[it continues from other 7/V/26] more than to any other human faculty. Secondly The Errors we fall into our acquired Perceptions are [text interrupted].n1v: Hill. 4v: Da Costa. 4r: "History of Fossils Part 2d Book First" (whose the author of this book?) 5r: Hill.Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reading note. Subjects: chemistry, natural history, classification of chemical substances. This MS continues from 6/V/4. Most of 3v, and lower half of 4v, blank. Order of the series of papers containing the classification of chemical substances: 1) 6/V/22. 2) 6/V/4. 3) 6/V/5. 4) 6/V/6. 5) 6/V/22a 6/V/2 summary, enumeration of chemical substances. 6/V/14 general scheme. See also MS 2343 for complete classification of chemical substances. 2131/6/V/051r-v, 3r-4v, 5r, 6r, 7r, 8r&Part 1st Book 2d Salts 4 Nitrum Salt Petri or the Nitre of the Moderns. The Earth from which Nitre is procured in Persia is a kind of Marle for the Most part of a pale yellow Colour sometimes whitish, sometimes redish, and sometimes almosy quite Black, but the Yellow is reckoned the Strongest.Yellow 12 The Topaz The finest are Second onely to the Diamond the finest Gem of this kind ever known is in the possession of the great Mogul its weight is said to be 157 Carats and its value More than 20000 pounds.3r: Hume ("The great Patron of modern Scepticism"). 3v: Newton. 5v: Galen, Descartes, Henry More. 6r: the Archbishop of Cambray, Maupertuis, Buffon, Hume.x Type: part of a discourse on the principles of common sense delivered at the Glasgow Literary Society. It continues from 2/III/11. Compare also with IP, E VI, Ch. VI "First Principles of Necessary Truths", Hamilton ed., pp. 452-461. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: see P. Wood's thesis. Subjects: principles of common sense, various principles of necessary truths; natural religion, design argument. 2 parts. 1) On 3r-4v. It continues the enumeration of principles of necessary truths present in 2/III/11. 5 principles. "3", on 3r-v, "Mathematical Axioms". Compare with IP, p. 452a-b. Beginning: see above, Incipit. End: "The Statue was indeed formed out of the rude block, and that {too} by a kind of {manual} Abstraction. Mathematical Notions are formed by the Understanding out of [those of]del {the rude perceptions of our} Senses by an abstraction of another kind, {of which every man come to years of understanding is conscious}" "4", on 3v: "4 There are also first principles in Physicks or Natural Philosophy". This class of principles is not mentioned in IP, E VI, Ch. VI. End: "Yet we should lose nothing but the dross the pure Metal would undergo the fiery trial without the diminution of a Grain". "5", on 3v-4r: "5 There are likewise Axioms in Matters of Taste". Compare with point number "4", in IP, p. 453a-b. End: "We should find men agree very much when things are simplified and taken in detail however far they differ when they judge of them in the lump". "6", on 4r-v: "6 There are also first principles in morals". Compare with point number "5", in IP, pp. 453b-454a. End: "For this Reason I have placed the first Principles both of Taste and of Morals under the Class of necessary Truths". At the end of 2v, blank break. 2) On 5r-6v. It continues the discussion of the class of principles number "7", the metaphysical principles ( begun on 2/III/11, 1v-4v (originally this principles was introduced in 2/III/11 as the third one in the list of principles of necessary truths: "3"). This part corresponds closely with IP, E VI, Ch.<  VI, 460a-461b, from "Of how great importance this principle is in common life [...]" to the end of the chapter. Beginning: "Of how great importance this Principle is in common Life we have had occasion to observe and I need hardly mention its importance in Natural Religion." Lower half of 6v, blank. Explicit on 6v quoted in Brookes, p. xxii, from "if a Man [...]".3r-6v3 To proceed every one knows that there are Mathematical Axioms or first Principles on which all reasoning in that Science is built.On the other hand if a Man has the same Rational Evidence for the Existence of a Deity as he has for the Existence of his Father his Brother or his Friend, this I apprehend is sufficient to satisfy every man that has common Sense. [I though]delP1r: Anton le Grand (on margin, quotation from "Logices Cap 1"), Epicurus, Plato.*Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. XXII, Hamilton ed., pp. 334a-336a (some paragraphs reproduce the published version, others are shorter). It might part of a lecture on Pneumatology too. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: undetermined. Compare with 8/II/20 (with 7/V/26). Subjects: fallacies of the senses. 2131/8/II/22hNothing is more common among Philosophers Ancient & Modern than Complaints of the Fallacy of the Senses.It woould be difficult to find two prejudices so general among Men who have no tincture of philosophy, as these to wit that the Earth rests immoveable upon its foundation and that the Heavens are spread over it as a vast concave hemisphere in which all the heavenly bodies are placed.Of Fallacies of the Senses-1r: Aristotle, Euclid. 2v: Euclid, Aristotle.T Type: draft of IP, E V, especially Chapter I and II. Compare with IP, E V, Ch. I "Of General Words", Ch. II "Of General Conceptions", Ch. III "Of General Conceptions formed by analyzing Objects", Hamilton ed., pp. 389-398, for correspondences with individual passages. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: undetermined. Subjects: abstraction, language. 4 parts. 1) On 1r, upper half of the page, part with the heading "Of the Use & Necessity of General Words in Language". From "[Of] The Words we use in Language [some]del are either General {words} [...]" to "[...] or of any individual Creature of God or Work of Man": see IP, p. 389a, from beginning of the chapter to "[...] but equally related to many". From "In every Language general words make the greatest part [...]" to "In all the fifteen Books of Euclids Elements there is not a single word that is not general and the same may be the case in many other large Volumes. At the same time [text interrupted]": see IP, p. 389a, from "In every language, rude or polished, general words make the greatest part [...]" to "[...] and the same may be said of many large volumes". 2) From the middle of 1r to 2r. Heading: "Chap. Of the Conceptions annexed to General Words". This part is separated from the preceding by a horizontal line, on 1r. Beginning: "Having shewn the Use and Necessity of General [Words]del {Terms} in Language Let us next inquire what kind of Conceptions they express and how those Conceptions are formed." End, on 2r: "Such Divisions and Subdivisions of things, with general Names by which they are signified, wee find in all Languages, even among the rudest tribes of Mankind. From which we may learn that this Operation of distinguishing the different Attributes of the Same Subject by different Names and [classing them]del giving a Common or General Name to those that agree in certain Attributes, is not a subtile Invention of Philosophers but a thing common Utility requires and common Sense enables all Men to do." 3) On 2v. Compare with IP, p. 389a-b. Beginning: "If we examine the Words of any Language we shall find [those]del that [are]del the Names of individual things, make but a very small part of the Language, compared with the general Words that are applicable to amny Individuals." Note that Explicit is separated by the rest of the text by a horizonatal line. Marginalia: 2r, left. 2v, right. 2131/8/II/23Of the Use & Necessity of General Words in Language [Of]del The Words we use in Language [some< ]del are {either} General {words} [others are]del {or} proper Names.It is by this Means that Language furnishes us with an expedient by which innumerable Truths are condensed as it were into one without being in the least rendered obscure or indistinct.1v: Locke (on the margin) 2r: Descartes, Locke; on the margin: Plato, Democritus, Leucippus. 2v: Locke (quotations). 3r: Locke, Berkeley 4v: Berkeley, Hume. 5v: Berkeley. 6r: R. Smith, Berkeley. Reference to Inquiry. 6v: BerkeleyFType: draft of IP, E II, Ch. XVII "Of the Objects of Perception; and, first, of Primary and Secondary Qualities", Ch. XVIII "Of Other Objects of Perception", Ch. XIX "Of Matter and of Space", Hamilton ed., pp. 314b-326a, from "The account I have given [...]" to "[...] but it results necessarily from the nature off the two senses; [...]". Place of origin: Glasgow; date: undetermined. Subjects: perception (primary and secondary qualities, matter and space). 1) From Incipit to 3r, lower half of the page before horizontal line: part corresponding to IP, E II, Ch. XVII. End: "I apprehend that the [Theory]del {Hypothesis} of Ideas so generally adopted [by philosophers]del has very much retarded our progress in this analysis and that if philosophers could so far humble themselves [...]del not to mix the productions of human fancy and conjecture with what Experience & patient attention discovers, we might hope for a quicker advance in the knowledge of our own Minds as well as of other things." 2) From 3r, lower half of the page, after the horizontal line, to 4v, before the heading "Of Matter & Space": part corresponding to IP, E II, Ch. XVIII. Beginning: "Of the other {immediate} objects of perception. Besides the primary & secondary qualities of Body there are many other things immediately perceived by our Senses." End: "And it is the glory of a Man and the reward of his Labour to discover what Nature has thus hid." 3) From 4v to Explicit: part corresponding to IP, E II, Ch. XIX. Heading: "Of Matter & Space" Beginning: "The Objects of Sense we have hitherto considered are Qualities." 2131/8/II/24VThe account I have given of primary & secondary qualities is built upon no hypothesis.See right margin of 6v; it continues on the left margin of 3r: Since this correspondence is not arbitrary like that | between Words & the things signified beween them [sic], but results necessarily from the nature of the two senses.c1r: Locke, Berkeley (quotations). 1v: Berkeley. 2r: Malebranche, Arnauld. 2v: Arnauld, Malebranche.Type: draft of IP, E II, Ch. VII "Sentiments of Philosophers about the Perception of External Objects; and, first, of the Theory of Father Malebranche", Ch. XI "Bishop Berkeley's Sentiments of the Nature of Ideas", Ch. XIII "Of the Sentiments of Anthony Arnauld", Hamilton ed., pp. 262-267, pp. 287-292, and pp. 295-298. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: undetermined. Subjects; perception, history of philosophy (Berkeley, Malebranche, Arnauld on ideas). Approximate correspondences with IP. MS, from Incipit to "The new Philosophy seems to have rejected all these accounts of the Nature of Ideas as unintelligible Jargon, but still it retains Ideas without acquainting us of what Nature they are", on 1r, before horizontal line: there is no precise correspondence with IP, but see beginning of IP, E II, Ch. VII. MS, from "It were to be wished that [Berkeley]del {this Author} had explained more fully [...]", on 1r, after horizontal line, to the bottom of the page: see IP, E II, Ch. XI, p. 289a-b, from "It were to be wished that this ingenious author [...]" to "[...] there is nothing of power or agency included in them". MS, from "If this is so, the System of Ideas [...]" to "[...] & never condescend to acquaint us what they are or to what category or class of beings they belong", on 1v: no precise correspondence with IP. MS, from "When so much has been wrote about Ideas [...]", on 1v, to "[...] I must in this matter think and speak with the vulgar", on 2r: see IP, E II, Ch. XI, p. 292a-b, from "When so much has been written [...]" to "[...] I must think and speak<  with the vulgar". MS, from "The Controversy between Malebranche & Arnauld [...]" to Explicit: for possible correspondences of passages see IP, E II, Ch. VII and Ch. XIII. Marginalia on 1v, right and 2r, left (text continuous). 2131/8/II/25After having said so much upon this Subject I wish I could lay before the Reader any distinct account of the Opinions of Philosophers concerning the Nature of Ideas what kinds of things they are or to what class or category of Beings they belong?This he thought the onely probable way of accounting for our Ideas of external Objects. Thus we are illuminated immediately by the Deity annd see all things in God.M2r: Socrates, Hippocrates, Pytahgoras, Diogenes Laertius, Solomon's Proverbs.;Type: two fragments of introductory lectures to the course on Ethics, presumably from Glasgow. The first fragment, on 1r-v, contains an enumeration of the various principles of action. The second fragment, on 2r, contains a short account of the originn of moral philosophy in Greece. Lower half of 1v: blank. Beginning of the second fragment: "Having finished what I intend of Natural Theology, I am now to proceed to another Branch of my Course to wit Ethicks or Moral Philosophy which is that Branch of Philosophy which teaches the Duty of Man in the various Relations in which he is placed. Socrates was among the Ancients accounted the Father of Moral Philosophy as Hipocrates was accounted the Father of Medicine. We are not surely by this honourable Appellation to conceive that Men knew nothing of their Duty before Socrates." [etc.] "This indeed seems before Socrates to have been the principal Way of teaching Morals by detached Sentences or Proverbs, which contained some general rule of Conduct or some wise Observation on human Life & Manners which might be applied ina great variety of Cases. These were not digested into any Systematical Order nor deduced by reasoning from common principles, but Scattered like {a Basket of} flowers [in a field]del in wild disorder. Such a Collection of Moral Precepts we see in the Proverbs of Solomon. For what Reason then was Socrates called the Father of Moral Philosophy? First, because he directed his Enquiries entirely to this Subject, while other Philsophers were chiefly employed in enquiries after the Origin & [text, interrupted]". 2131/8/III/01The human Mind is a very complex System containing in it a great variety of Powers both intellectual, and Active; Some of which we enjoy in common with brute Animals, others are prerogatives and distinguishing Characteristicks of the human Species.End of the first fragment, on 1v: By the Preeminence of Man above the brutes we are capable not onely of seeing and feeling the present, but of reflecting upon what is past of obbserving the connexion ans Series of Events and [text interrupted]. End of the second fragment, on 2r: First, because he directed his Enquiries entirely to this Subject, while other Philosophers were chiefly employed in enquiries after the Origin & [text interrupted].1$1r (p. 17): Hume, Hutcheson, Cicero (quotation from "de Finibus 2.14" anf from "Cap 18"), quotation on the left margin: "Cap 18 Si scieris (inquit Carneades aspidem occulte latere inspiam". 1v (p. 18): A. Smith, Cicero (quotations from "de Legibus Lib 1 ch 14", and from "de Fin Lib 2 ch 22")E Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics). Place of origin: Glasgow; date: on the left margin of 1v (p. 18) there reference to the date of the lecture "Feb 20 1765". This item continues from MS 8/III/3. The text on 1r-v is part of the lecture given on "Feb 19 1765", which begins on 8/III/3, 8v (p. 16). After Incipit: "And although it may be true that this cannot happen with regard to any of the general Rules of Virtue yet Mr Hume seems to allow that there may be particular instances wherein it may happen. There is no principle in Morality more clear and indubitable than that what is no ways in a mans power can neither be imputed for blame nor praise. Qualities which are not in our power to command such as Good Sense Great Genius Wit Humour a han< dsome figure Agility and Strength of Body, are qualities both usefull and agreable but they are not moral Virtues. A hump back a stinking breath an infectious distemper, a weak memory are qualities of a contrary nature, disagreable and hurtfull, but they have no moral turpitude. Mr Hume indeed seems to think that is owing to the Caprice of Language that the former are not ranked among the Virtues and the latter among the vices. But could there be any thing more absurd {than to say} in any language however free from Caprice. That Such a Man was guilty of having a humped back, such another was criminal in having a wry neck. Would there be no absurdity in affirming that a man who has the plague deserved to be punished as much as one who robbed upon the high way. It is not easy to say what Mr Hume means by the Caprice of Language or with what propriety Language may be called Capricious. The defect of Language are of a contrary Nature to that which he Supposes. We find often a real difference in things which are not distinguished in Language; but I know no Instances in common Language where there is distinction of words without any real Difference." space break. "Dr Hutchesons Notion of the Principle of Approbation Deficient in making it an agreable Sensation and not a Judgment" quotations from Cicero marked as "A" [letter "A" appears on the left margin; the quotations are to be added to 8/IV/3, 8v (p. 16)] "Cic de Finibus 2.14. Honestum igitur id intelligimus quod tale est ut detracta omni Utilitate. Sine ullis praemiis fructibusve, per se ipsum possit iure laudari; quod quale sit intelligi potest communi hominum judicio, et optimi cujusquae studiis atquae factis: [etc.]" [etc.]. "Cap 18 Perspicuum est enim, nisi Aequitas, fides, Justicia, [etc.]" [etc.]. 1v (p.18): "Feb 20 1765" [date on the left margin] "Of the System of Sympathy. This System was invented {by Dr Smith} and has been explained in a very ingenious and agreable Manner in his Theory of Moral Sentiments. He means by Sympathy that fellow feeling which we are apt to have either of the Griefs or Joys of others or rather our fellow feeling with any passion Whatsoever. He observes that in every passion of which the Mind of Man is susceptible the emotions of the by stander always correspond to what, by bring{ing} the case home to himself he imagines should be the Sentiments of the Sufferer." Quotations from Cicero written in a different pen. "Cicero de Legibus Lib 1 ch 14. Quod si poena, si metus supplicii, non ipsa turpitudo [etc.]" [etc.]. "Cic de Fin Lib 2 ch 22. Jam si pudor si Modestia si pudicitia [etc.]" [etc.]. 2131/8/III/02It is evident that the system we have now under consideration which makes virtue approveable onely on account of its agreableness or Utility must have a very bad influence upon practice in such particular cases where the greatest degree of Agreableness or Utility is not on the side of Virtue, not onely {where it is not so} in reality but also {where it is not so} in the Opinion of the Agent."Feb 20 1765" (on 1v).22v: Grotius, Pufendorf.Type: part of the lecture on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Place of origin: Glasgow; date: see date of the Lecture on 8/IV/5, 2r, from which this MS continues: "March 14 1765". Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 152-154. This MS comes between 8/IV/5 and 8/IV/7. Subjects: duties to others: individuals in private jurisprudence. More in particular, as part of the treatment of the adventitious right of property: succession by entails, and the effects of entails with regard to the public.2r-v[...] relations is like to make a good use of it for themselves for the family for the publick. [This MS continues from 8/IV/5]End on bottom of 2v: 1 Wills Grot. Testamentum est alienatio in Mortis Eventum, ante eam revocabilis, retento interim Jure possidendi ac fruendi. The Objections of Puffendorf against this Definition.Usee date of the Lecture on 8/IV/5, 2r, from which this MS continues: "March 14 1765".*3v (p. 6): Pope, Hume (on margin). 4r (p. 7): Latin quotation. 6r (p. 11): Hume, A. Smith ("[...] the Gentlem< an who lately filled this Chair with so great Reputation and Ability [...]", "[...] his Theory of Moral Sentiments [...]"), Diogenes Laertius ("The Life of Epicurus"), Cicero ("de Finibus Lib 1"), Lucretius, Gassendi, Clarke "at Hull", Campbell, Hutcheson, Butler. 7r (p. 13): Locke, Hutcheson. 7v (p.14): S. Clarke (on margin), Wollaston (on margin), Hutcheson (on margin reference to the "Illustrations on the Moral Sense Sect 1"), "Balguy's Tracts on the foundation of Moral Goodness, "Price's Review of the Principal Questions and difficulties about Morals", Wollaston, Shaftesbury, Plato, Aristotle, A. Smith, Hobbes, La Rochefoucauld, Mandeville . 8r (p. 15): Hobbes. 8v (p. 16): Hume, A. Smith.7Type: lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow, January-February 1765. This MS continues on 8/III/2, 1r (p. 17). Subjects: principles of action. Notes for lectures: "Jan 28 1765", on 1r-2v (pp. 1-4). Two ways of thinking and writing about morals. The first one may be called the way of sentiment, the other that of abstract reasoning. 1r (p. 1): "In one, a man Seriously deliberates about what is right and what is wrong in the Conduct of Life." [etc.] "So that there seems to be nothing wherein mankind agree more universally than {in} their Notions of what is right and what is wrong in human Conduct. And from this universal Agreement in the fundamental Principles of Morals we may conclude that there is in the human Mind some Standard by which men judge in Morals and form conclusions about them with as great ease as they do in other matters of common sense. It is impossible that mankind should so universally agree in so many principles with regard to what is wrong in human conduct if these were not either natural and original Principles or very obvious deductions from original principles & such as require no long train of reasoning nor great abstraction." [etc.] 1v (p. 2): "But when plain men without learning and without refinement find so little difficulty in judging what is right and what is wrong how comes it to pass that men of learning great Philosophers and deep Metaphysicians have differed so much about Morals; every writer of Genius and invention finding fault with all the Systems of his predecessors and substituting a new one of his own in their place. To This Question I think we may be able to give a plain & satisfactory answer if we consider the second way in which morals have been considered, by Philosophers and Men of Speculation. They are not content with discerning by the light of their consciences that Benevolence Fidelity and publick Spirit are most amiable and respectable virtues and that Treachery ingratitude and Cruelty are most detestable vices. But they want to know the reason why respect the former and detest the later. They want to analyse this approbation and blame and by a kind of Metaphysical Chemistry to reduce them to the Elements of which they are composed. And it is about this Analysis of Virtue and Vice of Approbation and blame that they differ so much and have formed so many Systems." [etc.] 2r (p. 3): "This analysis of Virtue and of Moral Approbation may prove extreamly difficult and give reason to manyfold Systems and subtile disputations and that for two Reasons. First if Such an Analysis of the Abstract Nature of virtue and Vice is at all possible, yet it will probably require a very accurate distinct and comprehensive knowledge of the principles of the human Mind, which is a very complex System and of which I apprehend Philosophers have yet but a very imperfect knowledge. Secondly it is possible that these Notions which Philosophers have laboured so much to analyze may <be> simple and original Notions." [etc.] Parallel case: search for the seat of the soul, anatomists and beauty, etc. "Jan 29 1765", on 2v-3r (pp. 4-5). 2v (p. 4): "But that we may not altogether omit the Speculative part of Morals I shall review briefly the Several {inferior} Active Principles of the human Mind and endeavour to explain their Operations; and then I shall more particularly consider the Governing or Superior principles < of our Nature Which I take to be Self love & the Moral Faculty. It is the more necessary in this Subject to bestow some attention to the inferior active principles [with which we are]del of our Nature because they have by many writers upon this subject been considered as various Modifications of Self Love." [etc.] 3r (p. 5): "The ballance of these principles constitutes what we may call a mans temper. Which may be good or bad without regard to his virtue. The Character may be bad when the temper is good or good when the temper is bad." [etc.] "Self Love requires in its operations more of Reflection more of Abstraction than men generally bestow." [etc.] "Jan 30 1765", on 3r-v (pp. 5-6). 3r (p. 5): "From the Account we have given of the particular Principles of Action in the human Mind and of Self Love we may deduce Several Consequences." [etc.] "1 Mankind may be distinguished in two classes. Those who propose to themselves some end in Life, & pursue it steadily & with vigor. And those who either propose no End at all or {proposing some end} have no constancy and steadiness in the pursuit of it. 2 The latter Class whether more or less numerous, must make the most contemptible part of the Species, can neither be eminent in good nor evil and can hardly be said to deserve the name of reasonable [illegible] they will neither be steady friends nor formidable enemies, they can never attain any remarkable eminence in virtue knowledge Fame, nor even in Wickedness." 3v (p. 6): "3 The first class we have mentioned {whatever be the end they pursue whether good or bad} may be said with some propriety to have some rule of conduct to have a {fixed} Character, to have self command and self government, and to employ the power and the reason which God has given them to some purpose either good or bad. [4 Those]del In this class of men, we shall find all that are eminently good or eminently bad in a word all that are eminent in any kind." [etc] "4 In each of these Characters industry assiduous application & selfdenial are required. Nor is the man of virtue obliged to greater selfdenial than any of the others. " [etc.] "5 Among these different Characters I have not mentioned the man who makes his own happiness his End, because if he steadily pursues this end it must necessarly lead him the same road as regard to what is right. 6 Selfishness when it signifies a vice denotes rather the defect of the benevolent affections than anything else. 7 There is no greater opposition between benevolent affections and self love than between any other particular passion and appetite and self love nor indeed so great. 8 That Selfishness which excludes the social and benevolent affections is so far from promoting a mans happiness that it obstructs it and defeats its own end." "Jan 31 1765", on 3v-4r (pp. 6-7). Compare with AP, E III, Pt. II, Ch. VIII, Hamilton ed., p. 579a. 3v (p. 6): "It may be affirmed in general that those who pursue some end in life and act by Rule in order to the Attainment of it altho they must in pursuit of this End often restrain their strongest appetites & inclinations and practice much Self denial, yet upon the whole they have more enjoyment than those who have no end at all {nor act by any rule} but suffer themselves to be carried away by the present prevailing inclination." [etc.] example: dog made for chase, etc. 4r (p. 7): "When I divide mankind into those who steadily pursue some end and those who have no End, I do not mean that there can be no middle Character made up of both." [etc.] "We are now to explain as distinctly as we can the Nature of the Moral Faculty or Conscience. 1 It appears to be common to all Mankind when grown up. 2 We have by it certain original Notions or Ideas we could not have any other way. 3 Certain Original & Natural Judgments which are the foundations of all our reasonings about right and wrong. 4 This faculty therefore does not consist barely in having certain agreable ir disagreable Sensations when we reflect upon Actions. Approbation and disapprobation imply Judgment. 5 By this faculty we not onely reflect u< pon our Past conduct but pass judgment upon our actions before they are done. 6 Moral Qualities belong strictly and properly not to actions but to agents and {the object of} moral approbation & disapprobation is not properly actions but Agents. 7 Conscience is not onely a Judge of our Actions but a Judge Principle of Action." "Feb 1 1765", on 4v (p. 8). "8 Our {natural} judgments with regard to virtue and Vice as well as our Judgments with regard to Speculative Truth may be greatly perveerted by Education Example Habit {by false Religion}, and by the predominancy of particular passions and Affections. Instances of this." [etc.] "Such Perversion of Moral Judgments is not absolutely without remedy. Calm dispassionate Judgment. Change of Persons. Connexion with other Moral Sentiments." "Feb 5 1765", on 4v-5r (p. 8-9). "Having premised these things with regard to the Nature of our Moral Faculty, we proceed to consider those Qualifications both in the Agent and in the Action which are necessary to make them objects of Moral Approbation or disapprobation. 1 The Agent must be a being capable of discerning between Moral good and Evil. Brutes, Infants, Idiots excluded by this Rule. 2 The Agent must have so much power over his own Actions as that they may properly be said to be his, otherways they cannot be the object of Moral approbation or disapprobation. There is no principle of Morality more evident than that a man can neither deserve to be punished for what he could not help nor rewarded for what he could not hinder. It is agreed on all hands that what is not in a mans power cannot be imputed to him. But what is it that may be properly said to be in our power. 1 Everything that depends upon our will. 2 What if the will is necessarly determined by motives are such volitions imputable. It would seem not. In a bad Action the strength of the temptation lessens the guilt, it would seem therefore that if the temptation was invincible the guilt is taken away. An action is not imputable therefore where there is no will to do it no Intention." [etc.] "Temptations of some kinds alleviate a crime much more than temptations of another Nature." [etc.] "How far the Judgment of the Agent with regard to an Action influences the Merit or demerit of it. 1 If we judge it to be bad this makes it to be bad. 2 If we judge it to be good when it is really bad. Moralists commonly make distinctions with regard to the cause of the wrong judgment. They observe that this wrong Judgment may proceed from ignorance of the Law or of the Fact. But this Distinction although it is a real distinction gives little light to the Question now under Consideration. It is more to the purpose to observe as most writers have observed that Ignorance whether it be of the Law or of the Fact may be distinguished into that which is invincible, which no care or attention could have prevented and that which is vincible." "Feb 6 1765", on 5r (p. 9). "Q whether moral Character consists chiefly in right Affections and Actions are the Objects of our Approbation onely as they are evidences of good Affections." "Feb 7 1765", on 5r-v (pp. 9-10). 5r (p. 9): "Whether every Action deserving Moral approbation must be done from a perswasion of its being morally good. Arg 1 That conscience or the Moral faculty is a power by which when we reflect upon our own Actions or those of others, we have an agreable Sensation from the review of those actions which proceed from certain principles such as justice humanity Gratitude & the like and to this agreable Sensation we give the Name of Moral Approbation. Ans 1. We have before endeavoured to show that by our moral Faculty we not onely reflect upon our Actions after they are done but pass Judgment upon them before they are done. 2 [del] Moral Approbation is not barely an agreable Sensation that results from the view of an Action: it is apower of Judging. Arg 2 We approve of certain [del] {actions and dispositions} without considering whether the Agent does those Actions from a Sense of Duty or not. An 1 Such actions {and dispositions} are lovely even when do< ne without any perswasion of their being good. We love them in Children & even in Brutes. 2 In Men who have a Moral Nature they cannot be separated from the perswasion <..> Good." 5v (p. 10): "Arg 3 Virtue consists in acting according to Nature that is agreably to the Nature and constitution of the Agent. Ans although it is true that Every virtuous Action may be in a proper Sense be said to be agreable to the Nature and Constitution of Man yet it cannot be said that every Action that is agreable to its Nature and constitution <is virtuous>. Arg 4. The Metaphysical Argument Ans 1 It proves to much. 2 It goes upon a false hypothesis that [del] {moral good and ill} are not qualities that are really and properly inherent in Actions and have no dependance upon the Nature or qualifications of the Agent. But it is to be observed that an Action can have no {separate} Existence of its own nor can it be the Subject of Qualities." "Feb 8 1765", on 5v-6r (pp.10-11). 5v (p. 10): "Q Whether the [Esteem we pay]del {Respect we pay to} Riches Power & Rank {Intellectual Qualities or External Endowments} be of the same kind with Moral Approbation. There is some confusion & perplexity in the ancient Systems owing to confounding these two things as if they were of the same kind and differed onely in degree. The Peripateticks giving the name of good to every thing which human Nature desires for its own Sake distinguished goods into three kinds the goods of the Body, of Fortune, & of Mind." [etc.] "The Stoicks who had the highest Respect for Virtue were offended at its being placed in the Same Category with pleasure or any of those things which are called the goods of the body, or of fortune. But being possessed with the same general Notion that good is the onely object of human desire and Pursuit, were thereby led {to hold} that pleasure Riches Ease were at all Good or their contraries evil. In both thse Systems the terms Good and Evil were vague and comprehended under them things so totally of different kind that they cannot be reduce under one generical name they agree onely in this that they are all objects of Desire. 6r (p. 11): "Mr Hume makes every Quality usefull {or agreable} to ourselves or to others to be of the same Nature with Virtue and to be entitled to that name according to the degree of its Utility and agreableness." "Feb 11 1765", on 6r-7r (pp. 11-13). "Feb 12 1765", on 7r (p. 13). "Feb 13 1765", on 7r-v (pp. 13-14). "Feb 14 1765", on 7v (p. 14). "Feb 15 1765", on 7v-8r (pp. 14-15). Space break on the lower half of 8r. "Feb 19 1765", on 8v (p. 16). 2131/8/III/03It were to be wished that a Subject of so great importance as Morals is to the happiness both of Individuals and of human Society in general, Had not been involved in so many thorny Disputes and Meytaphysical Subtleties; by means of which it hath very probably happened that many who have thought much and wrote much on this Subject, have not by that means made better men themselves nor have their writings had any tendency to make other men better.[The Question concerning the Nature of Virtue, he observes has necessarly some influence upon our Notions of Right and wrong in many particular cases, but that concerning the principlee of approbation can have no such Effect]del. It evident [catchphrase: text continues on 8/III/2, 1r].:Between "Jan 28 1765" (see 1r) and "Feb 19 1765" (see 8v).3r (p. 5): Cicero (on margin, quotation from "Offic 1.28"). 3v (p. 6): Hume (quotation). 4v (p. 8): Hume, Locke, Hutcheson. 5r (p. 9): Hutcheson (on margin), Hume. 5v (p. 10): Clarke, Hume Hutcheson 6r (p. 11): Hume. Type: lecture on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow. 1r-v, cancelled. On 2r (p. 3), margin: "This lecture immediately follows the Explication of our Moral Faculty & the Analysis of it into Judgment, Affection & feeling. The Intention of this Lecture is to make Observations upon the Meaning of Words and Phrases that have <been> used by Philosophers in the different Accounts they have given of the Theory of Morals." On 2r (p. 3): "[Whether Moral Obligation is Discerned by reason or<  by Sentiment]del. In every part of human Knowledge we have reason to complain of the Ambiguity of Words, but in none more than in the Science of Morals." [etc.] "Let us first consider what is meant by Reason in this Question, & we shall find that the different Parties affix quite different meanings to this Word & by that means seem to differ more than they really do." [etc.] 2v (p. 4): "According to this Account of the meaning of the word Reason it may be distinguished into two parts or branches; the first is meerly Speculative, by which our {speculative} Opinions are governed the second is practical, & directs us in our Conduct. The second branch may be again subdivided into two; for we may either {enquire} what are the Means conducive to such an end or we Enquire whether the End itself is eligible & of different Ends which is most eligible. In order to avoid ambiguity as much as possible we may give the Name of Prudence to that Power by which we discern the fitness of Means to an End. The Name of Wisdom to that Power by which we judge of Ends either absolutely or in comparison one with another. And we shall call that Speculative reason which is employed meerly about speculative Opinions." [etc.] "The Question may be put Whether we ought to give the Name of Reason to all these Powers, considering them as one and the same Power applyed to different Purposes, or whether the name of Reason should be applied to one or two of them but not to the third. I think every man must acknowledge this to be a Question about Words." 3r (p. 5): "Philosophers ought to reverence the common Language much more than they have commonly done." [etc.] 3v (p. 6): "Here add M pag 11", reference to addition marked as "M" on 6r (p. 11). 3v (p. 6):"I conceive therefore that we speak with perfect propriety when we say, that a Man who pursues the noblest and worthiest ends, acts according to Reason; when we say that it is by common Sense and reason that we discern what is Right and what is wrong in Human Conduct." [etc.] 4r (p. 7): "If therefore we seek for the Place of Moral Obligation among the Categories I conceive it may be referred to the Categorie of Relation, providing the Related things are conceived to be the Agent and the Action to which he is obliged. But it gives not light to the Nature of Moral Obligation to say that it is a Relation of Things, for this may be applyed as well to similitude Contrariety equality & a hundred other Relations which have not the least similitude to moral Obligation or to one another." 4v (p. 8): "Having Considered the Phraseology on one side of this intricate Question let us next consider that on the other. Mr Hume in treating of this Question uses the Words Sentiment immediate feeling & finer internal sense as equivalent. As to the Word Sense I find two Definitions of it in Dr Hutcheson one is "a Determination of the Mind to receive any Idea from the presence of an Object which occurs to us, independent [of the]del {on our} Will" This Definition Enquiry pag 113 Seems to be agreable to Lockes Notion of the Word, who refers all our Ideas to Senses either the external Senses, or reflexion which he says may very properly be called an Internal Sense. Now according to this definition of a Sense our Moral faculty must certainly be a Sense for we have by it Ideas nay simple Ideas altogether of their own kind Right and Wrong ought and ought not are simple Notions which I think have defeated all the Attempts of Philosophers to Analyse them. But I conceive if we adopt this Definition of a Sense we shall find a Multitude of Senses in the human Mind which have not yet got {the} Name {of} Senses Equality Similitude and innumerable others are Ideas which we are determined to receive from Objects that occur to us independent on our Will. And if {our Determinations to receive} these Notions are [got by]del {so many different} Senses I know of no harm that can arise from imputing {the Idea of} moral Obligation to a power that has the same Name, & that agrees to the Definition of a Sense. {According to this Definition {Reason} itself will be < a Sense. Memory will be a Sense}. Another Definition which Dr Hutcheson gives of a Sense is that it is a Determination to be pleased with any Forms or Ideas that occur to our Observation. Now it surely cannot be denied that we have a Determination to be pleased with Virtue to be displeased with Vice in ourselves or in others. There must be a Moral Sense according to this definition. But are we not pleased with {the gratification of] every want or desire reasonable or unreasonable." [etc.] 5r (p. 9): "Proceed to N p 11", reference to part mark as "N" on 6r-v (pp. 11-12). Cancelled part, on 5r-v (pp. 9-10). On top of 6r (p. 11), addition marked as "M" to be added to 3v (p. 6). After addition marked as "M", part marked as "N": "Let us next consider the Words Sentiment {immediate} Feeling finer internal Sense. Feeling is a Word of very Extensive Signification, & may be applied not onely to every Sensation we have by means of our external Senses and to every bodily pain and pleasure, but likewise to [every thing that]del {what is} is agreable or uneasy in every operation of the mind." [etc.] "So that Feeling includes all that is meant both by Happiness and Misery. No man can enjoy any degree of Happiness [without feeling it]del or suffer any degree of Misery without feeling it. For with regard to happiness and Misery we may justly say {in the language of the Schools} that its esse is sentiri that is that it cannot be where it is not felt." [etc.] "When our Feelings are distinguished into mediate & immediate the onely meaning I can put upon this Distinction is this: That certain feelings are produced in our Minds by unknown Causes, so that no thought that preceeded the feeling seems to have any connexion with it or to have given occasion to it. This is the case with regard to bodily pains." [etc.] 6v (p. 12): "In like Manner the agreable feeling occasioned by a fragrant Smell or any other pleasure of the external Senses may be called immediate as there is no antecedent operation of Mind that can be called the Cause or Occasion of it. Or if we should suppose a Man from some cause unknown suddenly to feel an elevation or depression of his Spirits this might be called an immediate feeling. But when the Cause or Occasion of the Feeling is evidently preceived in some preceeding thought operation of the Mind; there I conceive we ought not to call the feeling immediate. We can shew something which introduced it into the Mind, & by what means it came there." [etc.] Bottom of 6v (p. 12): "But I humbly conceive that according to this Distinction our Moral Feelings, that is those which accompany Approbation and Disapprobation do not belong to the Class of immediate Feelings. For a Mans approbation of an Action either in himself or in another must depend upon the Opinion he has of the Action. While he conceives it to have worth & merit it is an object of approbation but can be so no longer than he entertains that Opinion." On the right margin, on 6v (p. 12): "So that it seems evident that to resolve our moral determinations into immediate feeling is to exclude from them all Judgment or opinion. As to the Word Sentiment I conceive it is most Properly applied to those Notions or opinions which are interesting on account of some Agreable or uneasy feelings which always accompany them. We speak of Sentiments of Respect of Esteem, of Gratitude; but the uneasy feeling of the Gout or toothach<e> is not called a sentiment . The French indeed use the Word Sentiment to express any kind of Sensation. But the English Word Sentiment is as far as I have been able to observe, never used but to express such Sensations or feelings as imply Judgment or Opinion." Marginalia: 2r (p. 3), left. 3r (p. 5), left. 5r (p. 9), left. 6r (p. 11), left. 6v (p. 12), right. 2131/8/III/041r-7r[Whether Moral Obligation is discerned by Reason or by Sentiment? Although I do not think that this is a Question meerly about Words, and that those who have taken the opposite Sides have really the very same Opinion; Yet it must be acknowledged that after alll that has been wrote on [this < Question]del {it}, the Words Reason & Sentiment have not been {so} distinctly explained that the antagonists [in this question]del have affixed the same Notions to them]del.Type: part of a lecture on Ethics (Speculative Ethics). It continues from 8/III/5, 1v. Place of origin: Glasgow; date: undetermined. After Incipit: "The Human Mind may be compared to a very complex Machine which has many Springs or principles of Motion some leading one way, some another, sometimes concurring and sometimes jarring among themselves or leading contrary ways and some intended by Nature to regulate and govern the whole Machine." [Explicit follows]. Lower half of 7r, blank.7r[...] especially that which we call the Moral Faculty, for upon the right understanding of its Nature and Relation to the other Powers of the Mind the whole Theory of Morals depends. [It continues from 8/III/5, 1v]WWe have in the first place {especially} in Infancy various instincts [interrupted text]3 Lord Kames.Type: reading notes from a book by Lord Kames (which book? "The Elements of Criticism"? "The Sketches of the History of Man"?). Place of origin: most likely, Glasgow; date: unknown.7vAn Internal Motion or Agitation of the Mind when it passeth away without Desire, is denominated an Emotion: When Desire follows it is denominated a Passion.mP 6 The Resemblance of Emotions to their Causes. P 7 Final Causes of the more frequent Emotions and Passions.,From L. Kaims Account of Emotions & Passions4"8v (p. 18): Cicero ("de Legibus").8v (p. 18): "Farther Reflexions upon this System to be added to these of Feb 11 {1765}", reference to lecture on 8/III/3, 6r-7r (pp. 11-12). On 8v (p. 18): "See a passage in Cicero de Legibus pag 18 &", reference to a quotation from Cicero's "De Legibus" on 8/III/2, 1v (p. 18).Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow. Date: the lecture beginning from the middle of 8r (p. 17) bears the date "Feb 14 1769". After the Incipit: "This Judgment we observed to be of a peculiar kind. & therefore it may be called moral judgment. We shall now consider more particularly the Nature of our Moral Judgments, that we may have the more distinct understanding of the true Theory of Morals. We express our approbation of an Action by saying that the Agent ought to do it our disapprobation by saying that he ought not to do it. Every moral Judgment expresses a certain Relation between the Agent and the Action. This Relation is not to be defined because simple and of its own kind, although perfectly understood. In this as in all other Relations there are certain qualities & circumstances of the Related things that is of the Agent and the Action which are necessary to {ground or} constitute this Relation so that it may be said with propriety and truth that such an Agent ought to do such an Action. 1 The Agent must be intelligent & a Moral Agent. Inanimate things. Infants Brutes Idiots and Madmen incapable of moral obligation. 2 He must have access to know his obligation Ignorance vincible invincible. 3 He must have power to do it. 4 He must Will the doing of it. 5 He must do it from the consideration of its being his duty." "Feb 14 1769" [on the left margin] "Let us next consider some of these [circumstances relating to]del {qualities} <of> the Actions that render them the object of Moral Approbation or Disapprobation. As Approbation and Disapprobation are Contrary in their Nature, it may be expected that the qualities that are the object of the one and of the other should also be contrary. And this is indeed the Case." [etc.] "1 [...] There are some Actions just and others unjust. The first are allways the object of approbation the last of disapprobation. 2 Some Generous others base & ungenerous. 3 Some Great & Magnanimous others mean. 4 Some are decent others indecent 5 Some are prudent others foolish & imprudent." On 8v (p. 18): "There is more merit in Generosity than in Justice Yet where these come in competition Justice must be preferred There is more merit in Generosity than in Gratitude Yet where these come in competition an<  act of Gratitude is to be preferred [...] The Moral Qualities we ascribe to Actions do in strict propriety belong to the Agents. The Moral Faculty is a Principle of Action & in every good Man the Governing Principle. Theories of Morals employed either in analyzing Virtue or in Analyzing the Sentiments of Approbation & Disapprobation. The Effect of attempting to analyse things that are simple and do not admit of Analysis. The Selfish System. Farther Reflexions upon this System to be added to these of Feb 11 {1765} 4 This System seems to put the best and the worst Men too much upon a level. The very best Men & the very worst have one and the same End in View according to this System, that is their own Happiness. Nor is it pretended that good Men love themselves more really or heartily than bad men do. There can therefore be no other difference in their Characters than this that the good man understands wherein his happiness really consists and judges right with regard to the means of obtaining it. Whereas bas men though they have the same End in view judge wrong with regard to the Means of attaining it. Upon this Supposition the onely difference between them seems to be that one man has better understanding than another. But this according to the best principles of Morals is rather a Misfortune than a fault. For when a Man has but one end in View and no other principle of Action to draw him aside he will surely use the means to attain that end according to the best of his skill and understanding. And if in this case he makes a wrong Choice of the Means he is rather an object of pity than blame. {See a passage in Cicero de Legibus pag 18 &} [reference to a quotation from Cicero's "De Legibus" on 8/III/2, 1v (p. 18)]. [etc.] "7 This System can never be reconciled to that Strugle [sic] & conflict men often feel in their own breasts between contrary Principles of Action. If we were acted onely by one Principle there would be no conflict." [Explicit follows]. Marginalia: 8r (p. 17), left. 8v (p. 18), right.8r-v}From what we have observed with regard to our Moral faculty it follows that in all its operations there is judgment included.Thus if an Elector is resolved to sell his vote to the highest Bidder, there remains no conflict in his Mind his way is clear but when honour draws him one Way Interest another & friendship a third he is | [on the right margin] he feels a strugle [sic] within which can never happen to the Man who is acted upon by one single Principle & measures all his actions by one Standart. This System reduces all the Virtues to one that of Prudence {& Even} This Prudence is onely Employed in purveying for our own Pleasure or Happiness. And indeed the Noblest Part of this Virtue is cut of by which we deliberate about the ends we are to pursue; for if this System be just we neither have nor can have any End but one.@On 8r (p. 17), on the middle of the page, margin: "Feb 14 1769"."Type: lecture, part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow. Date: "Feb 8 1769" (top left corner). Subject: introductory lecture; distinction between a theoretical and a practical part of morals; reasons why there is agreement in the practical part, and disputes in the theoretical part; analogy with vision and the theory of vision; advantages for practical ethics of a right understanding of the theory of morals. It continues on 8/III/4, 7r. After Incipit: "These two Parts are indeed of a quite Different Nature & built upon different Principles. The practical part is built upon the obvious dictates of that Power of the Human Mind which is commonly called the Moral Faculty {or Conscience}, pointing out to us what is right and what is wrong in Human Conduct. And in this all Men agree. The Theory of Morals is grounded upon a distinct and accurate Knowledge of the Nature of this Moral Faculty & of its Relations to the other Powers of the Human Mind, particularly our Active Powers. The Theory of Morals therefore is in reality a part of Pneumatology & indeed one of the most difficult parts of it: Its object is not to find out what is < Right and what is wrong in human Conduct, but to discover & to analyze those Powers of the Mind by which we judge of Right and wrong. We may illustrate the Difference between these two part of Ethicks by this Example. Men very generally agree with regard to the objects of Sight, that this is white, that black, and another thing of such another Colour. But notwithstanding this general agreement with regard to the Objects of Sight they may differ very much in their Theories of Vision, about the Structure of the Eye & the Manner in which it makes us see {those} Objects. Mens different opinions with regard to the manner or Theory of Vision do not in the least weaken the testimony of their Eyesight in which they agree. Now there is in the Mind of Man a Moral Eye by which we discern that some things in the human Conduct are in | themselves Right laudable, and amiable, other things base and detestable; and that with no less clearness & certainty than we see some things to be white & others black. And with regard to the Objects of this moral Eye men are almost as unanimous as with regard to the objects of the other. But Philosophers want to dissect and Anatomize this Moral Power, to discover its constitution and the manner of its Operation. It is this Dissection and Analysis of the Moral Power that is called the Theory of Morals and about this men differ exceedingly. They must indeed always do so while the Anatomy of the human Mind is so little understood. As a Man may have a very good Eyesight who knows nothing at all of the Anatomy of the Eye & the Theory of Vision: So a Man may have very clear and distinct Perception of what is Right and what is wrong in Conduct who knows nothing at all of the Theory of Morals. We ought not however to conclude from this that the Speculative part of Morals is of no Use, & therefore deserves to be altogether despised and thrown aside. I am so far from thinking so; being perswaded that in every part of Knowledge as false Theories or Errors in Speculation lead to errors in practice, so on the other hand just Theories will allways be found to bring advantage. To carry on the Similitude between the Theory of Vision & that of Morals we see that a just Theory of Vision has enabled men to invent Optical Glasses of various Kinds by which our Eyesight may be greatly improved. In like manner a Just Theory of Morals may be expected to give us new Light even the practical Part." [Explicit follows]. 2131/8/III/05oWe have divided Ethicks or Moral Philosophy into two General [Branches]del {Parts} a Theoretical & a Practical: and have endeavoured to shew the Reason why while Men have been more unanimous with regard to the practical Part of Morals than they have been in any other Branch of Science, they have at the Same time Differed so much with regard to the Theory of Morals.3I proposed therefore first to consider the Theoretical or Speculative part of Morals and in order to give as distinct a View of this as I can, to review the various Springs of Action in the human Mind both of those of an Inferior Nature & the leading principles especially that [it continues on 8/III/4, 7r]Top left corner: "Feb 8 1769".Type: lecture on Pneumatology or Speculative Ethics, Glasgow. Date: "Decr 28 1768" (on top left corner). Subjects: will (deliberation, purpose or resolution). Marginalia: 1v, right. After the Incipit: "These I think may be reduced to three Deliberation, Purpose or Resolution with regard to some future Action or Conduct & thirdly Action itself or the Execution of what was resolved upon. 1 Deliberation. This includes operations of the Understanding but it is most properly referred to the Will as it must be voluntary and is in many cases necessary in order to our making a right choice in our Actions. I speak here of that Deliberation which {is} held in order to determine how we are to act in any particular case. We deliberate onely about those things which we conceive to be in our Power." [etc.] "To Deliberate likewise supposes {that the Mind is in a State} <of> Suspense with regard to that {about} which we deliberate,<  for to pretend to deliberate after we have come to a Resolution what part we are to act is meer Hypocrisy. Yet it is to be observed that Deliberation does not suppose that the Mind has no greater Inclination to one side than the other, or that the motives of one Side do not even previous to deliberation appear more weighty than those on the other. In no case is Deliberation more necessary than when we are violently impelled by some passion to an action that may have very serious Consequences." [etc.] 1v: "[...] every Determination of the {human} Will must either be right or wrong or indifferent." [etc.] Various defects in deliberation. "2 Purpose or Resolution. This is the Natural Result of Deliberation when the thing is not to be done presently but at some distance of time. {Purpose is an Act of the Will}. A Purpose may regard a particular Action or a General Scheme of Life. Particular Purpose may continue till it be execute<d> but no longer. A General Purpose may continue through Life. Therefore all Acts of the Will are not transient & Momentary." [End follows]. 2131/8/III/06I shall now explain the various Acts or Operations of Mind which properly belong to the Will taken in that Strict Sense in which I have explained it.sAll the Virtues are general fixed Purposes. These constitute the Character. Distinction between Character & Temper. Top left corner: "Decr 28 1768". 1r: Butler.Type: lecture on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow. Date: "Feb 27 1769" (on top left corner). Subjects: final lecture on the Theory of Morals. Recapitulation of the course. 2131/8/III/07nI shall now Conclude what I have to say upon the Theory of Morals with some General Reflexions upon the whole.When we say that men ought or ought not to do such things, these expressions are proper and need not to make them intelligible be analysed into some strange circumlocution of which no similar example can be given in Language.Top left corner: "Feb 27 1769".HVarious authors and sources mentioned. See below additional information.QType: uncertain. It can be part of the lectures on Speculative Ethics. Compare also with AP, E V, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 638-639. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: axioms of morality or first principles of morals (from the second one to the fourth one), with quotations from authors and authorities who hold them. After Incipit: "Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri non feceres. A maxim taught by Zoroaster to the Persian Magi, by Confucius. Martin Hist Sinica Lib 1 ch 25. By the Inca Mango Capac. Garcias de la Vega History of the Incas Lib 1 ch 21. By Hobbes De cive [Lib 3]del chap 3 # 26. [Greek quotation] Isocrat in Nicoch (?) Luke 7.12 Whatsoever ye would &c." "Ax 3 That course of Conduct which is agreable to the whole Constitution of our Nature & to the Intention of him that made us is Right the Contrary wrong. How far Virtue is a Life according to Nature. The Utility of knowing the Constitution of human Nature. [quotations in Latin and Greek] Pers. 3.66 Discite, o miseri, & causas cognoscite rerum [...] Cicero de Offic. Lib 1 ch 28. Duplex enim est vis animorum [...]" "Ax 4 That Course of Conduct which tends to the preservation and happiness of Human Society is Right the Contrary wrong. Man Born for Society. His Strength & Safety lyes in Society. Without which he would not be a Match even for the Wild Beasts. Men Members of one Body. Ut preclare scriptum est a Platone, Non nobis solum nati sumus [...] 5v: "Seneca de Benef. 4.18. Nam quo alio tuti sumus, quam quod mutuis juvamur Officiis? [...] Id de Ira Lib 2.31. Quid si nocere volent manus pedibus, manibus oculi? [...]"5r-v~Ax 2 What we approve in the Conduct of others we ought to practise in like circumstances & to avoid what we condemn in others.ESalva autem esse Societas, sine Amore et custodia partium non potest. Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow. It follows lecture of December 28 1768 on 8/III/6 (on 8/III/6, he considers deliberation and resolution; between 8/III/6 and this MS, there should be a lecture on action). < Date: "Jan 3 [illegible because paper has been torn, but most likely 1769]" (on top left corner). Subjects: principles of action (instinct, habit, appetite). After Incipit: "We are next to consider the antecedents of Volition, by which I mean the various Motives Inducements {and Reasons} that dispose a man to will one action rather than another. If the human Mind were so constituted tha no one Action appeared preferable {to} another, no one thing more eligible than another; The mind, placed in such a State of perfect Equilibrium & Indifference, would either will nothing at all, or its determinations would be perfectly capricious, no one action could be said to be more reasonable than another. Reason would have nothing to do in our Conduct, nor would the Power of willing and acting apear to have been given for any End. But the Constitution of human Nature is {in every part of it wise and consistent} [for different]del. That wise and benevolent being who gave us Active Power for certain Ends, has also given us Principles to direct this Power & to point out its End. We may give the Name of active Principles {or Springs of Action} to every Principle in the Human Mind that incites to any kind of Action. The Principles or Springs of Action in the Mind are so many annd often so complicated & interwoven one wiith another, that it is one of the most difficult parts of Pneumatologie to explain and arrange them. This Difficulty is increased by the ambiguity of Language." [etc.] 1r-v: "We shall therefore as far as we can use the common Words on this Subject & point out the meaning which we affix to them. And if we should give a meaning to them more enlarged or more restrained than is sometimes given even | by good writers I conceive this cannot be avoided in treating this Subject philosophically and therefore ought to be excused. As there are Some Operationsof the Understanding common to us & the Brutes, there are in like manner some Springs of Action common to both. Of this Kind particularly are 1 Instincts. By Instinct I mean a {natural} blind Impulse to some kind of Action without any Deliberation or Reflection without having any end in View." [etc.] Various exemples. "2 Habits. These differ from Instincts chiefly in this that they are not Natural but acquired. Walking Riding Exercises Arts. It may justly be doubted whether there is any Volition in these things that are done meerly from Instinct or from habit. Not accompanied with uneasy or agreable Sensations. Not properly human Actions x [asterisc reffering to right margin]. 3 Appetites are Uneasy Sensations accompanied with a craving or desire of some Object which by nature <is> adapted to satiate them. Appetites not Constant but Periodical. When the Desire is [text, interrupted]." Right margin: "I do not mention Instincts & Habits as the Springs of Voluntary Actions, for Actions proceeding meerly either from Instinct or from habit can hardly be called voluntary Action or if the will be at all concerned in them it is a blind impulse which cannot with Propriety be called a Motive. For we give the Name of Motive {to any Actions} to s<ome>thing which is understood [a Reason]del by the Agent and is conceived to be a reason fro doing that Action rather than forbearing it." 2131/8/III/08}We have considered Volition and its Consequents, that is human Actions which [follow]del {depend} upon our Will[ing them]del.MAppetites not Constant but Periodical. When the Desire is [interrupted text].VTop left corner: "Jan 3 [illegible because paper has been torn, but most likely 1769]"Type: introductory lecture to the course on Pneumatology. Two drafts, one from 1769, the other from 1770. Place of origin: Glasgow. Date: first draft, on upper half of 1r bears the date "Oct 10 1769". The second draft, which continues the first one, bears the date "Oct 10 1770". Subjects: advice to the students on how to follow the course on Pneumatology with profit. After the Incipit: "The two last depend so much upon the first that they must borrow their Principles from it and therefore I begin with Pneumatology." "Oct<  10 1770" [on left margin] "The Subject of my Prelections being of an abstract Nature, very close attention will be necessary {on your part if you would profit by them} [tho those who would understand them]del." [etc.] 2131/8/III/09I intend in this Lecture to give a general View of the Subject of my Morning Prelections which is threefold Pneumatology, Ethics, Politicks.And I am well assured that those who do not write well make very small progress, and will have but indistinct and superificial Notions of what they hear..1r, left margin: "Oct 10 1769", "Oct 10 1770".Clarke, Wollaston, Shaftesbury.zType: most likely, part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), from Glasgow. Date: undetermined. Subjects: criticism of the systems of Clarke, Wollaston, and Shaftesbury. After Incipit: "Virtue according to Dr Clark & his adherents consists in acting according to the Relations of Things, according to the Truth of Things, according to the real Nature of Things, according to the fitness of Things, according to Reason, According to Propriety. Now when we take these Phrases in the most favourable Light. They do indeed include all that is called Virtue but they include a great deal more, and therefore tend to confound Virtuous actions with those which proceed meerly from sagacity & right judgment." [etc.] Examples: farmer, physician, architect, artisan, tailor, shoemaker. "In like manner If a Man should seriously address his discourse to the Rocks or the Groves & beg their assistance in any distress, as they say Lovers sometimes do. We might very justly say that he acted contrary to Reason & to the Nature of Things but such an Action would not be esteemed a Crime but rather a folly or Phrenzy. Certain Actions may be said reasonable others unreasonable. This may be applied both to actions that have an End and to Actions done upon their own Account. Actions that have an End are reasonable in as far as they are proper Means in Order to that End. Actions that have no End are Reasonable in as far as we are prompted to them by any principle of our Nature & see nothing to hinder in our doing them. There may be reasonable Actions of both these kinds that are not virtuous & unreasonable ones that are not vicious." [Explicit follows]. 2131/8/III/10*As that System which places Virtue solely in disinterested Benevolence narrows the foundation of Virtue too Much So all the three Systems of S. Clarke, Wollaston & Shaftesbury make the foundation too broad and lead us to ascribe Virtue or moral Worth to actions no wise intitled to that Character.It is therefore a bad definition of Virtue to say that it is acting according to Reason, because though every Virtuous Action is according to Reason Yet every Action that is aggreable to Reason in Not virtuous.EReflexions on Dr Clark's & Wollastons System of the Theory of Morals.3r (p. 5): Zeno, Socrates, Plato, Epictetus, Arrian, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Juvenal (quotation, "Juvenal in his 10 Satyre Nil ergo optabunt [...]"). 4v: Cicero (quotation, "de Legibus 2. Sit igitur [...]"), Shaftesbury, Newton.Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics). Glasgow, 1766-1768. Subjects: duties to God; duties to ourselves. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 117-132. Dates: 1r (p. 1): "March 7 1766". 3v: "March 10 1767" (with adjoining heading: "Fortitude"). 4r: "March 8 1768". 5r: "March 10 1766". 5v: March 11 1766". Marginalia: 1r (p. 1): left. 1v (p. 2): "2", left, horizontal. 2r (p. 3): "3", left, horizontal. 2v (p. 4): left, continuing on 5r, left. 6r: left. 6v: left. 2131/8/IV/02 As all that Duty we owe to God must be grounded upon just sentiments, [his perfections & universal Government], Our first Duty must be to endeavour by the best use of our Reason to attain just [sentiments]del {Notions} of him, his perfections and Universal Government.It is easy to see the End of every Appetite and Passion God has implanted in us And this End should be made the Measure of them beyond which they are not to be indulged.[Between 1766 and 1768]'Of the Duty we owe to the Supreme Being4v:<  Terence (on margin).Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, March 1769. Subjects: duties to ourselves; duties to others (justice). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 133-139. Errata corrige: On p. 135, on margin, line 28, instead of "8/IV/3, 3v", read "8/IV/3, 2v" (insertion marked as "A", on 2v-3r (pp. 4-5), after horizontal line, to be inserted on 2r (p. 3): "see Next Page Note A"). On p. 136, on margin, line 24, instead of "8/IV/3, 4r", read "8/IV/3, 3r". On p. 136, on margin, line 43, instead of "8/IV/3, 3r", read "8/IV/3, 2r". On p. 137, on margin, line 11, instead of 8/IV/3, 3v", read "8/IV/3, 2v". Lower half of 3r, and 3v, blank. 2131/8/IV/031r-3r, and 4r-vWe have considered the Duty which we are taught by Reason to pay to the Author of our Being: This is the first part of Practical Ethicks.[...] he who has no social and benevolent Dispositions is surely Defective in one of the Noblest and best Parts of human Nature, as really Deficient in what belongs to the Nature of Man as if he were without hands and feet, {or} without the sense & Understanding of a Man.$1r, top left corner: "March 7 1769".1v: Burnet, Ellis.Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, March 1766. Subjects: natural law and natural rights. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 192-193. In Haakonseen this MS is between 7/VII/1, 1v and 7/VII/1a, 1r (Haakonssen foliation). 2131/8/IV/04}The Rights and obligations of men grounded upon the laws of Nature do not require deep or subtile reasoning to discover them.;Slight injuries to be generously passed over in many cases.%1r, top left corner: "March 19 1766".1r: Hume, Pope, Epicure., Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow, February 1765. Subjects: axioms of morality, estimate of the good and evils of life. Dates of lectures (on the left margin): 1r: "Feb 21 1765", "Feb 25", "26". 1v: "Feb 27 1765", "Feb 28". After Incipit: "This is a Governing Principle because by it we judge how far every other principle is to be gratified or checked. The two Governing principles calm in their Operation like reason the others more violent there (?) the former have Got the Name of Reason the Later of Passion. D Humes Principle that Reason is and ought to be the slave of Passion. The System of Pope. All moral Propositions must either be such whose truth is immediately perceived or such as are deduced from these. The first may be called Axioms in Morals and there are axioms in this as in all other Sciences. And it is in this way onely that morals may be reduced to a Science. 1 Ax Every man ought to pursue the real Felicity & perfection of his Nature 2. 3. &c" [see 8/III/7, 5r-v (item 2) for other axioms of morality] "Feb 25" (on the left margin) "Estimate of the goods and Evils of Life". "Compared with regard to intenseness, Duration, as they are more or less in our Power, Dignity. Connexion with other Goods or Evils. "26" (on the left margin) "Plasures of Sense." [etc.] "Enjoyed in as great degree by the wise and virtuous and those who seek them not as by the Epicure<an>. 1 A wise and good man the best Judge of the Value of those and other enjoyments. Compare the State of a pampered and luxurious Citizen with that of a handy Provincial. The Epicure<an> derives the chief part of his plasure from Social Affections which are intermixed with his Sensual Enjoyments and give relish to them. The mischiefs consequent upon immediate Sensual Gratifications." [etc.] 1v: "Feb 27" (on left margin) "Bodily pains though Evil not intollerable. If intense, short, if of long duration, more remiss {...}. Neither to be sought nor feared. Fortitude consists in superiority to pain as well as danger. The virtuous man not more Subject to bodily pain than the vicious commonly much less. How often do men in advanced life feel the sad Effects of early intemperance. On the contrary a Green Old age is for the most part the natural Effect of temperance in youth." [etc.] "The Pleasures of Taste have no pains opposed to them. Unless an affected delicacy crea< tes them." [etc.] "The conclusion from the whole is that Virtue is tha happiness and Vice the Misery of a Man. 2 It is no less easy to make it appear that Virtue tends to the happiness and prosperity of human Society and Vice to the Contrary. 3 That the final Causes of the several Parts of our Constitution point out the same Course of Life. Subordination of Principles. 4 The other immediate Judgments of our Moral Faculty are frequently of great Use in Moral Reasoning. Not onely in discerning what is morally good or ill but in discerning and distinguishing the different Species or Forms of Moral Good and ill. As Decent indecent Just Unjust Generous Ungenerous Great Mean." "Feb 28" (on the left margin) "There is no man whatsoever who does not make a distinction of Characters & actions in persons of his acquaintance and those whose Characters are represented to him in History or fable. Mixt Characters are sometimes apt to impose upon us." [Explicit follows] 2131/8/IV/05A Recapitulation of the Various Active Principles of the Human Mind 1 Subordinate 2 Governing 1 Desire of the Perfection and happiness of our Nature 2 The Moral Principle.8Fashion may likewise pervert our Judgment in some cases.[February 1765]UType: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, March 1765. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence (derived rights, the right of succession in entails, effects of entails with regard to the public). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 149-152. This MS is between 8/IV/1, 4v and 8/III/2, 2r.Derived Rights Either Real or Personal. This Distinction is grounded in Reason and has considerable Effects even by the Law of Nature.tIf I have an Estate I am capable of Judging which of my Children or [interrupted text, it continues on 8/III/2, 2r].1r, left margin: "Mar 14 1765".=Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical ethics), Glasgow, March 1769. Subjects: property. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 380, n. 11 ("it may be a snippet from one of these lectures, which has come down to us as MS. 8/IV/6, a single folio containing eight lines of text, which I print here"). After Incipit: "And what Civilians call a Real Right as distinguished from a personal is nothing else but Property of one kind or another.We have therefore endeavoured to shew how the Property of things is originally acquired by Occupation." [Explicit follows] 2131/8/IV/06ZAmong the Adventitious Rights of Mankind, that of Property bears a very considerable Rank.We have endeavoured to explain that state of negative Communion in which things usefull to human Liife are placed by the Author of Nature.!Top left corner: "March 20 1769".1v: Cicero (on margin).4Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, March 1765. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence (succession to the intestates, contracts and covenants). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 154-158. This part of the MS is to be inserted between 8/III/2, 2v and 4/III/4, 1r. Dates, on left margin, and headings. 1r: "March 19 1765" (with adjoining heading, on the centre "Of Succession to the Intestate"). 1v: "Contracts and Covenants". 1v: "Mar 20". 2r: "Mar 21". Marginalia: 1v, left. 2v, left, horizontal. 2131/8/IV/07Of Succession to the Intestate. The most early Custom {in most Nations} seems to have been that Children who were not foris familiate Succeeded their father and that rather as continuing {in} the possession of the Goods of the family than by any other Right.The turpitude of those Actions is so manifest as to admit of no disguise. Every man is affronted in the highest degree by the inputation of them and is conscious of his being ill used and injured by those who impose upon him by means [interrupted text, it continues on 4/III/4, 1r]. [March 1765]=1v (Haakonssen, margin): Vattel. 2r (Haakonseen, 1r): Vattel.IType: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, May 1766. Subjects: rights and duties of states, war. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 264-68. This M< S is between 7/VII/23, 4v and 7/VII/22, 1r. Beginning on 2r (Haakonssen, 1r): "We have considered the Right which the different Parts of a Political body or State have with regard to one another, and began to enter upon the Rights that are competent to different States in their Intercourse with each other in natural Liberty." [etc.] 2r, left margin, addendum to text on 2r. 1r-v, addenda to text on 2r-v. 2131/8/IV/08Laws of War with regard to the Enemy while in Arms. To be killed or taken prisoners or put to flight. Treatment of Prisoners, of the wounded.mOf the dissolution of the political Union of a part of a State with the whole. Of the dissolution of a State.32r (Haakonssen, 1r), top left corner: "May 2 1766".Q3r: Juvenal (on the margin, "Juv. At Vindicta bonum [...] Satura 13 lin 180 &c").Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, March-April 1765. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence (contracts, rights arising from the delinquencies of others); duties to others, individuals in oeconomical jurisprudence (marriage relation, parental relation). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 166-172. This part of the MS is between 4/III4, 2v and 8/IV/10, 1r. Dates on the left margin, and headings. 3r: "Mar 25"", "Mar 26", "Mar 27", "Mar 28", "Apr 1". 4r: "May 2 1771", "Apr 2" (with the adjoining heading, on the centre, "Book 2 of the Rights & Duties arising from the Domestick Relations. 1 Of the Marriage Relation"). 4v: "Apr 3" (with the adjoining heading, on the centre, "Of the Parental Relation"), "Apr 4". Heading: "Of the Relation of Masters and Servants". On 3r, left margin, quotation from Juvenal marked as "A" to be added to 3v. Last passage on 4v, marked with asterisc, to be added on top of the page.3r-4vBContracts 1 Beneficent 1 Mandatum 2 Commodatum & mutuum gratuitum.2 Nature points out the parents as the Persons to whom this b<l>essing is committed not onely by their being the instruments of the Childs being brought into the World but chiefly by the Natural Affection planted in their breasts.)[March-April 1765; an addition from 1771]a3r: Socrates, Filmer, Leslie, Atterbury, Sidney, Locke, Milton, Hoadly. 3v: Confucius, Zoroaster.Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, April 1765. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in political jurisprudence. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 173-181. Dates of lectures. 1r, left: "Apr 9 1765". 1v, right: "Apr 10". 2v, left: "Apr 11". 3, left: "Apr 12", "Apr 15". On 1r, passages highilighted by vertical line on the left, marked as "A", and "B": used as addenda to lectures of April 1766, on 8/IV/9. 2131/8/IV/10We have considered the Rights and Duties arising from the several Relations of the Domestick State. And it now remains that we consider the Rights and duties that arise from the political state or that of Civil Government.And as there is all ways a Right corresponding to every obligation it will follow that States have Rights belonging to the Community of a Similar Nature with those which belong to individuals.01/04/00001765!1v: Picart, Euclid. 2r: McLaurin.Type: outline of the various courses taught in Aberdeen, 1752. Subjects. 1r: geography; natural history of "things under ground" (metals, other mineral substancees including salts and fossils); natural history of soils and "of their proper Culture & Manures. The Nature of Plants their Manner of Growth". 1v: natural history of animals; natural philosophy (see also other outlines of the course on natural philosophy 6/V/10, 6/V/31, 3r-v, 8/V/2); mathematics. 2r: pneumatology; natural theology; ethics, economics, politics; "The State of Human Life". 2v: "The Prerogatives of human Nature or the Chief Exellencies of one Man above another". Published transcription of parts of this MS in Haakonssen, pp. 18-19. 2131/8/V/011 The Elements of Geography so far as they can be delivered in a Historical or Narrative Way Containing 1 The General Parts of the Globe The Zones Climates & the Aspects of the Heavens in them.yA View of the Di< fferent Stations in Life & the Qualities of Body & Mind & Fortune necessary to the proper Duties of them. [Aberdeen}1r, top right corner: "1752". Scheme of a Course of Philosophy1r: "McLean", "Mearny" (?), "Reid", "Bruce", "Chal", "W Leith" 1v: "Blair & Anderson", "Russel & Tales" (?), "Campbel", "Murdoch McKenzie" (?), "J Leith" (?).Type: outline of the course on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen, on 1r-v. Mechanical problems in mechanics on 2r-v (parts of the course on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen). See also other outlines of the course in 6/V/10, 6/V/31, 3r-v, 8/V/1. Subjects: mechanics. Note names on margins (presumably examined students). After Incipit, heading: "Part 1. Mechanics. Sect 1. 4 {General} Laws of Motion with their Explication. 2 The Composition of Forces. 3 The Collision of Bodies." [etc.] On 1r-v, 18 points on mechanics. End of the outline of mechanics, on 1v: "18 Of Comets of the Fixed Stars." [horizontal line] Beginning of the outline on hydrostatics: "Hydrostaticks. 1 Pressure of Fluids." [etc.] On 1v, 10 points on hydrostatics. End of the the outline on hydrostatics: "10 {Air} Of the rarefaction of Water into Steam and the Engine for raising water by fire." Bottom of 1v, blank. On 2r, heading: "Mechanical Problems". "1 Given the Weight and figure of a Wheel which turns upon a horizontal Axis by a Weight given applyed to its Circumference. Required the Motion of the Wheel. Will not the Center of Oscillation of the Weight and Wheel move with the Velocity of a Body falling by its Gravity. 2 To find the greatest Effect of a Given Weigth of Iron in Sinking in Water a Body Specifically lighter than Water." Most of 2r, blank. 2v. "A Body descending {through a given space} by its gravity acquires such a velocity as would carry it through twice that Space in the same time by an equal motion. For since the velocity is equally accelerated if we divide the time into innumerable small {equal & successive} moments, the velocieties in these Several moments will be in arithmetical progression, consequently from the Nature of arithmetical Progression Algebra Prop. Cor {twice} the Sum of all velocities will be [one half of]del {equal to} the product of the greatest multiplyed into the number of them. And if these equal things be multiplyed into one moment of the time they will give equal products. Now the sum of all the velocities into one moment of the time will represent the Space passed over by the body decending." [diagram on the middle of the page. Text continues after diagram] 2131/8/V/021 Prolegomena. 2 General Properties of Bodies which are obvious & therefore considered as Axioms. 3 Definitions with their Illustrations and obvious Corollaries.The time in which a body decends by its gravity through the Axes of the Cycloid is equal to the time in which it would move through the semicycloid by an equable motion with a velocity equal to that which the pendulum has in its lowest point.Lecture KC (Natural Philosophy)%Order of my Natural Philosophy Course_2r: Newton ("Sir Isaac"). 2v: Martin, Newton, Dr. Helsham, Halley, "Ld Anson". 3v: Dr. Helsham..(Natural Philosophy) Electricity and Magnetism<Type: notes for lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Date: undetermined. Subjects: mechanics, astronomy, electricity. Cancelled paragraph at the beginning. After cancelled paragraph, heading: "Of the Motion of Bodies in Circles by Means of a Centripetal Force tending towards the Center of the Circle & a projectile force." 10 propositions on 1r. End of 1r: "10 The Motive Centripetal force is as the Accelerative and the Quantity of Matter taken together. Exp 5. Exp 6. 7." 1v, propositions 12-16. Motion of planets Beginning of the page: "12 if a body moves in any Conic Section and describes Areas proportional to the Times [del] by a line drawn to the Focus of that Conic Section it is acted upon by a Centripetal Force tending to that Focus which is as the Squares of its distance from that Focus inversely." [etc.] End of page: "16 The {accelerative} force by which the Moon is retained in her Orbit tends to the Center of the < Earth and is to the {accelerative} force of Bodies on the Surface in the reciprocal Duplicate Ratio of the Distance from that Center." 2r. Beginning of the page: "Explication of the Inequalities of the Motion of the Moon round the Earth occasioned by their being both attracted by the Sun in the Reciprocal Duplicate Ratio of the Distance." [etc.] "Precession of the Equinoctial Points explained from the Earths being higher towards the Equator. Phaenomena of the Tides Explained by Gravitation. The Methods of Computing the Absolute Forces Densities & the Weight of the Same bodie on the Surfaces of the Sun Earth Jupiter & Saturn. Qaer. Whether this can be done without Knowing the Paralax of the Sun as Sir Isaac Seems to say. Other Kinds of Centripetal Forces Cohesion Corpuscolar Attraction. The heights to which Fluids rise in capillary tubes inversely as the Diameters of the Tubes. The rising of a fluid between two Glass planes. in the Rectangular Hyperbola. Capillary Siphon & Funnel." [end of 2r, a few lines blank spave at the end of the page] 2v. Forces of cohesion and repulsion, fermentation and putrefaction, magnetism, electricity. Beginning of the page: "The Attraction of Cohesion takes place in Water or any other fluid Forzen but it ceases when it is Liquid. In its liquid State there is a repulsive force which makes Water incapable of Compression & a Corpuscolar Attraction. In Water turned to Vapour by heat there is a prodigious repulsive force which Ceases when the Vapour is Cooled. Hence it follows that it is not this Repulsive force that Keeps Vapours Suspended in the Air." [etc.] "Of Magnetism See Martin. The Experiments that have been Made for determining the Ratio of the Decrease of the Magnetical Virtue by S I Newton Helsham & Martin. Go on the Supposition that the center of the Forces is the pole of the Magnet which seems a point that ought not to be taken fro granted without proof. Halleys Theory of the Variation Confirmed by Observations made by Ld Ansons people. Variation at Abd about 19 degrees [symbol] W. Electricity [heading] Electricity is a power in Bodies {excited by Friction} of Attracting & repelling Alternately light bodies at a considerable distance as several inches or feet. Def these Bodies in which this power may be excited by friction I call Electrick bodies all others. Non Electric." 4 points on electricity. End of 2v: "4 An Electrified body Never Communicates its Electricity to Electrics by touching them." 3r-4r. Collision of bodies. Properties of cycloids, Pendulum. Text begins from other, unrecovered document. "[...] of Matter in the second body q its Velocity in the Same direction as that of the other body V before the shock and v after it if this velocity is in the Contrary direction let it be -V before the shock & -v after it then [etc.] End of 4r: "The Use of Pendulums 1 To Determine the times of the descent of falling bodies. 2 To Regulate Clocks & Measure Time 3 To ascertain a Universal Measure of Length 4 To Determine the Decrease of the Accelerative force of Gravity towards the Equator & thereby to Determine Whether the Earth is more or less dense towards its Center {& what is the proportion of its Axis to its Equatorial Diameter}. 5 To determine The Plain of the Horizon which a Plummit at Rest is alwise perpendicular." [a few line space at the bottom of the page, blank] 4v, heading "Of Projectiles". 8 propositions. After heading, beginning: "Prop 1 The Motion of a Project thrown Obliquely is in a Parabola." [etc.] End: "8 Problem to find by Experiment the Velocity of a Bomb with a given Charge. Sol This may be done either by fin{ing} the Horizontal Range at the Elevation of 45 degrees [symbol] which is equal to half the parameter of the Parabola at the point of Projection. Or 2ly by finding the time of the Perpendicular flight of the Bomb & thence the Height to which it rises. Def the line of the Impulse of Fire." Note that on 3r-4v, Reid discusses topics which preceed topics on 1r-2v in his course of Natural Philosophy. It appear that the s< heet should be folded in the opposite way so that 3r becomes 1r. 3r: 1r. 3v: 1v. 4r: 2r. 4v: 2v. 1r: 3r. 1v: 3v. 2r: 4r. 2v: 4v. 2131/8/V/03hCancelled paragraph: "Of the Will Def. 1 Volition is not to be defined but is easily understood." After cancelled paragraph: "Of the Motion of Bodies in Circles by Means of a Centripetal Force tending towards the Center of the Circle & a projectile force. Prop 1. A line Drawn from the body to the Center of the force will describe Equal Areas in Equal Times."$Def the line of the Impulse of Fire. 2v: Hales.Type: part of the lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. It continues from 8/V/5. Compare with K. 160. Date: undetermined. Subjects: hydrostatics, pneumatics. On 1r: "Prop 11", "Prop 12", "Cor", "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5", "Cor 6", "Cor 7". On 1v: "Prop 13", "Cor", "Prop 14", "Cor 1", "Cor 2". On 2r, heading: "Pneumaticks". 6 points (point "7" on right margin). Most of 2v, blank. Marginalia: 1r, left. 2r, left and right. 2131/8/V/04fProp 11 A Body whose Specific Gravity is equal to that of a Fluid will rest in any Part of that Fluid.cDiving. Hales Gauge for Measuring the Depth of the Sea. Various kinds of Thermometers. Hygrometers.:Of the Specific Gravity of Bodies & their Weight in FluidsType: part of the lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. It continues on 8/V/4. Compare with K. 160. Date: undetermined. Subjects: hydrostatics. On 1r: "Def", "Phenomenon", "Def 2", "Phen. 2", "Prop. 1", "Dem", "Prop. 2", "Dem.", "Prop 3", "Dem". On the left margin: "Cor to Prop 3". On 1v: "Prop 4", "Dem", "Prop 5", "Dem", "Prop 6", "Dem", "Prop 7", "Dem". On the right margin: "Cor Prop 6", "Cor 2", "Prop 7 Cor 3". On 2r: "Dem", "Cor", "Cor 2", "Prop 8", "Prop 9". On 2v: "Dem", "Prop 10". 2131/8/V/05[Def A Fluid is a Body whose {figure may be changed} parts are separable by the Least Force.N.B. The first Second & 8 Propositions may be demonstrated upon this principle that the Gravity of a body can give it no motion which does not make the Center of Gravity descend, & that it will give it any motion which makes the Center of Gravity descend as far as may be. HydrostaticksvType: introductory lectures to the course on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Date: undetermined. After Incipit: "Def 1["Def 1" on the left margin, horizontal] Natural Philosophy is the Knowledge of those Laws according to which bodies are moved & acted upon, so as to produce the Various Appearances we perceive in the Material World. 2 Phaenomenon. What [on left margin, horizontal] Every State, Motion, or Change, of Bodies that is Produced by Nature we call a Natural Phaenomenon or Appearance." [etc.] Various examples of state, change, motion. On 1v: "Phaenom of Nature [on the left margin, horizontal] Natural Phaenomena are to be distinguished from the mere Productions of Art or of human Power." [etc.] "How observed [on the left margin, horizontal] The Phaenomena of Nature are either [perceived]del {observed} by our Senses or {known} by the Relation of others who have [perceived]del {observed} them. That it frequently rains here we know by observation that it does not Rain in Egypt they that have never lived there can onely know by the Testimony of them that have. When [on the left margin, horizontal] As son as we come into the World so we are beset with Phaenomena of Nature on every side we begin to observe them with Desire & {yea with} Avidity. You began to learn Natural Philosophy each of you the day you were born. And I desire no more than that Each of you have the same Zeal & concern to improve in it now as you had them. Surely {though} you have [probably]del {now} forgot how your own Minds were employed when you were Infants, yet you must have observed how keen Children yea Infants are to observe every new Thing every new Phaenomenon how desirous to know as soon as they can Speak what it is, how eager to examine it wihtout & within to know what it is for and how it is produced. This is the true Temper of a Student of Philosophy you all had it when you were children, but perhaps the Pride and Vanity & Inconsi< deration of People about you {from} whom you wanted information has checked this noble Philosophical Spirit of Observation and Enquiry. You know how common it is to laugh at the Silly questions." [Explicit follows] 2131/8/V/06We employed the last Session chiefly in Mathematics & Natural History. And the present is to be chiefly employed in Natural Philosophy.x [asterisc] The Arrangement & order of the Colours of the Rainbow is a Natural Phaenomenon but that on a painted Canvass is not._Type: Part of the lectures on mathematics from Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74: "Among his manuscripts, there are three fragments dealing with spherical geometry and trigonometry" (Wood refers to 5/I/30, 5/II/36, and 8/VI/1:see n. 146, p. 419). Subjects: Projection of the sphere, stereographic projection. After Incipit, heading "Steriographic Projection". "2 The Steriographic Projection of the Sphere is the art of projecting the Several Circles of the Sphere upon the Plane of a great Circle as they appear to the Eye placed in the Pole of that Circle." [etc.] Definition "3", "Lemma 1", "Lemma 2"; definition "4", "Lemma 3", "Prop. 1", "Case 1", "Case 2". On 1v: "Case 3", "Prop 2 Probl", "Prop 3 Probl", "Prop 1 Case 1", "Def 5", "Cor 1", "Cor 2d". On 2r: "Lemma 4", "Lemma 5", "Prop 4", "Lemma 6". On 2v: "Prop 5", "Case 1", "Case 2d", "Prop 6". 2131/8/VI/01Def 1 The Projection of the Sphere is the Art of Delineating the Circles of the Sphere upon some Plane in the Same Manner as they appear in that plain to an Eye in a given Position.Prop 6 In any Spherical Triangle the Semitangent of the [Sum of the Side]del Base is to the Semitangent of the Sum of the Sides as the Semitangent of the Difference of the Sides is to the Semitangent of the Difference of the Segments of the Base.Lecture KC (Mathematics)?Of the Projection of the SphereWinslow.<Type: most likely, part of the lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Date: undetermined. Subjects: optics (theory of vision). After Incipit: "P 2 To explain the Manner of Vision & the Causes of Indistinct Vision in Short Sighted & long sighted people & their Remedies which depend on Optical Principles." [etc.] 2131/8/VI/02>Prop 1. To give an Anatomical Description of the Eye. Winslow.It were worth while to observe whether this is the Case with the Eyes of other animals who have not the Power of Moving their Eyes or altering their direction.+Of the Structure of the Eye & Direct Vision-Type: two quadratic equations with solutions.I Type: part of the lectures on Pneumatology and Natural Philosphy from Aberdeen? Original Note? Date: undetermined. Subjects: theory of vision, and various queries on topics pertaining to the philosphy of mind (perception, judgments, etc.) After Incipit, on 1r: "Q To what does the distinction of primary & secondary qualities owe its rise." [etc.] "Q What is the cause of this conception and to what things is it applyed. Q Can colour visible figure & visible magnitude or extension have any other place than visible place. If so they cannot be said to <be> near or afar off from us consequently not in any tangible object. Q Is not the perception of Relations as Equality Majority Minority Similitude, of Number, {of proportion} of Harmony Beauty and Grandeur a Kind of discernment <of> Right and wrong, decent & indecent, fit and unfit? In all these besides the simple Perception of the related Ideas there is a secondary perception resulting from comparing them." [etc.] 1v. Beginning: "All the Judgments we form may at last be traced to judgments of which no reason can be given these are the Elements of Knowledge and Reasoning and what I call discernments." [etc.] "Is not Space a thing we do not properly perceive but discern when we compare bodies together. Duration is in like manner discerned tho not properly perceived the things that endure may be said to be perceived but duration seems not to be an Object of perception." [etc.] End of 1v: "If the Idea and thing perceived were equally in my mind and differed onely in vivacity and distinctness or in the one was a perception of<  my own making the other forced upon me why do I ascribe these qualities to one which I deny to the other. I discern the Table to exist, and my attributing {an} existence to it which I do not attribute to the Idea of it is an act of discernment." [etc.] 2r. Beginning: "What we discern immediately by attending to and comparing ideasis said to be a dictate of common sense, to contradict or reason against it is absurd nay to reason fro it seems absurd." [etc.] 2v. "Q Whether the other Operations of our Minds do not likewise furnish us with Ideas which we could not havee without them?" [etc.] "Q Is it not a Judgment of Nature that some things we perceive exist whether we perceive them or not that others have no existence but in the Mind that is their esse is percipi." [etc.] 2131/8/VI/03[...] seen in the same place. From what hath been said upon this subject of single and double vision it seems we must solve it at last into an unaccountable praestablished harmony betwixt corresponding points of the bottom of the eye by which the [perceptions]del {objects} we [hace]del {see} by {means of} these corresponding points [unite]del are allways invariably seen in one place what the positiion of the eye be.My own perceptions & my own existence passions ans actions are real existencies whether I think of them or not. It seems evident that the vulgar are equally perswaded of the real Existence of the objects of Sense.Various authors mentioned.J Type: student's notes of Reid's lectures, Glasgow, 1766-1767. It includes the whole course on Moral Philosophy or Pneumatology (in an extended sense), that is, what, in Reid's manuscripts, is referred to as "the morning class" ("the afternoon class" being the course on the Culture of the Mind): Pneumatology (in a restricted sense), Natural Religion or Theology, Morals or Ethics (Speculative and Practical Ethics). Date: the lectures are from before December 1766 to March 1767. The first date appearing on the MS is at p. 16: "December 1st 1766". Last date of lectures appearing on the MS is on p. 149: "Glasgow March 18th 1767". The lectures have been trascribed in August 1767. See p. 149: "Transcribed from my own Original Notes at Crawford's burn this 29th Day of August 1767". Wood refers to this MS, in "Animate Creation", p. 12: "From a set of student notes on natural theology taken in the 1766-67 session, we can see that Reid reviewed some of the general facts about the propagation of vegetables and animals, emphasized the wisdom and design illustrated by these facts, underlined the folly of materialism, and asserted that the seed of plants 'contain the future plant in Miniature'", reference to p. 65. According to AUL Catalogue: "MS 2131/8/VII August 1767 Volume entitled 'Reid's Essays', transcribed from original notes; 149 pp. Incipit: 'The Human Soul is divided into Understanding and Will...' [This volume was purchased by the University Library in the early 1960s and added to the collection. The lectures were apparently taken down by a student of Reid in Glasgow]". After Incipit, on p. [1] "The Understanding comprehends all ye speculative powers viz Memory, Imagination, Judgment, Reasoning, Taste, the Moral Faculty Consciousness & the Will all ye active powers, viz Insitncts Imitation, Habit, Appetite, Affection, Selflove, & Conscience. The Philosophy of ye human Mind, or Pneumatology may be divided into Ancient & Modern. The Ancient is yt which took place before Descartes, & ye morn since. The Philosophy of ye Ancients regarding the Mind is purey analogical, but analogical reasoning is not to be admitted in Pneumatology, & for this plain reason yt matter, & form are not to be applied to the Mind, & first took it's rise from analogical reasoning." [etc.] Pp. 1-15: ancient and modern theory of perception, criticism of the the theory of ideas, account of perception. Pp. 16-21: memory, duration, space. P. 16: "December 1st 1766". Pp. 21-30 : imagination, simple apprehension, train of thought, abstraction, judgment. pp. 30-32: reasoning. Pp. 32-36: taste, and moral faculty. Pp. 37-53: consciousness, wi< ll, various active principles, freedom and necessity. P. 37: "Janry 1st 1767". Pp. 53-60: existence of the soul, immateriality of the soul, whether the soul can have place, immortality of the soul. P. 53: "Janry 16th 1767". Pp. 60-93: "Theology". Pp. 93-134: Morals, part on speculative ethics including self love and conscience, moral judgment, systems of morals, axioms of morality. P. 93: "Morals February 11th 1767", P. 131: "March 5th 1767". Pp. 135-149: Morals, part on practical ethics. 2131/8/VII10r-84r5The Human Soul is divided into Understanding, & Will.RTranscribed from my own Original Notes at Crawford's burn 29th Day of August 1767.1767-On the spine of the notebook: "Reid's Essays"`1v: Euclid. 2r: Euclid, Girolamo Saccheri ("Euclides ab omni Noevo vindicatur"). 2v: Dr. Simson.(Mathematics) Parallel Lines9 Type: notes, Glasgow, from before May 1770 to September 1770. Subjects: parallel lines, foundations of Euclidean geometry. References to this paper in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 212-225, and P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), 1998, pp. 27-41. 3 parts. 1) On 1r-v. It seems to continue from another document. Attempt to demonstrate the 11th axiom of Euclid. End, on 1v: "Cor Hence it follows that of two indefinite right lines in the same plane if one begins to recede from the other it wil recede more and more so that at last its distance from the first shall be greater than any given right line." 2) On 1v-2r. Beginning: "May 28 1770. I resolve for the future to give up the Consideration of this Subject; having spent more time & thought in attempting to prove the simple properties od Streight lines from some one definition or Axiom than I can own without shame. My last thoughts upon this subject are these. 1 I conceive that a Streight line is an Object too Simple to admit of a proper mathematical Definition. Euclid does not attempt to define Magnitude, equality, greater, or lesser. These are common Notions which have Names in all Languages, and these Names have a distinct and determinate Meaning. The same thiing may be said of the streightness or curvature of a Line. The Notion of a Streight Line therefore must be supposed to be already in the Mind of the Learner in Mathematicks and we see that Euclid supposes not onely that he has the Notion of a Stright line but that he is able to drawa Streight line from one point to another. But that the Theory of Streight lines mayy be delivered Mathematically; since there is no Definition of them to be had, there must be one or more Axioms concerning them upon which all Reasoning about Strreight lines must be built. For all Reasoning must be drawn either from a Definition an Axiom or a Supposition." [etc.] End: "Septr 13 1770 [on the left margin] I find a Tract upon this Subject Intitled Euclides ab omni Naevo vindicatur, sive Conatus Geometricus, quo stabiliuntur prima ipsae Universae Geometriae Principia Autore Hieronimo Saccherio. S. I. In Ticinensi Universitate Matheseos Professore Mediolani 1733 4o". Horizontal line. 3) On 2r-v. Beginning: "Before proceding farther with regard to right Lines. I would observe that the Definition which we find in Euclid {of parallel lines} is not mathematical." [etc.] End, before cancelled part, on 2v: "Def Parallel Lines are those which being in the saem Plane stand at right angles with another right line." Beginning of cancelled part: "Dr Simson thinks that we must take it for an Axiom that such lines do neither approach nor recede from one another but I apprehend it may be strictly demostrated from the following Lemma." [etc.] Last part, cancelled. Diagram on the right. Lower half of 2v, blank. 2131/5/I/01Prop 6. Upon the right line AK let the unequal right lines AC, BD, HK be taken equal to AB, and the perpendiculars AB, KI, be raised meeting CD produced in E, and I. I say what ever is the Excess of BD above CA, the Excess of HE above BD shall not be less.This being assumed let the first prop about parallel lines be Parallel Lines are in every point equally distant and if one be cut at < right angles by a right line all be so [cancelled]41v: "May 28 1770". 2r, left margin: "Septr 13 1770". Desaguliers.9Type: reading note Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: a problem in mechanics (hydrostatics, pneumatics) from Desaguliers' Course of Experimental Philosophy, vol. 2. In P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, bibliography, p. 505: A Course of Experimental Philosophy, third edition, corrected, 2 vols (London, 1763. 2131/5/I/02MSupposing the Weight of the Atmosphere equal to a Column of 32 feet of Water; & that in a sucking Pump the distance of the bucket from the Surface of the outward Water 12 feet, the water in the pump standing at first at the same height; the length of the Stroke of the Piston 4 feet. Qu. How much Water is raised by the first Stroke.CN.B. In Desaguliers working of this Question there are four Errors.%Prob 4 from Desaguliers Vol 2 pag 182Type: notes. Place of origin, and date: undetermined. Subjects: 3 problems in algebra. Heading, on the centre: "Prob 2". "A Field of a Square Figure is divided into two {rectangles} by a line parallel to two sides of the square the breadth of one of the rectangles is 10 chains, & the content of the other is 10 Acres. Quer. The side of the square. Solution." [etc.] Heading, on the centre: "Prob 3". "A Rectangle is 30 Chains in Length & when a Square is taken of from the Length the remainder is 12 Acres. Q the Breadth."A piece of ground of rectangular Figure measures three English Acres. The Length is ten chains more than the breadth. The Length & breadth are required.This Equation has two roots both significant {& positive} because the problem admits of two answers fro x may be either a fraction above 25 or an equal Fraction below 5 chains.Algebraical ProblemType: notes, mathematical proposition with demostration and corollaries. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series, functions, (fluxions too?). On 1r: "Cor", "Cor 2". On 1v: "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5". On 2r: "Cor 6", "Cor 7". On 2v: "Cor 8", "Cor 9". 2131/5/I/03Let a, b, c, d, e, &c be fixed quantities; x, & y, variable quantities; and y be equal to a certain number of terms in order of the following Series a+bx+cx[quadratic]+dx[cube]+ex[biquadratic]+&c; If x be supposed successively equal to the several terms of an arithmetical progression, such as m. 2m, 3m, 4m, &c; and the several values of y resulting from this supposition be set down in order; I say that when y=a+bx the [second]del {first} difference of y will be be all equal; when y=a+bx+cx[quadratic] the [third]del {second} dofferences will be equall, and in general, that there wil be as many orders of differences in the successive values of yas there are dimensions of x in the value of y, and no more.8And if the Equation have four dimensions the last term being en[biquadratic], the fourth difference will 24e when (?) Unity is the difference of the abscisses, & will be increased or diminished in the quadruplicate Ratio of the increase or diminuition of the difference of the Abscisses. This appears from Cor 1.Type: notes, Glasgow, August 1787. Subjects: algebra (arithmetic too?). On 1r: "Q 2", "Q 3". On 1v: "Q 4", "Q5". On 2r: "Q 5", On 2v: "Q6", "Q 7", "Q 8", "Q 9". 2131/5/I/04IQ 1 Suppose 5x+8y=89 Q the possible values of x & y in positive integers.Hence x=114-10-2=102."On top of the page: "August 1787". Type: notes, mathematical problems, Glasgow, May 31 1776. Subjects: algebra, arithmetics. After Incipit, on the centre, heading: "Analysis" Numerical series: 1-3. On the centre, heading: "Case 1". Numerical series: 4-5. On 1v: "In general whether the Progression of Remainders ascends or descends and by what difference may be found more easily by taking a few terms of it, than by by any general Rule that occurs to me at present. To illustrate what is above by some Examples. Quest 1. In what year of the Julian period does it first happen that the Indiction is 12 7 the Year of the lunar Cycle 10." [etc.] On 2r: "Q 2 In what year of the J.P. does it first happen that the Golden N is 15 7 the year of the Suns Cyc< le 20." [etc.] On the middle of 2r, horizontal line. After horizontal line: "Suppose I have 57Lgsh to pay in Dolars at 4.6 7 Gold pieces at 18 sh. The sum to be payed in Six pences is 2280 & the pieces 9 & 36 hence 9x+36y=2280 Divide by 3 and 3x+12y=760." [etc.] On 2v: "Example 2" [etc.] Lowr half of 2v, blank. 2131/5/I/05Two Numbers being given, it is required to find {the least} Multiple of the first which being divided by the second shall leave a given Remainder. Both the given Numbers & the Remainder being positive whole Numbers.To find the other ways in which this payment may be made; take of 9 from the Guineas & add 42 to the Dolars thus the different ways of paying the Sum of 64.17.6 with Guineas and Dolars will be as follows Guineas Dolars 59--13 50--55 41--97 32--139 23--181 14--223 5--265 Top right corner: "May 31 1776".Indeterminate Problem~Type: notes, mathematical problem. According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS and 5/I/7, n. 248, p. 419. Place of origin, and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series (interpolation). This MS is on the same kind of paper, and, presumably, from the same period as 5/I/7. 2131/5/I/06Prob. Having given four or more successive terms of a trilateral, or Pyramidical Series (whose third differences are all the same) to interpolate any required number of terms between any two succeeding given terms, at equal Intervals.Therefore the whole Sum which is given and shall be called E affords another Equation for finding y & x. [five equations follow]UType: notes, mathematical problems and propositions. According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS and 5/I/6, n. 248, p. 419. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series (interpolation). This MS is on the same kind of paper, and, presumably, from the same period as 5/I/6. On 1r: "Hypothesis" [etc.] "Def." [etc.] "Prob. 1" [etc.] "Sol." [etc.] On 1v: "Prob 2" [etc.] "Prob 3" [etc.] "Prob 4" [etc.] On 2r: "Corollary" [etc.] "Prob 5" [etc.] On 2v: "Prob 6" [etc.] 2131/5/I/07Prop 1. Theorem. If the terms of a Series taken a t equal distances have equal differences; or if the difference of the terms taken at unequal distances be as the distances; the Series is arithmetical and may be interpolated barely by the rule of proportion.qHaving thus found the Value of y, substitute it in place of y in the first Equation, and you find the value of x.1Of Interpolating a Series by means of DifferencesType: note, mathematical problems. According to P. Wood, it belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series. Same pen as 5/I/6 and 5/I/7. According to Wood, Ph.D. thesis, n. 248, p. 419: "on the Principia". Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/5/I/08ZThe following Method borrowed from Lem. 5 Lib 3 Princ. Neut is much more Simple & elegant.6having thus found b, c, d, e, &c proceed as in Case 1.Type: grid or table, mathematics. In AUL, this MS is described as a "Boxed chart of Algebraic calculations". Place of origin and date: undetermined Subjects: algebra? 2131/5/I/09 1v: Newton.OType: notes on mathematics. According to P. Wood, this MS belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Same hand and pen as 5/I/14. Subjects: algebra (cubic equations). Nemerical series: 1-7 in 1r. 2131/5/I/11m1 Since the Sum of the Roots is equal to nothing one of the Roots [illegible] must be equal to the other two. [equation]_Of the Roots of a Cubick Equation which wants the second term and whose third term is rational.A2v: Briggs. 3r: Briggs, Napiers. 3v: Napiers, Newton. 4r: Newton.Type: notes on mathematics, Aberdeen 1763. According to Wood< , material for prelections in mathematics. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 72, for reference to this MS, and n. 137, pp. 417-418. Note that this MS is in the same hand and pen as 5/I/10, 1r-3v, and 5/I/13. Subjects: logarithms. 1r: "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 1", "Cor 3d", "Cor 4". 1v: "Cor 5", "Cor 6", "Cor 7". 2r: "8", "9", "10". 2v, heading: "Of the different Systems of Logarithms". "Def 2d Briggs Logarithms is that System of Logarithms wherein the logarithm of the Number 10 is Unity." [etc.] "Cor 1", "Cor 2". 3r: "Cor 3", "Cor 4". "Def 3. Napiers Logarithms or the Natural Logarithms is that System of Logarithms wherein Unity is the Logarithm of the Number 2,718281828459 &c. and the Logarithm of the Number 10 is 2,302585092994 &c." "Cor 1". 3v: "Another Idea of Napiers Logarithms" "Cor 1", "Cor 2". 4r: "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5". Lower half of 4r, blank. 2131/5/I/12 Def Logarithms are a set of artificial Numbers [so contrived, that placed]del corresponding to the natural ones; and so contrived that if any two Numbers multiplied into one another make a third, the logarithms of the first two numbers added together will make the Logarithm of the third.But it is evident that this Series will not converge unless q is les than unity: Nor will it converge fast unless q is very small compared with unity.Top right corner: "1763". Of LogarithmsType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Note that this MS is in the same hand and pen as 5/I/10, 1r-3v, and 5/I/12. 5/I/12 is from 1763. Subjects: solid geometry, solid angles. On 1v: "Prob. 1 The Quantity of three Plain Angles being given to find the Quantity of a Solid Angle composed of them." [etc.] 2131/5/I/13`A Solid Angle is the mutual Inclination of three {or more} Plains [sic] which meet in one Point.Cor 3. The Spherical Superficies of which [illegible] terminated by a Circle of the Sphere will be greater than any other that has an equal Circumference.I1v: Vilant ("The Method of Nicola Vilant Scots Mag Apr 1759") 3r: Vilant.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Same hand and pen as 5/I/11. Subjects: algebra (extracting roots of surd binomials). Lower half of 1r, cancelled. Cancelled passage on 2r. Bottom of 2v, blank. On 1v: "Impossible Binomials". On 3r: "Demonstration of Mr Vilants Rule". On 3v: "Demonstration". Marginalia: 1r, left, horizontal. 2r, left, horizontal. 3v, right, horizontal. 4r, left. 2131/5/I/14As we extract the Roots of rational Quantities by considering the composition of the Power whose root is to be extracted, and perform Evolution by tracing back the steps of Involution the same method seems most natural in Surds.The greatest Root is positive when there is onely one change of the Signs, and when there <are> two changes the greatest Root is negative, in both Cases the greatest root is equal to the other two)Of Extracting the Roots of Surd BinomialsCotes.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelection in mathematics, from Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Same hand, pen, and paper (watermark) as 5/I/11 and 5/I/14. Subjects: algebra, geometry, trigonometry (Cotes' theorem). 2131/5/I/15In a Circle A B C D E F G whose center is O & Diameter AG & P a Point in the Diameter produced or within the Circle, but on the same Side of the Center with A; let the Circumference be divided into any {even} Number of equal Parts beginning at A and let right lines be drawn from P to each of the points of division PA, PB, PC, &c which right lines call a, b, c, d, &c as they lie in order from A, PA being always the first which is a-x when P is within the Circle & x-a when P is without the Circle.If the cosines are unknown by comparing the homologous terms above mentioned we have as many equations as are sufficient for determining them. We shall [text interrrupted]Of Cotes's TheoremType: most likely, part of the notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. Subjects: mechanics (cycloid, pendulum).<  Diagram on 1r. 2131/5/I/16qDef. of a Cycloid its Axis & Base & Generating Circle. Corresponding Arches of the Cycloid and Generating Circle.Let the space described by the least force be increased so as to equal the corresponding space and the time must be increased in the Subduplicate ratio of that in which the space is increased, that is the Subduplicate inverse ratio of the forces.CType: notes on mathematics. Most likely, material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Same paper (watermark) and pen as 5/I/21 ("The Appication of Trigonometry", identified by Wood as belonging to prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen). Subjects: algebra, geometry. 7 points. 2131/5/I/271 Since in Algebra we substitute letters as (a, b. c, x) for Quantities. It is evident that such letters may represent Geometrical Quantities as well as any other.7 If a Line is expressed by two or more Algebraical Terms connected by the Signs + or - Every Term must express a line. And if a Surface is expressed by more terms than one they must all express Surfaces.Lecture KC (Mathematics))Of the Application of Algebra to GeometryType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: arithmetics (prime and composite numbers). 2131/5/I/28MUnity can neither be called prime nor composite, not being properly a Number.I suspect upon the whole that Ratio of the Number of Composites to the whole Scale approaches more & more to that of Equality without a Limit.Of Prime & Composite NumbersEuclid.Type: notes on mathematics, not in Reid's hand. See P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), 1998, p. 35: "Of the mathematicians then working in Scotland, Playfair was in the best position to appreciate Reid's struggles with Euclid's definitions and axioms, for he too sought to put Euclid's treatment od straight and parallel lines on a sounder footing, and it is fitting that he should have paid tribute to his older colleague in print. Moreover, it would appear that Playfair also submitted some of his own papers on geometry to Reid for comment, because there is fragment surviving among Reid's manuscripts but not in his hand containing a demonstration concerning parallel lines which sees to be Playfair's." See n. 35, p. 41, ibid.: "AUL MS 2131/5/I/29. This demonstration rests on an axiom which has come to be known as Playfair's Axiom, although Heath points out that it was first stated by Proclus; Heath, Elements, 1: 220." Date: 1790s. Subjects: parallel lines. 2131/5/I/29Axiom. Two streight lines which intersect each other, cannot be both parallel to the same streight line, thus if AB be parallel to CD, it is impossible for EF which intersects AB to be also parallel to CD.w[...] therefore AB & CD do not meet towards the points A & C, and consequently they must meet towards the points B & D.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74: "Among his manuscripts, there are three fragments dealing with spherical geometry and trigonometry; one of these, entitled 'Of the Doctrine of the Sphere' [5/II/36], appears to be lectures notes, probably from his course in 1764". In note 146, p. 419, he refers to 5/I/30, 5/II/36 and 8/VI/1. Subjects: spherical geometry and spherical trigonometry. 2131/5/I/30The Planes of three great Circles of the Sphere which form a Spherical Triangle, do make a Solid Angle at the Center of the Sphere; and if we Suppose a fourth plane passing through the three angular points of the Triangle a Tetrahedron or triangular Pyramid will be formed.The Resolution of this Problem may be applied to the finding the Angles of a Spherical Triangle when the Sides are given & vice versa.GregoryType: notes on mathematics. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 43: "Also reflecting their [Reid and John Stewart] common mathematical interest is a short note on multiplication, in which Reid discussed the notion of quantity in a way which foreshadows his<  later essay in the Philosophical Transactions". See note 26, p. 407: "Birkwood 5/II/1. In this note Reid referred to David Gregory's Astronomiae Physicae et Geometricae Elementa (Oxford, 1702). I have been unable to identify the exact passage to which Reid alludes". Subjects: quantity; mechanics and the figure of the earth. "Any quantity may be compared to another of the same kind and may bear any proportion to it which one number can do to another and thus the ratio of {any} two quantities may be duplicate or triplicate of the ratio of {any} other two quantities and in this case the first two are said to be as the squares or cubes of the other two because they are as the squares or cubes of numbers representing the other two [illegible] when the squares of the periodical times of the planets are said to be as the cubes of their distances the meaning is that the squares of numbers proportional to the Per. Times are as the cubes of the distances as Gregory observes. Resolved {that} Bodies descending by their Gravity in this Latitude deviate a little towards the South both because of the Spheroidicall figure of the Earth & likewise because of the Centrifugal force occasioned by the rotation of the Earth round its axis. That if the Surface of the earth weere all covered wt water bodies would everywhere descend in a line perpendicular to the Surface of the water. Therefore if the figure of the Earth be given the deviation above mentioned may be found." [Explicit follows] 2131/5/II/01July 19 Die [Ven]del {Sat} Resolved that in Arithmetical Multiplication the Multiplicand may be any quantity of whatsoever sort; But the multiplier must be a number.That part of it which arises from centrifugal force may be found separately from the other by comparing the sd Centrifugal force many given Latitude wt the power of Gravity.Top left corner: "1729".Type: apart from the Incipit, mathematical notes. Place of origin, and date: Aberdeen, 1758. Subjects: apart from the Incipit, algebra and geometry. 3 parts. 1) On top of 1r, Incipit (see above). 2) On 1r, part separated from Incipit by horizontal line. Upper half: arithmetical and algebraical calculations. Middle of the page: "Orbit lined with a production of the Dura Mater Superciliae Plapebrae". Rest of the page: algebra applied to the solution of a geometrical problem; diagrams. 3) On 1v. Demostration of a proposition in geometry. Diagram on the right. Beginning: "Let rqsuy be a Circle whose Center is o, topqx a Diameter produced inn which the points p & x are taken on the same side of the Center one without another within the Circle I such manner that xq:pq::xt:tp; & let right lines ps, xs be drawn from the points p & x to any point of the Circumference I say xs:ps::xq:pq Analysis." [etc.] "Synthesis" [etc.] 2131/5/II/02Apr 24 1758 Planted the Northernmost Row of my Pittatoes of Small Seed uncut the two next of the largest seed Cut the fourth of Midling Seed Cut. Same day planted 1700 Cabbage at 7 Score to the hundred.If two lines cut one anoother within a Circle as sy & uv at the point p I say the Angle spr is equal to the angle which stands at the Centeer upon half the Sum of the Arches sr & uy. if wtout to the Differrence.Top left corner: "Apr 24 1758".(Mathematics) Fluxions Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis,p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subjects: calculus or fluxions (quadrature of the parabola). On 1r: "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3". Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/5/II/03jProp. The Area of the Internal Parabolic Space acb is double the Area of the external Parabolic Space aie.Prop In the common Parabola if two have the same Vertex and the Same Axis; the Ordinates belonging to the same Absciss will have a fixed Ratio to wit the Subduplicate Ratio of the Parameters.!Of the Quadrature of the ParabolaEuclid ("Elem Lib 13, 14, 15").Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin, and date: undetermined. Same hand, pen, and topic as 5/I/13. Subjects: solid geometry. 2131/5/II/04The Side of an Octahed< ron is the Chord of 90[degrees] every Solid Angle at the Center of the Sphere therefore is made up of three plain Angles of 90[degrees] and is therefore equal to a Solid Right Angle.Prop 2d Having given three plain Angles which make a Solid Angle to find the Inclination of the Plains. N.B. This is equivalent to this Problem in Sph.Trigon: having given the three sides of a Spherical Triangle to find the Angles. See upon this Subject Eucl. Elem Lib 13, 14, 15.ZType: notes. Most likely, material for the lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Subjects: mechanics (static and simple machines). Three diagrams on the right. "Cor". On verso, upper half, algebraical calculations (I don't know whether they have do with the rest of the document). On lower half, after horizontal line: the end of text on 1r. 2131/5/II/05vIf two powers applied to the spokes fa & qd which turn at right angles upon the Axis bc supported at b & c, are in equilibrio; they will be to each other reciprocally as the lengths of their Spokes & if the right line joyning them cut the Axis in the point e, the Axis will be loaded with the sum of these powers at the point e and the pressure at b & c will be as ce to be.jNote there are always three different way<s> of coupling the four Powers viz ab, cd; or ac, bd; or ad, bc.eType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date; undetermined. Same hand, pen, and paper as 5/II/7 (identified by Wood as part of the lectures on mathematics from Aberdeen). Subjects: numerical series (fluxions too?). After Incipit: "Demonstration." [etc.] "Lemma 2d." [etc.] Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/5/II/06Lemma 1t If Q is an indeterminate Quantity compounded of any number of given Quantitys and of one indeterminate or flowing quantity (z) I say the value of Q may be expressed in one or more terms or the whole of such Infinite Series as this A+Bz[delta exponent]+Cz[beta exponent]+Dz[gamma exponent]+Ez[delta exponent]+&c. where the Coefficient A, B, C, &c are given or determinate Quantitys or compounded of Such & so any one of them may be positive or negative or nothing and [alpha], [beta], [gamma], [delta], &c the respective indices of z may be positive or negative integral or fractional, and the Series is supposed to be cotinued in infinitum towards either or both hands.Therefore the 2d Series is the Same with the first & Consequently there cannot be different Series of the same from equal to Q. QEDType: notes. According to Wood part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Same hand, pen and paper, as 5/II/6. Subjects: fluxions. Lower half of 1r, blank. 2131/5/II/07If x represent the velocity wherewith any variable quantity x does flow then nx[n-1 exponent] will be the velocity wherewith x[n exponent] does flow.HAgain the Second fluxion of x[n exponent] is the velocity wherewith its fluxion increases or diminishes so that tho x[n exponent] may be a quantity of a quite different kind from its fluxion and incapable of bearing any proportion to it yet the first & second fluxions being both Velocitys may be compared always and bear a proportion to one another thus if x flow uniformly the first fluxion of x[square] is to its second fluxion as x is to 1 and generaly the 1t 2d 3d &c fluxions of x[n exponent] will be as nx[n-1 exponent], n x n-1x[n-2 exponent], n x n-1 x n-2 x x[n-3 exponent].=1r: Newton, "Galileo Wrenn. Wallis Hugens & Mariot", Leibniz.(Natural Philosophy) Vis VisaType: notes on physics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. According to Wood this MS is from the 1740s. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 12, p. 462: "[...] Although Reid never stated explicitly what the paradoxes were which the Leibnitian definition entailed, an undated manuscript on the vis viva question shows that he held that if the laws of motion were recast in Leibnizian terms then it would follow that 'Unequal forces when directly opposed may mutually destroy one another That of Equal Forces one may Overcome the Other & that a less Force may ov< ercome a greater'; Birkwood, 5/II/8, fol. 1r-v. This manuscript appears to be written in a hand similar to that found in other papers from the 1740s". Subjects: vis viva, mechanics. 3 parts. 1) On upper half of 1r. End: "But this way of Resolving Force Supposes rather than proves that it is as the Velocity. For if it was not as the Velocity but as the Square of it then 3 equal Forces added together woould not make up the force that gives a triple Velocity to the same body. Just as 3 equal Squares would not make up the Square of a Number whose Root is equal to the root of the three." Space. 2) On 1r-1v. Beginning: "Sir Isaac Newton seems to have been extreamly happy in his Definitions or Mathematical Conceptions as he Somewhere calls them. The Measures he lays down of Motion, of the Vis Insita Impressa Centripeta {Absolute Acceleratrix Motrix} serve admirably to express Concisely and Elegantly both the Laws of Motion discovered by these Mathematicians that went before Him Galileo Wren. Wallis Hugens & Mariot and likewise these more Intricate ones discovered by himself. To illustrate this a little let us consider how the Laws of Motion [With their Corollaries]del laid down as Axioms by Newton and which undoubtedly hold in Experience will Sound in the Leibnitzian Language who makes the Square of the Velocity the Measure of Force." [etc.] "Corollarium Primum Newtoni." [etc.] "Secundum." [etc.] "Tertium." [etc.] 3) On 1v-2r. Heading: "Of the Shock of Bodies". 2131/5/II/08May not Velocity of Motion be doubled or trebled of it self thus Let A be at rest, B move from it in a given direction with a given Velocity.Hence it follows that if the bodies are equal & Perfectly Elastick the Sum of the Forces will be the Same after as before the Shock and the Velocities will be exchanged.dType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Same hand, pen and paper (watermark) as 5/I/11, 5/I/14, 5/I/15. Subjects: geometry, trigonometry (multiplication and division of angles). On 1v, reference: "See Commer. Epist pag 182". Numerical series: on 1r, 1-3; on 1v, 4-7; on 2r, 8. 2131/5/I/171 If A be an Arch of a Circle {less than a semicircle}, & E its Complement to the whole Circumference, & O the whole circumference; The chord of the Arch A is also the Chord of all the following Arches viz A+O, A+2O, A+3O &c.GIf these Analogies are turned into Equations we have [equations follow],Of the Multiplication and Division of AnglesType: most likely, material for prelections in mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: practical mathematics (perspective). 1r: from "Def 1" to "Def 6", and from "8" to "11". 1v: "Theor 1", "2", "3", "4", "Def", "5". 2r: from "6" to "9"; "Prob 1", "2". 2v: "3", "4"; on the centre: "Scholium". 2131/5/I/18!Def 1 Perspective is the Art of [representing]del {drawing the outline of} visible objects upon the plane, of the same Figure and Dimensions, as [they]del {it} would appear to the Eye upon that plane supposing it {transparent &} placed {in a certain position} betwixt the Eye and Objects.4 As the Longitude of an Object is to its distance from the plane passing horizontally through the Eye so is Radius to the Tangent of the Angle which its Line of Longitude makes with the horizontal line.tType: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: arithmetic, permutation of quantities. 2131/5/I/19CFour Dies may at one throw turn up 1296 different ways that 6x6x6x6!6 which make them all of one set.lType: according to Wood, it is a draft of the "Essay on Quantity". See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 55-56: "The first sketch of the 'Essay' appears to date from the 1730s, as the ortography and paper size are similar to that of the manuscripts related to the meetings of the Aberdeen Philosophical Club in 1736 and 1737 [6/I/17 and 7/V/6]. In this sketch we find all the major themes of the published 'Essay': the attempt to define the nature of quantity in order to determine the proper objects of and distinctive type of evidence in mathematics, the dismissal<  of Hutchenson's application of mathematical reasoning to morals, and the recognition that the vis viva dispute was based on differences over the correct definition of the moving force of bodies. Reid entitled this sketch 'Concerning the Object of Mathematicks', and it was only in a subsequent draft [5/I/22] that he changed this to 'Essay Concerning the Object of Mathematicks occasioned by reading a piece of Mr. Hutchensons where Virtue is measured by simple & Compound Ratios'. It may be, therefore, that Reid's later title is not an entirely reliable guide to the genesis of the 'Essay', and that his ideas about quantity initially evloved out of his earlier studies in mathematics, and were then applied to the problem of vis viva, and to Hutchenson's computations". See also notes 77-80, p. 412. Subject: quantity, vis viva. 2131/5/I/20xThe Object of Mathematicks is commonly said to be Quantity & Quantity defined to be whatever is capable of More or less.Note that wherever I mention Number in this Essay, I take it in the largest Sense so as to include not onely whole Numbers but fractions surd roots the roots of adfected (?) equations and the Sums of infinite converging Series's.(Publication Draft (An Essay on Quantity)%Concerning the Object of Mathematicks2r: Netwon. 2v; Newton.7Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: see item 1. Subjects: fluxions, nemerical series. [Subject heading] Note that after Incipit and another sentence, there is a horizontal line, and the title: "Queries With respect to Infinite Series". Queries from 1to 8, on 2r. Queries from 9 to 16, on 2v.1 Any Curve whose ordinate is [etc. function] [may]del be squared when S is equal to nothing or a negative integer and r is not equal to nothing or a negative integer equal to S or less than S.~16 Whether this Problem might no be resolved in a manner Analogous to that used by Sr I, Newton Quad. Prop 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 17'Queries With respect to Infinite Series 1r: Hutcheson, Aristotle, NewtonType: draft of the "Essay on Quantity". Compare with 5/I/20. For reference to this MS, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 56, and n. 79, p. 412. Subjects: quantity, vis viva. Most of 1v and 2r, cancelled. 6 points on 3r. 2131/5/I/22CThe Object of Mathematical Knowledge is justly said to be Quantity.6 Improper Quantitys ought to be defined and the measure of them taken into the Definition otherwise there can be no clear reasoning about them.Essay Concerning the Object of Mathematicks {occasioned by reading a piece of Mr Hutchesons wherein Virtue is Measured by simple & Compound Ratios} 2r: Vieta.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry, algebra, numerical series? On 1r, points 1-6. 3-5 on lower half od the page cancelled. On 1v, point 7; "Problem". Bottom of 1v, blank. On 2r: "Another Method of finding three rational Numbers integer or fractional which shall make the three sides of a right angled Triangle." [etc.] On centre "From Vieta". Most of 2v: blank. 2131/5/I/23zThe Rational whole Numbers which may make the three sides of a Right Angled Triangle are exhibited in the following table.Corollary. Take any Number at pleasure as p; The square of p added to the square of 1/4 p[quadratic] will be a square whose root is 1/4 p[quadratic]+1. 1v: Euclid.Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood part of the GLS Discourse on Euclid's Elements, from the early 1790s. See reference to this MS in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 53, p. 456. See also Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), 1998, pp. 27-41. Compare with other versions of the Discourse, on 3061.11, 5/I/47, 3r-4r. Subjects: geometry, parallel lines. 1r, left margin: "x[asterisc] The series of triangles therefore may be carried on till in the last of them the difference of the angle at B from a right angle be less than any given angle consequently less than the angle M E. 10.1". 1r-v: "We may therefore by continuing the series of triangles, come at last to construct a | triangl< e upon the base AB one of whosee angles at the Base is a right angle, & the other nearer to a right angle than by any given difference which was to be done. Euclid 10 Book 1 Prop.". Bottom of 1v, blank. 2r: "Cor 4 From the Definition of a right line page 10th" [to what text is he referring to?] 2v: "From this Corollary might be taken a Definition of parallel lines Def Parallel {right} lines are those which being (?) in the same plane are in every point at the same Distance. The corollary shews that there may be such lines. And from the Definition with the Assistance of the second part of the Corollary all the properties of paralle lines are so easily demostrated that I take the thing for granted." [Explicit follows] Diagram on the left margin. 2131/5/I/24Let AB be the given Base, From the point A I draw AE at right angles to AB & extend it indefinitely; This must be one side of the Triangle required.<N.B. This Corollary should go before the preceeding Problem. 1v: Cotes.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin, and date: undetermined. Subjects: arithmetic, measures of ratios. 2131/5/I/25When we compare two or more Ratios together it is proper to have some measure by applying of which we may know how they are related to each other.The Modules of a Scale is the Measure of a certain Ratio in that Scale and the Ratio [Modules of every Scale is the measure of one]del measured by the Modules of the Scale is the same in every Scale and is called the Ratio Modularis.Of the Measures of RatiosType: notes. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subject: fluxions. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-v. Bottom of 1v, blank. End (separeted from the rest of the text by a horizontal line) : "If an Equation be given expressing the Relation of two Quantities, we may find the value {or Values} of one of them in terms involving onely the other and known Quantities. And in like Manner the Value of their Sum Difference product or Quote may be found in terms [expressing]del {involving} onely one of them & known Quantities." 2) On 2r. Diagram on top right corner. Text in Latin. Beginning: "Sit ABC Circuli Quadrans cujus Revolutione circa Axem CO generatur Hemispherium." [etc.] 2131/5/II/09APostulate 1 Quantites may be continually increased or diminished.5Fluxiones itaquae sunt aequales ergo et Fluentia QED.Type: notes. According to Wood part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subject: fluxions. 1r, margin, left. 2131/5/II/10Def 1. A Quantity which continues always the same without Increase or Diminution is called a Fixed Determinate or Invariable Quantity.L. Any Line may be Generated by the Flowing of a Point and the Fluxion of such a Line will be as the Velocity of the Flowing Point or as the Momentaneous increment or Decrement of the Line in a given Time.Type: notes. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subject: fluxions. 2131/5/II/11#Dem of Prop 6 if x=zy then x=zy+yz.[equations] v-2x=xType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelection on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. 2131/5/II/12KLet x[cube]-px[quadratic]+qx-r=0 be a given equation & let y+e=x then [...]*Since therefore in the Equation 3e[quadratic]-2pe+q, the results have alternate signs +, -, + it folows that a is less than the least root of this Equation, between the first and second root & c greater than the second & therefore the Roots of these two Equations are mutually limits of each other.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and data: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. 1r, on top left corner: "A 4 pages". "Queritur Whether the roots of higher Equations may be found in a manner analogous to this. Def." [etc.] "Lemma 1", "2", "3", "4". 1v: "5", "Dem.", "6", "7", "Dem". 2r: "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Lemma < 8". Cancelled part including "Lemma 9", "Def", "Dem" Cor Lem 8", "Cor", "Lemma 10". 2v: cancelled part including "Dem", "Lemma 11". After cancelled part, "Lemma [12]del 9", "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Lemma 13", "Lemma 14", "Lemma 14", "Lemma 15". Cancelled passage: "Lemma 16". After cancelled passage: "Lemma 17". On bottom right corner "See B 2 pages" [to which document does he referer?] Marginalia: 2r, left. 2v, right. 2131/5/II/13Let x[quadratic]-ax+b=0. Since (a) is known to be the Sum of the Roots and (b) their Product we must find two Quantities whose Sum is (a) & Product (b) (a) & (b) being rational Quantities.See B 2 pages.QA 4 pages Of the Resolution of Affected Equations & first of Quadratick EquationsType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Prop", "Cor", "Cor 2". 2131/5/II/14KProp 1 To compose an Equation that shall have any number of roots required.Cor 2 When the last term is wanting one of the roots is equal to nothing. & therefore the equation may be depresed to a lower dimension.hType: notes. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: astronomy. Apart from the Incipit above, there is only another line of text: "Lon In Contact 8. 19". Additions and substractions of angles. This part is upside down in relation to item (1) on recto. On bottom of the page, with the same orientation as text on 1r, an addition and a multiplication.BLong. Observatory at Cape of good Hope 1h 14[minutes] 40[seconds].Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. 2131/5/II/15kSuppose a+b be a bimomial whose two parts are incommensurable it is required to find the Square root of it.Thus the Cube Root 25+v968[cube root]=25+22v2[cube root]=25+11v8[cube root] from the third form of this binomial I find the Cube root to be 1+v8=1+2v2. [v stands for square root?]tType: notes on mathematics. Material for prelecions on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra, arithmetics. Various problems. On 1r: "Prob 2 A square whole Number being given to find two rational Numbers, whose squares when added together sahll be equal to the given square." [etc.] "Prob 3. A Number being given which is the Sum of two Squares to divide it into other two Squares." [etc.] "Prob 4 To find two Square Numbers whose difference shall be equal to a given Number." [etc.] On 1v: "Prob 5 To find two Numbers such that their Product is equal to a given Number p, and that the square of half the sum of the sought Numbers is greater than b." [etc.] "Prob 6 Two Numbers b, c being given to find a third d which being added to each of them makes a square." [etc.] "Prob 7 To find two Numbers in a given Ratio (1: r-1) such that the Square of their Sum being added to each of them will make a square Number." [etc.] On 2r: "Prob 7 To divide a given number (b) into two parts so that each part severally added to a square number to be found shall make a square Number." [etc.] "Prob 8 To find two such Numbers that their sum is a square, & each of them added to the square of the other is a Square." [etc.] "Prob 9. To find two such Square {numbers} that each of them added to the product of their multiplication shall be a Square." [etc.] On 2v: "Prob 10 To find three such Numbers that the square of each of them being Severally added to their Sum, the Sums shall be Squares." End of page: "Note that we may in the same manner find as many Numbers as you will whose Square added to the sum of them makes a square Number; by taking as many apirs of factors of the Numbers assumed as there are numbers required." Bottom of 2v, blank. On 3r: "To find a Number which being added to the square number next above it makes 93." [etc.] Lower half of 2r, blank. 2131/5/II/16Problem 1 To find as many ternaries of {whole} numbers as you please each of which shall be three sides of a right angled triangle.[Let the given Number be 600 the sought numbers a< re 259, & the two cubes below it 216 & 125.Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin, and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra, arithmetics (or only arithmetics?). 13 points. 2131/5/II/17G1 Every square number is either an odd number, or it is divisible by 4.N13. If unity be taken from an odd square Number, the remainder is evenly even. Mercator.+(Mathematics, Practical) Navigation/MappingType: notes. Part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: practical mathematics (navigation and mapping); mechanics. Most of the page, blank. Orientation of the text, upside down in relation to item (1) on recto. 2131/5/II/18%1 If the Motion of a point in a plain when Resolved into two directions is equable in both; the compounded motion willl be equable & in a Streight Line; but if the Motion in one direction be equable and in the other accelerated or retarded the compounded motion will not be in a streight line.Q. Supposing a Ship to sail on one Rhumb line on the Globe, & her path to be delineated truly on Mercator Chart will her path on the Chart be a Streight line, Or are the Rhumbs in Mercator cart Streight Lines?Type: notes on mathematics. Material fro prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. Upper half of page: algebraic equations. After equation: Explicit (see above). 2131/5/II/19.ax[cube]+bx[cube]+cx+d=0 [algebraic equations]j[After algebraic equations] Quere. Whether any method can be fallen upon in Algebra of using Data which cannot be turned into an Equation. Such as this. The Quantity sought is greater than 3 & less than 5. If this could be done, even those Questions that did otherwise admit of many answers might by the Addition of such a Datum be brought to admit onely of one.Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 72 ("However, only two fragments [5/II/13 and 5/II/20] on quadratic equations seem to survive") and note 136, p. 417. Same hand and pen as 5/II/21. Subjects: algebra (quadratic equations). After Incipit: "Prop To find the Roots of any Quadratic." [etc.] "Cor 1", "Cor 2d", "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5", "Cor 6". On 1v: "Cor 7". 2131/5/II/20Def. A Quadratic Equation is an Equation consisting of three Terms in the first of which the Unknown Quantity is of two Dimensions in the Second of one and in the last term is a known Quantity as x[square]+ax=b. The last term is sometimes called the absolute term.&[Algebraic calculations] nx13 + r-48=xType: Most likely, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Same hand and pen as 5/II/20. Subjects: algebra. 8 points on 1r. 9 points on 1v. 1r, margin, left. 2131/5/II/21z1 Equations must have more Roots than one when there are more Quantitys than one which have the same Relation to the Data.mThe Value of the Terms when k=0 will be of the Same sign as the last term of the Equation & will Continue so till k exceed the first root, then the Value of the terms will have a contrary Signs till k exceeds the Second Root. And thus the Value of the terms will change its Sign as often as k passes any Root, and thus we may find a limit between each of the Roots.}Type: notes. Material for prelections in mathematics? Same paper and hand as 5/II/18 (identified by Wood as part of the prelections on mathematics). Subjects: geometry, algebra. Text in latin. "Prop 2 Dividatur iam Circulus in 8 equales partis [...]". 1r, two diagrams on the right. 1v, diagram on top right corner. Bottom of 1r, blank. 1v, apart from Explicit and diagram, blank. 2131/5/II/22Prop Dividatur Circuli circumferentia in six partes equales in d, e, h, b, I, f, Et a puncto {g} in radio cd ad alterna puncta d, h, I, ducantur rectae gd, gh, gi.Hye[square] x ym[square] x yd x yb= z [5 as exponent] + r[5 as exponent].^Type: notes on mathematics. Table. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra? 2131/5/II/23 Qaest 1a.4Eodem modo Qaestiones omnes hujus generis solvuntur.Type: notes on ma< thematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin, and date. Subjects: geometry (conic sections, parabola). 2131/5/II/245Def A parabola is a curve line of such a Nature that the right line drawn from any point of the curve to a certain point within the Curve called the focus of the Parabola, is always equal to the perpendicular drawn from the same point of the Curve to a {fixed} right line called the Directrix of the parabola.Lemma 3. In every Parabola the Rectangle under the parameter of any Diameter and the absciss is equal to the Square of the Corresponding Ordinate; and if the rectangle under the parameter and absciss be equal to the Square of a right line which is parallel to the tangent at the vertix of the diameter and is terminated on one hand at the extremity of the absciss, the other extremity of that right line will be a point of the parabola.EuclidRType: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 71: "From his classes on Euclid, a short manuscript headed 'Principles of Geometry' survives, in which he analyzes Euclid's definitions and gives a cursory treatment of Propositions i and vii from Book I". For reference to MS, see note 134, p. 417. Subjects: geometry. After Incipit: "Prop 1 An Isoscele Triangle has the Angles at the Base Equal. Dem. Suppose it divided in two by a line drawn from the Vertix to the medle of the Base. Let one of these be laid upon the other. They will be every way equal by Def of a Right line. QED. Cor 1. It follows that the line drawn from the vertix is perpendicular to the Base. 2 An Equilateral triangle is also equiangular. 3 The Angles below the Base are equal." [Explicit follow] 2131/5/II/25aDefinitions & Axioms from Euclid. Def A Right line that which can cut another onely in one point.Prop 2 [or 7 as Wood reads it] if a Right line falls upon another the Angles on each hand are equal to two rights. Cor If two right lines cut one another the Angles at the vertix are Equal.Principles of Geometry*1r: "Elem 29.7". 1v (margin): "Elem 21.7".Type: notes on mathematics. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra. Arithmetics too? "Elem.": to which work does he refer to? It might be the english translation of Simson's "Sectionum Conicarum Libri Quinque": "Elements of Conic Sections", or most likely, one of the XVIIIth century works bearing the title "Elements of Algebra" (see catalogue). After Incipit: "Dem. The square of a+n/m is a[square]+((2an)/m)+(n[square]/m[square]). Of this trinomial the first term is a whole number, the last is a proper function, & in its lowest terms, because n is prime to m. Elem 29.7. The trinomial therefore cannot be a whole number unless the two last terms make a whole Number." [etc.] 1v: "Prop. The square of an improper fraction cannot be an integer. Let the improper fraction be a+(n/m) its square is a[square]+((2an)/m)+(n[square]/m[square]). If this square be an integer ((2an)/m)+(n[square]/m[square]) must be an integer. First I say it is not Unity, for it be Unity then ((2an)/m)+(n[square]/m[square])=1 & 2anm+n[square]=m[square] or 2anm=m[square]-n[square] or a=(m[square]-n[square])/2nm or 2a=(m/n)-(n/m) *[asterisc, the text continues on the left margin]". Rest of 1v, cancelled. End of cancelled part: "The quantity on the first side of the Equation must be an integer but that on the other side cannot be an integer, because x[square] being a square Number x[square]-1 cannot be a square number." 2131/5/II/26Prop. Let n/m be a proper function in its lowest terms, that is, let n be any number less than m and prime to it; & let a be any whole number whatsoever I say it is impossible that the square of a+(n/m) can be a whole number.~[on margin] Elem 21.7 But n is less than m & x is less than n, therefore equimultiples of Numbers less than themselves. Q.E.D.xType: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series. Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/5/II/27GQ. < The Sum of the Series 1+1/2+1/4 &c. in inf. S=1+1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16 &c.[sum of a series]VType: diagram of a parabola. Place of origin and date: undetermined. [Subject heading]Type: problem in mechanics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: mechanics. [Other mathematical subject: Fluxions?] Diagram on top right corner, and beginning of another diagram on the right, after explicit. Lower half of 1r, blank. After Incipit: "The lines AD, BE, CF which represent the depths of the masonry will be as the weight upon the several points D, E, F." [explicit follows]. 2131/5/II/28Qace/bdf x 19/18 x 19/18. [horizontal line] Prop. Supposing {that} the upper part <of> a bridge is to be horizontal and that the thickness of the mason work at the top of the Arch is given to construct and arch that shall equilibrate.Now the Weight upon any point as E must be as the cube of the Secant of the {elevation of the} Arch at E by the radius of Curvature. z[cube]-b=y z[cube]=ya[square]+a[square]b_Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Other MS on dialling, 7/VIII/11. Subjects: practical mathematics (dialling, or construction of a sundial); astronomy. [Add dialling to subjects for practical mathematics?] Diagram on top right corner. 2131/5/II/29Prob. To construct a Sundial for Lat 57[degrees]. 12[minutes] upon a plain inclining to the horizon in an angle of 25[degrees] and declining eastward 20[degrees].Hourline of 11 west. [etc.]Euclid ("Prop 47.1 Elem.").Type: notes on mathematics. Most likely, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry (corollary from Pythagoras's Theorem). After Incipit: "Lemma 1 [centre] Dico rectam Am aequalem esse rectae Ar." [etc.] "Lemma 2 [centre] Rectae AD, FC se mutuo secant ad rectos angulos in puncto n; et etiam AE, BK in puncto q." [etc.] "Propositio [centre] Rectae FC, BK, occurrunt rectae AL in eodem puncto: sive, quod eodem redit, rectae Ao, Ap erunt aequales." [etc.] Diagram prop. 47.1 on 2v. 2131/5/II/30In Schemate Prop 47.1 Elem. Recta FC occurrat rectae Ab in m; rectae AD in n, & rectae AL in o. Et recta BK occurrat rectae AC in r, rectae AE in q, & rectae AL in p.hEt quoniam Am, CG, AL aequales sunt ipsis Ar, BH, AL respective, constat Ao aequalem esse rectae Ap QED.Euclid ("47. Prop. Lib. 1")Type: notes on mathematics. This MS does not seem to be in Reid's hand. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry (corollary from Pythagoras's Theorem). Diagram on upper half of the page.yDuctis FC KB [illegible] in schem. 47. Prop. Lib. 1. sese mutuo secantibus in O erit juncta AO ipsi BC ad rectos angulos.S[...] aequiangula erunt Triangula BAC, AxC, hoc est, rectus est angulus AxC. Q.E.D.K1r: Simson. 4r: Archimedes. 4v: Barrows, Rivaltus. 7v: "Geber". 9v: Simson. References to this MS in Wood's thesis: p. 71: "Reid probably started his course with an introductory lecture on mathematics and its individual branches, for there is a fragment in which he defines mathematics in the manner of his 'Essay', and examines briefly the nature of geometry, algebra, and arithmetic." See note 133, p. 417, which refers to 5/II/31, fol. 7v, below distinguished as part (6) of the MS. P. 74: "Dated 1758, there is a fragment on conic sections, in which Reid discusses Archimedes's De Sphaera et Cylindro." See note 147, on p. 419, for reference to this fragment, below distinguished as part (5) on 4r-v. P. 226: passages quoted from 7v, upper half (below distinguished as part (6)), along with passages from 7/I/1. See note 76, p. 458. Various parts. 1) On 1r-v. Heading, and Incipit: see above. End, on 1v: "Datis Focis patit methodus ducendi tangentem ad datum punctum Hyp." 1r: "Prop 1", "Dem", "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5", "Prop 2". 1v: "Prop 3", "Cor1", "Cor 2". Lower half of 1v, blank. Type: reading notes from R. Simson's "Sectionum Conicarum Libri Quinque". Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry, conic sections, hyperbole.<  2) On 2r. Beginning: "Oct 1758 [on top left corner] I apprehend for the future it will be more proper to call what is commonly called the Doctrine of Conic Sections, the Doctrine of Curves of the first order. Def. If from two [given]del points given in a plane two right lines are drawn in that plane to a third point so as that the Sum or difference of the right lines is always the Same the locus of that point is a Curve of the first order or a line of the second order." [etc.] End: "The first case is impossible. In the Second the locus is one or two straight lines, In the third it is a Hyperbola." Type: notes. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen, October 1758. Subjects: geometry, conic sections. 3) On 2v. Beginning: "Def 1 Si a duobus punctis in Plano datis ad tertium non datum inflectantur duae rectae, ea Lege ut earum summa vel differentia sit data; Locus punct non dati {dicitur} Curva prime ordinis vel Liea secunde ordinis. Harum vero Curvarum tres sunt Species." [etc.] "Def. 2" [parabola], "Def 3" [ellipsis], "Def 3" [hyperbola] End: "Def 4 Puncta duo in plano data dicuntur Foci Curvae, et Recta Focos jungenes dicitur Axis Curvae. Punctum vero in quo Axis curvam secata Vertex principales dicitur." Lower half of 2v, blank. Type: reading notes from R. Simson's "Sectionum Conicarum Libri Quinque". Material for prelections in mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry, conic sections. 4) On 3r. Beginning: "When the Parabola is considered as described in plano its fundamental property is, that a right line from any ppoint of the Curve to the Focus is equal to the perpendicular from the same point to the Directrix; each of these lines being one fourth of the paprameter of the Diameter which passes through that point." [etc.] Point from 2 to 7. End: "7 Locus. If an infinite right line & a point without that line be given, and a right angle be carried along the given right line so that its vertex be always in the given right line, that is be in the plain of the giiven line & point, and that one of its legs pass through the given point; the other leg shall touch a Parabola off which the given point is the Focus, & the given line a tangent at the Vertex." Type: notes. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects; geometry, conic sections, parabola. 5) On 4r-v. Beginning: "The Surface of a right Cylinder excluding the bases is equal ot the Area of the Circle whose Radius is a mean proposrtional between the Length of the Cylinder and the Diameter of its Base. Archimedes Prop 16 De Sphaera et Cylindro. Analysis [centre]." [etc.] "Prop 17 Ejusdem", "Analysys", "Prop 19 Ejusdem", "Analysis", "Lemma". On 4v: "Prop 37 Ejusdem", "Prop 49 Ejusdem", "Prop 38 Ejusdem". End: "N.B. The Numbers of the Propositions in Barrows Edition differ from those in the Edition of Rivaltus. There being in Barrow 51 propositions in the first Book, & 10 in the 2d De Sph. & Cyl whereas in Rivaltus there are onely 38 in the first & 9 in the second. The number of the propositions mentioned is according to Barrow [interruption]" Lower half of 4v, blank. Type: reading notes from Archimedes's "De Sphera et Cylindro" (note reference to two editions by Barrow and Rivaltus on 4v). Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry. 6) 7v, upper half of the page, before horizontal line. Beginning: "Mathematics is a Science which instructs us in the Relations and Proportions of things Measurable. As the Greeks called one Part of this Science Geometia [Greek] we may very properly call the whole of it Posometheia. The Object of it is Quantity, which is wrong<ly> defined by many to be whatever is capable of More or less & ought rather to be defined Whatever is capable of being measured or what is capable of being doubled trebled halved &c. There are several kinds of Quantity. The more Simple kinds are Extension Duration and Number. Extension is of three kinds Lines Surfaces Solids. That part of Mathematicks which treats of Extension is called Geometry. Algebra is that part of Mathematics which treats of Quantity in General or of < the Relations and Proportions common to all kinds of Quantity. The Name is Arabic & as some think derived from Geber an Arabian who is said by some to have been the Inventor of it. Arithmetic is that part of Mathematics which treats of Number the principles of which have a great Analogy with those of Algebra & are of frequent use in that Science." Type: notes. Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: introduction to the course on mathematics. Object of mathematics, its division in Geometry, Algebra, Arithmetic. 7) From the lower half of 7v, after horizontal line, to 11r. Beginning: "Prop Sit HGJ Parabola cujus Focus F vertex H Axis HCM. Sit vero MJ Axis [normalis]del ad rectos angulos. Si a quocunque parabola puncto G ducatur GC ad Focum & GF axi parallela; dico Summam rectarum GF & GC esse datam. Dem." [etc.] "Def 5" [etc.] 8r: "De Sectionibus Conicis Lib 1 De Parabola. 1 Def." [etc] Definitions from 1 to 7; "Prop 1a", "Prop 2", "Prop 3", "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3". Diagram on top right corner: "Fig 1". 8v: "Fig 1 Prop 4ta", "Fig 2 Prop 5", "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Cor 5", "Cor 6", "Cor 7", "Cor 8", "Cor 9" (on margin). 9r: On top of the page two diagrams "Fig 3", "Fig 2". "Cor 10", "Prop 6", "37.3 El". 9v: beginning of two diagram on top of the page. "Cor 6", "Prop 7", "Prop 8 & 9". 10r: "Prop 5 Lib 2", "Prop 6", "Cor 7. Prop 6", "Cor 8". Bottom of the page: "N Quando G est in vertice Principale demonstratur ex 8 p 2 L Elem". 10v: 3 parts divided by horizontal lines. 1st part continue the text of 10v. 2nd part: "If a Body revolve in an Ellipse by a Centripetal Force tending to the focus of that Ellipse: And two points of its orbit be taken Equally distant from the Greater Axis. The real Velocity of the Body in those two points will be reciprocally as its Distance from the Center of Forces or Directly as the Distance from the other Focus and its Angular Velocity will be as the Square of that Distance. Cor Supposing one Body sets out from the nearest Extremity of the greater Axis another from the most distant. Since their [Angular]del {linear} velocities are as [the Squares of]del their Distances reciprocally, The Times in which they describe equal Spaces will be as the Velocities reciprocally or as the Distances directly and the Sums of the Times aas the Sums of the Distances." 3rd part: "Quadratura Parabolae" [etc.]. Diagram on the right. "Cor". 11r: "Prop 6 Lib 3 Simp" [etc.] Diagram. Type: reading notes from R. Simson's "Sectionum Conicarum Libri Quinque" (except 2nd part on 10v). Material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry, conic sections, parabola; quadratura of the parabola (3rd part on 10v); mechanics (2nd part on 10v). Consider dividing this MS in three items: 1, including the part (1)-(4) from 1r to 3r and part (7) from 7v to 11r: reading notes from Simson's "Sectionum Conicarum Libri Quinque", conic sections, 2, including part (5) on 4r-v: reading notes from Archimedes' "De Sphaera et Cylindro". 3, including part (6) on 7v, upper half: introductory remarks on mathematics. 2131/5/II/311r-3r, 4r-v, 7v-11rDe Hyperbola [centre] Definitiones 9 ex Simpsono. Prop 1 Sit G Punctum in Hyperbola, E, F, Foci {E focus remotior F propinquior} C centrum Aa Axis transversus. Erit GE-GF data et Axi Aa equales. 2r, top left corner: "Oct 1758".c1r (p. 5): Newton ("his Methodus Differentialis"). 2v (p. 8): Newton ("Rule Meth. Differentialis").Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subjects: fluxions (Newton's differential method). Numerical series too? Margin on 1v (p. 6), right. 2131/5/II/32The simplest Series of Numbers whose third Differences are equal, is that of the figurate Numbers called Pyramidical, whose third Difference is Unity.The last of these differences will be equal to the coefficient of the highest power in the equation. And all the other coefficients may be got from the preceeding Differences, by inspection, or an easy substitution. 3v: Ne< twon.Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Subjects: fluxions (Newton's differential method). Numerical series too?pIf to a Series of Ordinates whose third differences are equal the same {fixed} Quantity be added, or from each, if the same fixed quantity be subtracted, their differences, of every order will be the same as before. And if the Terms of a Series be all multiplied or divided by any Number, all the Orders of Differences will be multiplied or divided by the same Number.xIf we seek the other coefficients according to Prop 2d of Newtons differential Method we shall find c=109 And b=459 1/2.~Type: notes on mathematics. Subjects: numerical series? Fluxions? Algebra? On 1v: "Observations" [centre] On 2v: table. On 3r: "The preceeding page exhibits four Tables of figurate numbers differeing from the first Table in this, that the last difference in these tables instead of being Unity as in Tab. 1 are severally 2, 3, 4, 5, And these four tables are carried onely to A5 or to the pentangular numbers which have four orders of differences." [etc.] "Observations" [centre] [etc.] "Problem 1" [centre] [etc.] "Five Terms at equal distances being given, of a Series whose fourth differences are equal, to find any other term required." [etc.] On 4r: "Prob 2. Given four equidistant terms of a Series whose third Differences are equal; required any other Term either indeterminate or at a given distance from the given terms." [etc.] "Prob 3. Keeping the same Symbols & the same Suppositions Given three equidistant Terms of a Series whose second differences are equal. The second difference will be 2c and half {the Sum} of the two first differences will be b; a is the middle Term & the Term sought a+mb+m[square]+c. Corolary." [etc. Explicit] 2131/5/II/331r: table. 1v: In the preceeding page is a table of the Figurate Numbers. And it exhibits four different arrangements of the numbers contained in it.CCorolary. In every Question of this kind , as a is known, the quantities b, c, d, e, &c may be found by common Algebra from the first differences, & that whether the Terms given be equidistant or at known distances from a, because the first differences contain as many equations as there are quantities b, c, d, &c unknown.PType: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and note 147, p. 419. Subjects: geometry, conic sections, ellipsis. On 1r, other 4 definitions. On 1v, another definition. "Properties of the Elipse demostrated by the writers in Conicks." [etc. 3 properties] 2131/5/II/34Def An Ellipsis is {a plain figure terminated by one} [a]del Curve {line} of such a Nature that the sum of the two right lines drawn from two fixed points within the [Curve]del {figure} called the Foci to any point of the [circumference]del {curve line} is always equal.;3 All parallelograms inscribed about an Ellipsis are equal.*Type: reading note? From which book? According to Wood, material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood Ph.D. thesis, p. 72 ("Three manuscripts on trigonometry remain [...]"), and note 137, p. 417 (reference to 5/I/21, 5/II/35, 5/II/37). Subjects: geometry, trigonometry. 1r: "1 Def", "2 D", "3 Def", "Cor", "Cor prop 13 lib 1", "Cor 2". 1v: "D 5", "D 6", "Def 7", "Def 8", "Def 9", "Def 10", "Cor Def 9", "Cor def 10", "Def 11", "Cor". 2r: "Def 12", "Def 13", "Def 14", "15", "16", "17". 2v: "D 18", "Def 19"; heading, on the center: "Sect 1ma De Constructione Canonis"; "Prop 1a", "Prop 2a", "Prop 3a", "Prop 4ta". 3r: "Prop 5", "Prop 6", "Prop 7", "Prop 8". 3v: "Prop 9"; heading on the center: "Sect 2da De Resolutione Triangulorum"; "Prop 10", "Prop 11", "Prop 12", "Prop 13", "Cor Prop 11". 2131/5/II/351 Def Trigonometria [plana]del, ut verbum notat, est Triangulorum [planorum]del mensuratio plana, planorum Triangulorum; sphaerica vero sphaericorum Triangulorum.Cor Prop 11 Triangula in eodem vel in aequalibus circulis inscripta habent lateera un< ius ad latera alterius in rationed {sinuum} angulorum oppositorum.Top left corner: "1763".Trigonometriae planae Elementa Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Ph.D. thesis, p. 72 ("Three manuscripts on trigonometry remain [...]"), and note 137, p. 417 (reference to 5/I/21. 5/II/35, 5/II/37). Subjects: geometry, trigonometry. 2131/5/II/37In order to measure any Length Trigonometrically, that Length must be made one Side of a plain Triangle, one of whose {other} sides can be measured by the actual Application of some Measure of length to it, and two {of whose} Angles [must]del {can} be measured by the actual application of some Measure of Angles; or {the} two {other} Sides and an angle must be actually measured and known.<Sometimes the errors of {actual} Measuration exceed those which arise from them sometimes they fall short of them according to the nature of the triangles that are used It is therefore of importance to use such triangles wherein Errors in the parts actually measured may produce the least Errors in the parts sought."Of The Application of Trigonometry2r (p. 3): Newton.FType: notes on mathematics. Subjects: numerical series. Arithmetics and algebra too? Compare with 5/II/32 (1 and a), 5/II/33. 1r: definitions 1-5. 1v: "Scholium". 3r, after horizontal line: "Prop 1", "Prop 2", "Prop 3", "Prop 4", "Prop 5 Problem". 3v: "Prop 6 Problem", "Prop 7", "Prop 8", "Prop 9". 3v, margin, on the right. 2131/5/II/38Def 1 If, of a Series of Numbers increasing, the differences of the Terms in order be taken, they are called the first differences of the Series: And if in like manner the difference of these differences be taken they are called the second differences of the Series: The differences of the second differences taken in like manner are called the third differences of the Series, and so without end.The odd Numbers above the medium will be x[m as exponent]+1, x[m as exponent]+3, x[m as exponent]+5 &c Those below the medium being x[m as exponent]-1, x[m as exponent]-3, &c.Top left corner: "1790 June".Of Figurate Numbers1r: Archimedes.Type: notes on mathematics, Glagow, 1786. Subjects: geometry (the helix of Archimedes). 1r: "Def 1", "Def 2", "Prop 1", "Prop 2". 1v: "Prop 3", "Prop 4", "Prop 5", "Prop 6", "Prop 7". 2r: "Prop 8". 2131/5/II/39Def 1. Suppose a Circle whose Center is C & Radius CA; and {that} the Radius CA revolves round the Center untill it come again into position CA by an equable Motion, so as to describe equal angles in equal times, & angles proportional to the times.In like manner the radius of the third, fourth, fifth circles &c will be to three, four times, five times &c the circumference of those circles respectively as Radius to the tangent of the angle in {which} the Helix cuts the radius at the circumference of the respective circles.Top left corner: "1786".Of the Helix of Archimedes2r (p. 3), beginning: "In the Memoirs for the Academy of Tholouse Vol 3d This Rule is given for finding whether any given Number p is a prime." [etc.]Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series. Arithmetic and algebra too? Bottom of 1v, blank. Bottom of 3v, blank. Margin on 3r, left. 2131/5/II/401 Def. I call that the Series of the Products of Numbers whose Terms consist of the Successive Numbers from Unity upwards, each multiplied into all the lower Numbers.vTherefore 19p-95 is a multiple of p-5; add 96=4x24 we have 19p+1 a multiple of 24 and (19p+1)/24 is the number sought.(Of the Series of the Products of NumbersType: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra (cubic equations); algebra applied to geometry. Diagram on top right corner. On first column, list of cubic equation. On the second column, problem of geometry to be solved algebraically. Rest of the document, solution. Problem, on second column: "Qu. The Area of the whole Rectangle and the Sides both of the whole & {the Side} of the rectangles about the diameters: & the sides of the Comp< lements." [etc.] 2131/5/II/41[Left column, after title]: x[cube]-5x[square]+6x=-90. x=-3 [Right column]: Prob. In the [Gnomon]del {Rectangle} abcd [which has all its angles right]del divided into two rectangles standing about the diameter & two Complements [...]h[...] therefore the length of the whole rectangle is 9+6=15 and its bredth 3+2=5. Its Area 75 sq Chains.Cubic Equations [left column]Type: miscellanous computations. Fragment to be considered in conjunction with 5/II/43 and 5/II/44. Subjects: algebra? Arithmetic? 2131/5/II/42 p=5. P=24."Elem 7.23", "Elem 7.21".3Type: notes on mathematics. This MS follows 5/II/44. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra, arithmetic (theorems about prime numbers). After Incipit: "Lemma 2d" [etc.] "Prop 3" [etc.] References to a book: "Elem 7.23", "Elem 7.21". Is the same book as the one referred to in 5/II/26? 2131/5/II/439Def. I take the word Multiple ["Multiple" underlined] in [the]del {so} large[est]del {a} Sense [so] {as} that not onely the product of {Unity or of} any whole Number above Unity into a Quantity is to be accounted a Multiple of that Quantity, but also the product of 0, -1, -2, -3 &c. or any negative whole Number.6 To find the next measure of p I multiply 12eo (?) by 6 & add p to the product. The summ divided by p-6 will quote 720f+1 which will be a multiple of p.1v: "Elem 7.23".Type: notes on mathematics. This MS preceeds 5/II/43. Consider as correct Incipit, not the page where the MS number appears but the other one. Subjects: algebra, arithmetic (theorems about prime numbers). Reference to a book, on 1v: "Elem 7.23": is the same book as the one mentioned on 5/II/26? After Incipit: "This proposition may be demonstrated by Induction." 7points On 1v, beginning of the page (Incipit, according to AUL catalogue, but this text comes after the one on the other page): "Prop 2d The same things being supposed, let the numbers of any pair found as directed in the first proposition be a and b 7 their product ab; I say that a being given b is likewise given; and in none of them can a be equal to b." [etc.] "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3". Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, left. 2131/5/II/44Prop. If p be a prime Number all the Numbers above Unity and below p-1 may be couple in pairs in such a manner that the product of each pair shall be equal to mp+1; m being a whole number less than either of the numbers of that pair.Cor 3 From this it follows that if p be a prime Number and all the Numbers below p be multiplied into one another & the Product be called P P+1 will be divisible by p without a remainder.Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry, trigonometry. 1r: "Schol.", "Prob 2", "Prob 3". 1v: "Prob 4", "Theorem". Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/5/II/451r-v (pp. 1-2)|Prob 1. Given the Radius and the ratio of a Sine to its cosine, to find the Sine. Call the Sine s the cosine c the radius r.4Theorem. If two Triangles have two Sides of one equal to two sides of the other each to each, the angles opposed to one of the equal sides equal, and the angles opposed to the other of the equal sides of the same quality (that is, both right, both acute or both obtuse) the Triangles will be every way equal.&Problems supplementary to TrigonometryH"G. L 's Gravesande Matheseos (?) Universalis Elementa 8o Lug. B. 1727".2Type: notes on mathematics, Glasgow, 1785. Subjects: algebra. After Incipit: "1 Every multinomial Square must contain the square of each term of the root taken singly. Therefore the aggregate of all roots of the squares of the multinomial is to be tried, in order to find the root." [etc.] Points 2, 3, 4. 2r (p. 3)A Method of extracting the square & cube roots from algebraical quantities of many terms, or names; from which may easily be deduced a similar method of extracting roots of higher powers from G. L 's Gravesande's Mathiscos (?) Universalis Elementa 8o Lug. B. 1727.4 The Method is similar if we seek the cube root of a multinomial for it is evident that it must contain the cubes of every term of the roo< t. And the sign of the cube is always the same with that of the root.Top left corner: "1785".Euclid ("El 3.33").IType: notes on mathematics, Glasgow, March 8 1787, Subjects: two problems, one on geometry, the other on algebra. After Incipit: "Solution [centre] Upon the given right line describe a segment of a circle which shall contain an angle equal to the given angle by El 3.33. Let this segment be made to revolve round the given right line as an Axis, describing a solid: The surface of that solid figure will [contain all]del {be} the Locus of all the points in Space from which two right lines drawn to the extremities of the given line will make the given angle Prob [centre] To find the sum of the squares of the natural Numbers taken in their natural order from Unity to any given Number. Sol. Let a be the given number; the Sum of the Squares of all the whole Numbers from Unity to 9a) will be (2a[cube]+3a[square]+a)/6." [Explicit follows] 2v (p. 4)Prop. A right line being given to find the Locus of all the points in a Space from which two right lines drawn to the extremities of the given line shall make a given angle.Cor. If a Magazine of Cannon Balls {be} piled up in a quadrangular pyramid as usual, having one on the top, four in the next stratum, nine in the next & so on to the lowest; the number of the balls may be found by this canon, making (a) the number in a side of the loweest stratum."Top left corner: "1787 March 8th".Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Most likely, written after item (3) on 2v, that is, after 1787. Subjects: practical mathematics, construction of a sundial, dialling; astronomy. Diagram on bottom of 4v (p. 8).2v-4v (pp. 4-8)[Suppose a Gnomon or line parallel to the Earths axis which throws its shaddow upon a plain.We may therefore find the third side of the triangle YP. When this side YP is found, its complement is the angle which the Gnomon makes with the plain of the dial. Q.E.I.1The Principle of making a Sun Dial upon any Plain5WType: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry. 5r (p. 9)From a point without a circle, let a line be drawn to the Center which is to be the Hypothenuse of a right angled Triangle; a Tangent to the circle from the same point will make one side of the triangle, & the Radius the other side. Call the part of the Hypothenuse without the circle a, the Radius r, then the Hypothenus will be a+r, one side r, & the other side (a[square]+2ar)[square root] a=9 Sides 19.180.181. Area 1710.6\Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series. On 5v: "Def.", 5 points. On 6r: "Prob 1 In a Series of the odd Numbers beginning with Unity; [to find the medium of the Series]del having given the last or highest term; to find the Medium of the Series. Sol." [etc.] "Prob 2 To find a part of the series of odd Numbers whose sum shall be equal to any given cube Number." [etc.] "Example", "Cor. 1". On 6v: "Cor 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Example", "Cor 5", "Cor 6", "Cor 7". Bottom of 6v, blank. 7r: "Prob 3", "Sol", "Cor 1", "Ex 1", "Ex 2", "Cor 3", "Cor 4".6v-7rkThese are of all Progressions or Series the most simple, yet they have properties that deserve to be known.Cor 4. Any perfect Power of a whole Number will be equal to the sum of a parcel of the Series of odd Numbers; The Medium of that parcel being the next lower power of the [Number]del {Root}, and the number of Terms of the parcel being equal to the Root.Of Arithmetical Progressions1r: Euclid. 1v: Barrow.KType: notes on Euclid's Elements, Aberdeen, June 1756. For a description of this part of the MS, see Wood Ph.D. thesis, pp.212-213 (notes 39-40, p. 455). See also Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), 1998, pp. 27-41. Subjects: geometry, parallel lines. On 1r: "Def 27.", "3 Ax 10.", "4 Ax 11.", "5 The first Definition is indistinct & Superfluous a point being distinctly defined in the 3d, therefore the first is to be lest out." On 1v: "Lib 1 Prop 1", "Prop 7", "NB< . Mathemtical demonstrations are of Various kinds.", "Prop 44", "Prop 12". 2131/5/II/471 Def 17. The last clause of this Definition viz that the Diameter divides a Circle into two equal Parts does not properly belong to it being a Proposition and demonstrable by the Application of the two Semicircles to each other.The Definitio of a Ratio book 5 is vague and good for nothing. As appears by this that we need another definition to know when two Ratios are equal or when one is greater or less than the other.Top right corner: "June 1756".&Observations on the Elements of Euclid2r: Girolamo Saccheri ("Euclides ab omni Noevo vidicatus"), Euclid. 2v: Euclid. 3r: Euclid, Ptolomy, Clavius, "Tho Oliver an Englishman", "Sr H. Saul", Wallis, D. Gregory, G. Saccheri. 3v: G. Saccheri, D. Gregory, R. Simson. Type: notes on mathematics, Glasgow, September 1770. For a description of this part of the MS (specifically, the reading note from Saccheri's book), with quotations, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 217-218 (notes 51-53, p. 456). See also Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), 1998, pp. 27-41. Subjects: geometry, parallel lines. 3 parts, divided by horizontal linees. 1) On 2r-3r. Reading note of G.Saccheri's "Euclides ab omni Noevo vindicatus" After Incipit: "The Author in his Dedication mentions his having formerly dedicated to the Same Senate his Neostatica [overlined]. He likewise Mentions his having before published a Book intitled Logica Demonstrativa, forty years ago." [etc.] End, on 3r: "A Just and Geometrical refutation of this Hypothesis of Acute Angles seems therefore to be still wanting. Perhaps this may at last be obtained. Perhaps by building a System of Geometry upon this Hypothesis we may at last find it contradictory to itself or to some selfevident Principle." 2) On 3r-v. Part of the GLS Discourse on Euclid's Elements from the early 1790s (note Wood's different foliation in n. 53: this part on 4r-v). Compare with 3061.11 and 5/I/24. Beginning on 3r: "I come now to speak of the 11 Ax by some called the 12 Which is If a right line falls upon two right lines in the same plane so as to make the two internal angles {on one side} together less than two right Angles the right lines being produced will meet on that side." End on 3v: "I shall now give a brief Account of what is said upon this Axiom by two of the latest and ablest of those who have treated of it. These Are D. D Gregory & our Dr. Simson." 3) On 3v-4r. Part of the GLS Discourse on Euclid's Elements from the early 1790s (note Wood's different foliation: this part on 4v and 2r). Compare with 3061.11 and 5/I/24. Beginning on 3v: "I am much disposed to think with Dr. Simson that the Axiom does not admit of Demonstration in the way which has been attempted by all that have taken it in hand." End on 4r: See Explicit.2r-4rfSept 1770 Read Euclides ab omni Noevo vindicatus: sive conatus Geometricus quo Stabiliuntur prima ipsa Universae Geometriae Principia. Auctore Hieronimo Saccherio Societatis Jesu, in Ticinenensi Universitate Matheseos Professore. Opusculum Exmo Senatui Mediolanensi ab Auctore Dicatum. Mediolani 1733 Ex Typographia Pauli Antonii Montani Superiorum Permissu.If after all this attempt should prove unsuccessfull, it is but one added a very great number of the kind made by Mathematicians at whose feet the Author of this would be proud to sit and learn.Top left corner: "Sept 1770".Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: mathematics, theory of probability. [Subject heading] 2131/5/II/49OAll our reasoning of this kind seems to me to be hypothetical and to suppose certain [fixed laws according to which the probability of Events depending on Chance [are]del is regulated]del {probabilities given from whence we deduce other probabilities that are sought, by adding Subtracting multiplying or dividing those that are given.The value of this fraction comes to be nearly .20588 Hence we see that the probability is much less of drawing precisely 4 prizes in forty tickets than that of draw< ing one prize and no more in ten tickets."Of our reasoning concerning Chance.Abraham De Moivre ("The Doctrine of Chances").{Type: reading note. Place of orign and date: undetermined. Subjects: mathematics, theory of probability. [Subject heading]The probability of an Event is greater or less according to the Number of Chances by whhc it may happen=H compared with the whole number of chances by which it may either happen or fail=N.~The Proby of the happening of any one & failing of the other two is X x (1-Y) x (1-Z) + Y x (1-X) x (1-Z) + Z x (1-Y) x (1-X).#From de Mowre's Doctrine of ChanceshType: notes. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: theory of probability. [Subject heading]8vThe Truth of a Proposition is something absolute which has no dependance upon the Knowledge or Apprehension of the Person that perceives or believes it.That the places of Saturn have no greater connection with the days in which he is seen in those places; than the tickets in a wheel with the draughts that are made of them.F1v: Dodson ("See Dodsons Mathematical Repository Vol 1 Quest 172 &c").Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelection on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74, and note 148, p. 419. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: numerical series (infinite series). 2131/5/II/5031 A Geometrical Series descending is easily summed.In general I apprehend that in every Question wherein there are two Quaesita & two Data, if both Quaesita have the same Relation to each of the Data the final Equation will be a Quadratick who two roots will be the Quaesita.#Of the Summary of infinite Series'sF2r: Berkeley ("his Arithmetica sine Algebra aut Euclide demonstrata").YType: notes on mathematics, Glasgow, 1788. Subjects: algebra, arithmetic. Cancelled part at the beginning, separate by the rest of the paper by a horizontal line. On 2r: "July 1 1788 Bishop Berkeley in his Arithmetica sine Algebra aut Euclide demonstrata gives a very good Rule for simple Alligation which he expresses by this Example." [etc.] 2131/5/II/51[Cancelled part at the beginning] The preceeding Account of Mathew Morthlands intromissions with Hasties Mortification contained in the five preceeding pages; the sum of the Charge amounting to five hundred thirty four pound thirteen shillings ten pence & two thirds of a penny Sterling. [After cancelled part] If ma+c=nb. Supposing , a, b, & c known whole Numbers & m & n indeterminate and unknown. To find the least positive values of m & n [...]Divide Ax+Cy by the known Sum of x+y & call the Quotient B then you have this Equation Ax+Cy=B x (x+y) which is solved as above.2r: "July 1 1788". Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry, trigonometry. Problems in trigonometry. On 1r: "Problem", "Problem 2d". On 1v: Examples 1-5. On 2r: upper part, bearing title "Theorem", cancelled. Examples 6-7. On 2v: "Probl." 2131/5/II/52Problem The Daimeter of a Circle being given, and a point in that Diameter cutting off a versed sine; to divide that versed sine into two parts, so that the perpendicular being raised from the point of division to the circumference of the Circle, that perpendicular shall be to the part of the versed sine nearest to the Center of the Circle, as that part is to the half of the other part.Then that side of the Right angled triangle which is adjacent to the given Angle will be equal to (A x R x S/C)[square root] therefore will be easily computed by Logarithms.Diagram. 2131/5/II/531v-2ri1r: Newton ("Treatise of the Quadrature of Curves"). 3r: Newton ("treatise of the Quadrature of Curves").:Type: reading notes from Newton's "Treatise of the Quadrature of Curves", New Machar, 1743. For reference to this MS, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 55 (note 74, p. 412). Subjects: fluxions, quadrature of curves. 5 parts. 1) On 1r-v. On 1r: points 1-4. On 1v: points 5-9. 2) On 2r-v. Beginning: "Observations with respect to the position and Limits of Areas". On 2r: points 1-10. On 2v: points 11-13. 3) On 3r-4r. Beginning:<  "Observation concerning the termination of the Series in the 5 Proposition of Sr I. Newtons treatise of the Quadrature of Curves". On 3v, heading: "Of the Converging of the Series". On 4r: 7 points. 4) On 5r. Lower half of page blank. 5) On 5v-6r. On top right corner: "June 1743". "Queries concerning Affected Equations & the Orders of Analytical Problems". On 5v: points 1-12. On 6r: points 13-17. 2131/5/II/541r-4r, and 5r-6r%1 If the Ordinate of a Curve be [...]=17 Might not the Doctrine of Fluxions be applyed in order to find the limits of Roots & the Relations & affections of Equations? By supposing 2 or more of the Quantitys that enter into the Equation to flow, & by the other ways? Might not a linear Construction often help us in conceiving the propertys of an equation. [New Machar]"5v, top right corner: "June 1743".Appendix to the 5 Proposition of Sr Is. Newtons Treatise of the Quadrature of Curves containing some observations with respect to Curves that are Quadrable or are not soP3v: Bradley. 4r: Newton. 6r: Jurin ("his Essay on Distinct or Indistinct Vision"Type: notes. For a description of this MS, with quotations, see Wood Ph.D. thesis, pp. 253-255 (notes 54-58, p. 466): "Reid returned to the question of aberration in a lengthy, undated manuscript probably written in the 1780s wherein he surveyed three general cases in which we do not perceive an object in its true place." [etc.] Page 15 of this MS, transcribed in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 390-391. Place of origin and date: undetermined. According to Wood, Glasgow, 1780s. Subjects: optics, aberration. 1r: "Case 1". 1v: "2 Case". 4r: "Case 3". 5v: "Case 3d". Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 3v, right. 8v, right. Diagrams: 3r, left, top left corner. 8v, top right corner. 8r-10r: cancelled. Bottom right corner of folio 12, burnt; fragment from burnt corner, between folio 6 and 7. 2131/5/II/55As all Visible objects are seen by Rays of Light which pass from the Object to the Eye; it is onely by the direction of the Rays that we perceive the direction of the Object from the Eye.That the Ray from the Star may pass along the Axis of the Telescope, that Axis must be placed in the Direction ap, & the angle zap which is the Aberration of the Telescope may be found by the Miscrometer. But that the Ray may pass along the Axis of the Eye, that Axis must be in the Direction ao, & the angle zao is the Aberration of the Eye which differs from the aberration of the Telescope but five seconds.'1r: Jurin ("Essay on Distinct Vision").mType: most likely, part of the lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Material drawn from Jurin's "Essay on Distinct Vision". Subjects: natural philosophy, optics. 1r-v: distinct and indistinct vision. 2r-v: anatomy of the eye. To be inserted between fol. 1 and 2 of 6/V/18. It must be folded differently (consider 2r as 1r) for the text to continue from 6V/18. 2131/5/II/56EThe Circle whose Radius is r-g is called by Dr Jurin the false image.'Dist of the Retina from the Center 5/8.1r (p. 1): Priestley, Price, Descartes. 1v (p. 2): Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Priestley. 2r (p. 3): Priestley. 2v (p. 4): Priestley, Price, Berkeley, Locke, Descartes. 3r (p. 5): Priestley, Locke, Berkeley. 3v (p. 6): Pristley, Locke, Berkeley. 4r (p. 7): Newton, Priestley. 4v (p. 8): Newton. 5r (p. 9): Newton, Bacon. 5v (p. 10): Newton. 6r (p. 11): Newton, Priestley. 6v (p. 12): Newton. 7r (p. 13): Newton, Priestley. 7v (p. 14): Newton, Priestley. 8r (p. 15): Priestley. 8v (p. 16): Priestley. 9r (p. 17): Priestley. 9v (p. 18): Priestley. 10r (p. 19): Priestley. 10v (p. 20): Priestley. 11r (p. 21): Newton, Priestley. 11v (p. 22): Priestley. 12r (p. 23): Priestley. 12v (p. 24): Priestley. 13r (p. 25): Priestley, Newton. 13v (p. 26): Newton, Priestley. 14r (p. 27): Newton, Priestley. 14v (p. 28): Newton, Priestley. 15r (p. 29): Priestley, Newton. 15v (p. 30): Priestley, Newton. 16r (p. 31): Priestley, Newton. 16v (p. 32): Priestley, Newton.Type: draft of the "Observations on the modern System of Materialism", Glasgow. For dating, and reference to other related MSS, see W< ood, "Reid on Animate Creation", Introduction, pp. 30-56. Subject: materialism. Headings. 1r (p. 1): "Chap 1 Of the connection of this System with {Other} philosophical Opinions". 4r (p. 7): "Chap 2 Of Newtons Rules of Philosophizing". 8r (p. 15): "Chap 3 Of the [Notion]del [{General Properties}]del {Solidity or Impenetrability} of Matter". 11r (p. 21): "Chap 4 Of the vis Inertia of Matter". 13r (p. 25): "Chap 5 Of Powers of Attraction & Repulsion in Matter". Marginalia: 1r (p. 1), left. 1v (p. 2), right. 2v (p. 4), right. 3r (p. 5), left. 3v (p. 6), right. 6v (p. 12), right. 7r (p. 13), left. 8r (p. 15), left.. 8v (p. 16), right. 9r (p. 17), left. 9v (p. 18), right. 10r (p. 19), left. 11r (p. 21), left. 12r (p. 23), left. 12v (p. 24), left. 13r (p. 25), left. 13v (p. 26), right. 14v (p. 28), right. 16v (p. 32), right. Most of 13v, cancelled. 3016/01/11r-16v (pp. 1-32)JChap 1 Of the connection of this System with other philosophical Opinions. By the modern System of Materialism I mean that which has been advanced by Dr Priestly, in his Disquisitions on Matter & Spirit, & in his free Discussion with Dr Price; & knowing no other Author that has explained it I must take my Notions of it from him.7 Because a certain State of the Brain & the faculty of thinking always accompany and correspond to one another we ought to conclude that thinking is a property of the Brain, that being the very reason why we believe that any property is in any Substance whatsoever. [margin]0Observations on the modern System of MaterialismType: draft of the "Observations on the Modern System of Materialism", Glasgow. For dating, and reference to other related MSS, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", Introduction, pp. 30-56. Subject: materialism. Headings. 1r (p. 1): "Chap 1st of the connection of this System with other Philosophical Opinions". 6r (p. 11): "Chap 2d Of Newtons Rules of Philosophizing". 11v (p. 22): "Chap 3 of the Solidity or Impenetrability of Matter". 16v (p. 32): "Chap 4 Of the Inertia of Matter". 20v (p. 40): "Chap 5th Of Powers of Attraction and Repulsion in Matter". 25v (p. 50): "Chap 6 Consequences of this System". Marginalia: 1r (p. 1), left. 1v (p. 2), right. 3v (p. 6), right. 4r (p. 7), left. 5v (p. 10), right. 12v (p. 24), right. 13r (p. 25), left. 13v (p. 26), right. 14r (p. 27), left. 14v (p. 28), right. 15r (p. 29), left. 16v (p. 32), right. 20r (p. 39), left. 22r (p. 43), left. 22v (p. 44), right. 25v (p. 50), right. 3061/01/21r-26v (pp. 1-52)Chapt 1st Of the connection of this System with other Philosophical Opinions. By the modern System of Materialism [modern...Materialism: underlined] I mean that which is advanced by {the Revd} Dr Priestley in his Disquisitions relating to Matter & Spirit [Disquisitions...Spirit: underlined], & in the Illustrations [underlined] and additional Illustrations [additional Illustrations: underlined] of the Disquisitions. As I know no other Author who has explained & defended this System, I take the principles of it from him onely.The old system, to which we hitherto trusted, being laid in its grave, and the new, being yet an embrio, we must wait till it be brought forth.0Observations on the Modern System of MaterialismType: draft of "Some Observations on the Modern System of Materialism", Glasgow; incomplete. For dating, and reference to other related MSS, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", Introduction, pp. 30-56. Subject: materialism. Headings. 1r: "Introduction". 1v (p. 2): "Chap 1st Of the Connection of this System with other Philosophical Opinions". 8v (p. 16): "Chap 2d Of Newtons Rules of Philosophizing". 17r (p. 33): "Chap 3 of the Solidity or Impenetrability of Matter". Marginalia: 18v (p. 36), right. 3061/01/31r-19r (pp. [1]-37)Introduction By the modern System of Materialism I mean that which is advanced by the Reverend Dr Priestley in his Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit [Disquisitions...Spirit: underlined] published Ao 1777, and {defended} in his Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism and Philosophical Necessity [Free...Necessity: underlined], < and Illustrations on the Disquisitions [Illustrations...Disquisitions: underlined] published Ao 1778.Is there not here an Unity in Trinity & Trinity in Unity, which I think Dr Priestley holds to be an absurdity? Once more may we not, according to this system of materialism [interrupted]5Some Observations on the Modern System of Materialism,9r (p. 17): Jurin. 10v (p. 20): Malebranche.Type: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, 27 November 1795 (see Wood Ph.D. thesis, p. 387). Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 103-124. Subjects: physiology.3061/021r-13v (pp. 1-26)I take it for granted that the voluntary Motions of the Body which are perceivable by our Senses are all performed by the Contraction of Muscles.]It is the Consolation of old Age, and more than sufficient to make its Infirmities sit light.$Of Muscular Motion in the human BodyType: Question discussed at the Glasgow Literary Society, 30 January 1778 (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386). Subjects: politics, police or political economy. Marginalia: 4r (p. 7), left. 5v (p. 10). Right.3061/031r-7r (pp. 1-13)Every Member of this Society will easily perceive that this Question has a Relation to the Corn Bill for Scotland which is under Deliberation as an Amendment of the British Corn Law enacted the 13th of his present Majesty.3Therefore, whether it would be prejudicial to the Country or not, to bring {down} the Medium price of Grain & Meal, does not so properly belong to the Question now under the Consideration of the Society, although it is a political Question that may very well deserve to be discussed on some future Occasion.Q Whether the Storing or Warehousing of [foreign]del {Grain} or Meal for Reexportation be highly prejudicial to the Interest of this Country, & whether it ought to be prevented if possible?8r (p. 15): "S I Stewart".Type: Question discussed at the Glasgow Literary Society, 1780s (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386). Subjects: politics, police or political economy. Marginalia: 8r (p. 7), left.3061/041r-8v (pp. 1-16)The Invention of Money for the Purposes of Commerce, may for its Utility, its Antiquity, and universal Reception among all civilized Nations, be compared to the Invention of the Plough for the Purposes of Agriculture.DThis is fair and equitable but if no provision of this kind were made, Every man would unjustly gain an additiona of 5 prCt (?) to his lent Money while its denomination continued the Same and Every Man who had debt would bbe unjustly loaded with an addition to it of 5 prCt (?) although it was nominally no More than before.}What are the bad consequences of the Diminution of our Coin by wearing? and what the means off preventing those Consequences?A3v (p. 6): Aristotle. 4v (p. 8): Cicero ("his Books of Offices").Type: Question discussed at the Glasgow Literary Society, 20 March 1778 (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386). Subjects: politics, police or political economy. Marginalia: 6v (p. 12), right. 7r (p. 13), left.3061/051r-9v (pp. 1-18)[In order]del To prevent [the]del Oppression [of those who are obliged to borrow money]del, by [the exaction of]del exorbitant Interest {for money borrowed}, it seems to have been thought necessary by many States ancient and modern to fix by Law the highest Interest that may be taken for the loan of money, and to make it highly criminal to take any higher [price for the loan]del than the Law allows.And as to the penalty I believe criminal Prosecutions for Usury {have been rare} and the Instances much more rare where any honest Man has incurred the penalty through Ignorance or Inattention. Although I have heard of one or two such Instances.[Cancelled] Quest. Whether it be proper to fix by Law the highest lawfull Rate of Interest, so as to make it Penal in any case, to take a higher Interest for the loan of Money.*(Philosophy, Politics) Forms of GovernmentType: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, 28 November 1794 (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 387). Published transcription in Haakonssen, p. 277-299. Subjects: politics, forms of governement. <  Marginalia: 14r (p. 25), left. 15r (p. 27), left3061/062r-15r (pp. 1-27)hThere are two Questions in Politicks which are perfectly distinct, & which ought never to be confounded.{As} He is a good Friend or Neighbour with whom we can live in Peace, Amity and the Exchange of good Offices; [And]del {So} it is a good Government under {which} we can lead quiet and peaceable lives in all Godliness & Honesty.#Some Thoughts on the Utopian System1r: Aristotle (quotation). 3v: Newton. 4r: Newton. 5r: Newton. 6r: Leibniz. 8r: Desaguliers ("in the second Volume of his Course of Experimental Philosophy published in 1744")bType: draft of the Essay on Quantity, 1748. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 235-240 (note 15, p. 462). On 1r, frontespice with title, quotation in Greek from Aristotle, and note, not in Reid' hand: "N.B. This was published in the [illegible] transactions, Vol. 45. & is republished in the 8th Edition of Dr Reid works Edin. 1819." On 1v, contents. "Contents Sect. 1t What Quantity is? 2d the Distinction of Proper & Improper Quantity explained. 3 First Corollary, of the Peculiar Certainty & Perspicuity of Reasonings about Quantity. 4 Second Corollary, of the Quantity of Virtue. 5 Third Corollary, of the Quantity of Force. 6 Of the Newtonian Measure of Force. 7 Of the Leibnitzian Measure of Force. 8 Reflexions on the Controversy about the Measure of Force." 2r (p. 1): "What Quantity is?". 2v (p. 2): "2 Of Proper & Improper Quantity." 4r (p. 5): "3 Corollary First". 4v (p. 6): "4 Corollary Second". 5r (p. [7]): "5 Corollary Third", "6 Of the Newtonian Measure of Force". 6r (p. 9): "7 Of the Leibnitzian Measure of Force". 7r (p. 11): "8 Reflexions on this Controversy". 8r: "To be inserted at A". "A", point of insertion on 7v (p. 12). 9r (p. 13): "Finis", "P.S.". 9r: "By some such Means as these it Might be hoped that Peace might be restored to the Mathematical World without any Hurt to Truth, and Controversy banished from this Society where it is but a late Usurper to that where it hath undoubted Right and Immemorial Possession. Finis P.S. When this Essay was wrote in 1748 I knew so little of the History of the Controversy about the force of moving Bodies as to think that the British Mathematicians onely, opposed the Notion of Leibnitz, and that all the foreign Mathematicians adopted it. The Fact is that the British and French are of one Side, the Germans Dutch & Italians of the other. I find likewise that Desaguliers in the second Volume of his Course of Experimental Philosophy published in 1744, is of the Opinion, that the parties in this Dispute put different Meanings upon the Word Force, and that in reality both are in the Right, when well understood." (this post scriptum is quoted by Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 239).3061/072r (p. 1): What Quantity is? Since Mathematical Demonstration is thought to carry a peculiar Evidence along with it, which leaves no Room for further Dispute; it may be of some Use, or Entertainment at least, to enquire; to what Subjects this kind of Proof may be applied.I find likewise that Desaguliers in the second Volume of his Course of Experimental Philosophy published in 1744, is of the Opinion, that the parties in this Dispute put different Meanings upon the Word Force, and that iin reality both are in the Right, when well understood.>On 1r: "Read before the Royal Society at London October 1748".An Essay on Quantity:4r (p. 7): Heraclitus. 4v (p. 8): Hume. 6r (p. 11): Locke.Type: see 2r (p. 3) "By this Sir I hope you will see how far {and in what sense} I resolve our Principles and Sentiments into Constitution". Letter? Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: common sense.3061/081r-6r (pp. 1-11)Every thing that is made must have some Constitution, some fabrick make or nature, from which all its Qualities {Appearances} Powers and Operations do result. There are other first Principles wherein the Predicate is not contained in the definition or Notion of the Subject. Of this kind is every Proposition which affirms the real Existence of any thing. Existence is not included in the Notion<  of any thing. [That I think,]delOf Constitution1r (p. 1): Hartley, Priestley, Epicurus, Hobbes, Samuel Clarke, Buffon. 1v (p. 2): Hartley, Priestley, Epicurus, Hobbes, Collins. 2r (p. 3): etc.(Type: original draft of a review of Priestley's "Hartley's theory of the human Mind", published in the Monthly Review for July 1775 and January 1776 (see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 35-36). Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 132-154. Subjects: materialism.3061/091r-14r (pp. 1-27)1 This work may be considered a an excellent Specimen of the Perfection to which the Art of Book making may be carried, and with how small Expence of Labour & Thought a well proportioned Octavo may be produced.|It is indeed very strange that Dr Hartley should not onely himself follow a Method of Philosophizing so much condemned by Newton & Bacon, but that he should instruct others in their Enquiries to follow this Method. For so he does (Prop 39 Hartleys Theory) in that Part of the Proposition where he deduces Rules for the ascertainment of Truth from the Rule of False in Arithmetick.[1775]VMiscellaneous Reflections on Priestley's Account of Hartley's Theory of the Human Mind1r: P. Browne ("The Procedure Extent & Limits of Human Understanding", "A Letter in Answer to a Book entitled Christianity not Mysterious"). 2r: Locke, S. Clarke. 2v: Locke, Berkeley.Type: reading notes from P. Browne "The Procedure Extent & Limits of Human Understanding", 1738. For reference to this MS, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 52 (notes 64-65, p. 411), and pp. 206-207 (note 21, p. 453). Subjects: ideas, abstraction.3061/10Septr 1738 I read The Procedure Extent & Limits of Human Understanding London 1728. 8o pages 477. Abstract. Introduction to the whole Design. Some years past a Small Treatise was Published with this Tittle [A Letter in Answer to a Book entitled Christianity not Mysterious as also to those who set up for Reason and Evidence in opposition to Revelation and Mysteries] It plainly appears to have been written in haste and with the Incorrectness of Youthfull and as yet unformed Style.|The Question about Abstract Ideas is a point wherein I think neither this Author not Bp. Berclay have done Justice to Mr Locke this perhaps owing to their taking the word Idea in a more confined Sense than he does. That we have no abstract Sensation is undeniable and it seems as plain that an Abstract Idea is not an Adequate and Compleat idea of anything tha can have existence.Top of 1r: "Septr 1738".1r (p. 1): Euclid, Simson. 1v (p. 2): Euclid, Simson. 2r (p. 3): Euclid, Simson. 3v (p. 6): Euclid, Simson. 4r (p. 7): Euclid. 4v (p. 9): Euclid. 5r (p. 9): Euclid, Simson. 5v (p. 10): Euclid. 6r (p. 11): Euclid, Ptolomy. 6v (p. 12): Thomas Oliver, Sir Henry Savil, Euclid, Wallis David Gregory, Hieronymus Saccherius (Saccheri). 7r (p. 13): Simson, David Gregory. 7v (p. 14): David Gregory. 8r (p. 15): Simson. 8v (p. 16): Simson, Euclid. 9v (p. 18): Euclid, Pope. 12r (p. 22): Simson, Euclid. 12v (p. 23): Pope. 13v: Dr Hope, Mr Playfair.Type: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, early 1790s. For a description of this MS, with quotations, see P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", Reid Studies, 2 (1), Autumn 1998, pp. 33-36. See also Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 219-225. Trancription of 10r-v (pp. 19-20) in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 388-389. Subjects: parallel lines. Most of 5v (p. 10), cancelled. 8v-9r (pp. 16-17), cancelled part. Diagram on 10r (p. 19), and 11r (p. 21). Marginalia: 4v (p. 8), right. 5v (p. 10), right. 7v (p. 14), right. 9v (p. 18), right. On 11r, end of the Discourse: "If this Corollary be adopted, the Axiom in page 16 will be superceded. N.B. This {Cor} ought to go before {page 11} [the preceding Problem]del". On 12r-v, letter to Playfair (folio 12 not stitched to the rest of the paper). 12r (p. 22), beginning: "Mr P There is one Remark which I beg leave to make on this Discourse myself, because it needs an Apology." [etc.] 12v, end: "So that I think wee may still apply to this father of Geometry < the Maxim of Mr Pope before quoted. Great Wits sometimes may gloriously offend And rise to faults, true Criticks dare not mind." On 13v, advertisment (see Explicit).3061/111r-11r, 12r-v, 13vThe Elements of Euclid have justly been held in admiration by Mathematicians of the best Taste and Judgment in every Age since they were wrote.&If the Author had thought this Discourse worthy to be shewn to Mathematicians, he would have transcribed it fair, & put in their proper places the parts that are disjoyned; but as Dr Hope informs him that Mr Playfair desires to see it, he will easily perceive that it is not worth that trouble.[Early 1790s?]'1r: Priestley, Hartley, Locke, Collins.dType: reading notes from Priestley's "The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity illustrated", Glasgow.3061/12Read The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity illustrated; being an Appendix to the Disquisitions relating to Matter & Spirit To which is added An Answer to the Letters on Materialism and on Hartley's Theory of the Mind by Jo. Priestley LLD. F.R.S Lond 1777. Pref "If Man be wholly a Material, It will not be denied but that he must be a Mechanical Being. The Doctrine of Necessity is a direct Inference from Materialism." [etc.]$The proper foundation, or rather the ultimate object of Virtue is general Utility. The End of the divine Being the happiness of all the Creatures this will certainly sanctify the means that are necessary to accomplish it. Natural Good is the End Virtue the means to that End and a part of it.Butler ("Analogy"), Bacon.oType: reading notes from Butler's "Analogy of Religion", Glasgow, August 22 1781. Subjects: probable reasoning.4On revising Butlers Analogy, the following thoughts occurred. Introd. Q. Whether as the Author seems to suppose all Probability consists in likeness to some Truth. The Author very justly points out a Desideratum [overlined] in Logick to wit to reduce probable Reasoning to Rules, at least as far as possible.HThe Speculative Politician studies the Nature of the human Species, the principles from which they commonly act, according to the variety of Natural Temper, of Education, Habit, Example and instruction they receive & from these principles accounts for {and forms conclusions concerning} the Causes & Effects of Political Events.Top left corner: "1781 Aug 22".Priestley, Newton.Type: reading notes from Priestley's "Disquisitions relating to matter & spirit". Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p.161. Subjects: materialism.Disquisitions relating to matter & spirit J Priestley 1777 Newtons first rule of philosophizing misquoted, an essential part of it being omitted.A ray of Light passes through a [del] transparent body without a single particle being reflected till it comes to the opposite side.3r: Priestley, Locke.qType: reading notes from Priestley's "The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity", Glasgow. Lower half of 3v, blank.The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity illustrated by Joseph Priestley LLD. F.R.S. Lond 1777 8o pages 206. Page 5. There is a very gross, I don't say wilfull, misrepresentation of Mr Lockes opinion.Sect 8 p 99 In fact the System of Necessity makes every man the maker of his own fortune ["maker...fortune": underlined] in a stricter sense than any other system whatever.Berkeley, Locke. Type: note.Suppose a being to have a stock of Sensations & ideas with the power of reflecting & reasoning about himself & his Ideas, but without any other means of information; What can he infer from these materials of knowledge?Having no attribute which we have any faculty to conceive; if their existence was even revealed to us from heaven, we could know nothing of their nature unless new faculties were given us, by which we might be enobled to conceive it.On Bp Berkeleys SystemA1r: Newton, Priestley. 1v: Cudworth, Hartley, Price. 2r: Hartley.Type: reading notes from Priestley's "A Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism and Philosophical Necessity" (on 1r), "Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit" (on 1r-v), "Introductory Essays to Hartley's<  Theory of the Human Mind" (on 1v), "Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion" (on 1v-2r). Published transcription in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 161-164. Lower half of 2r, blank.3061/13p. 10 Price. Matter if it be any thing at all must consist of solid particles or Atoms occupying a certain portion of space, and therefore extended, but at the same time simple and uncompounded, and incapable of being resolved into any other smaller particles; and it must be the different form of these primary particles and their different combinations & arrangement that constitute the different bodies and kinds of Matter in the Universe. This seems to have been Sr I Newton Idea of Matter.Disq pag 72. But did not this Writer (Letters on Materialism) know that is even demonstrable that Matter is infinitely divisible. [After 1778]Free discussion.-1r: Priestley, Newton. 1v: Priestley, Newton.Type: reading notes from Priestley's "Disquisitions relating to Matter & Spirit", Glasgow, May 1788. Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 168-171. Margin on 1r, left, continuing on 4v.3061/14 1r-2r, 4vwRead Disquisitions Relating to Matter & Spirit by J Priestly Lond 1777. Pref pag 15 the Author became satisfied that if we suffer ourselves to be guided in our inquiries by the universally acknowledged Rules of Philosophizing ["Rules...Philosophizing"] we shall find ourselves entirely unauthorized to admit anything in Man besides that Body which is the object of our Sense.If it be true, as he says Free discussion page 293 That the Mind can no more be the cause of its own determinations than the beam of a balance can be the cause of its own Inclination, are we to think that Body is the cause of its Attractions & Repulsions.!1r, top right corner: "May 1788"..1r: Priestley, Reid, J. Edwards, Hume, Berkeley. 1v: Hartley, Locke, Hume, Reid. 2r: Priestley, Reid, Descartes, Locke. 2v: Reid, Briggs, Priestley, Newton, Hartley, Beattie, Oswald, Edwards. 3r: Reid, Priestley, Locke, Berkeley. 3v: Priestley, Reid. 4r: Beattie, Reid, Oswald. 4v: Harris, Reid, Locke.Type: reading notes from Priestley's "Examination", Glasgow. Subjects: philosophy, varia. Headings and subdivisions. On 1r: "Introductory Observations". On 2v, after horizontal line: "Addenda". On 4r: "Remarks on Beattie". Marginalia: 3r, left.3061/15An ingenious piece of Sophistry pref page 1/ An incoherent Scheme ib pag 11 Of Liberty & Necessity. Unless men apply themselves pretty early in Life & in a regular Study of Pneumatology and Ethicks they will never understand the Subject.Manners Candor Skill in Logick & accuracy in Reasoning Agreement with Mr Lock, & knowledge of his [Principles]del Philosophy Philosophical Opinions Errors charged against Dr R. [After 1774]@1r: Reid, Buffier, "English Review". 1v: Reid, "English Review".Type: reading note of a review of Reid's "Essays on the Intellectual Powers", appeared in the "English Review", September-December 1785. Subjects: philosophy, varia. Headings. On 1r: "English Review 1785 Septr pag 192 to 201 Art 9 Essays &c.". "English Review October 1785 Art 1st Continued from Septr". On 1v: "English Review Novr 1785 Art 2d Continued from Octr". "English Review Decr 1785 Art 12. Concluded from Novr".!English Review 1785 Septr pag 192 to 201 Art 9 Essays &c 195--"The adversaries of this Ideal Philosophy, of whom Buffier a French Jesuit, as far as we have been informed, was the first, and Dr R. in our Judgment the ablest, as Dr Beattie is the most vague clamorous and violent, affirm &c.[1v-top of 1r] In Dr Rs manner there is an air of candour, & of respect for his adversary, of a sincere regard for truth, for the dearest interests of Mankind, for the dignity of human Nature, | and above all, a veneration for the Supreme Being. His readers are convinced that he is a learned and able, and inclined to believe, what fame reports him to be, a good Man. His publications contain an history, and as it were an introduction to this study of all philosophy.[1785 or after]1r-4v: James Gregory, "Philosophical and Literary Essays". 1v< : Priestley, Clarke, Hume. 3v: Hume, Priestley, Plato, Aristotle. 4r: Aristotle. 4v: Bacon, Newton.:Type: draft of a letter to James Gregory, 1789 (see preceding letter, dated July 30 1789, on p. 74b of Hamilton edition of Reid's Works, for dating this MS). Part of this draft, from "1 I humbly think..." to the Explicit, has been published: compare with the published transcription in Reid, Works, Hamilton ed., pp. 75-76. Subjects: active power, causation; principles of action, freedom. According to AUL Catalogue: "Notes on objections concerning Reid's work on understanding and will". Cancelled part on 1r-v. Marginalia: 1v, right. 2r, left. 2v, right. 4v, right.3061/16[Beginning of the cancelled part, on 1r-v] The Objections are offered with Candor, & I think, very well deserve an answer. [After the cancelled part, on 1v] N1 Takes for granted that every Event or Change, & consequently every human Action must have a Cause.[On 4v, margin] Yet I do not find fault with your declining (page 15) to set out by giving the definition; for I conceive you may, with great propriety, pave the way to it by a preliminary induction.)Correspondence (recipient: James Gregory)[1789]Type: part of the draft of a letter to James Gregory, Glasgow 1789. He discusses objections no. 5 and no. 6: most likely this MS is to be inserted between 1v and 2r of 3061/16. Lower half of 1v, blank.3061/17No 4. The Will is not, & need not to be exposed to such combinations and oppositions of influences ["The Will... Influences": underlined].The Question is, Whether there be a constant conjunction between every Step of this Train and that which follows it. But how shall this train be known? And if it is not known, by what kind of Induction shall we either prove or disprove the constant conjunction of the seeveral steps.1r: Priestley, Locke, Reid. 1v: Locke, Berkeley, Descartes, Priestley. 2r: Berkeley, Locke, Priestley, Newton 2v: Priestley, Newton.GType: draft of parts of "Some Observations On the Modern System of Materialism". Most likely, additions or corrections to one of the drafts in Reid's hand: see 3061/01/1-3. Correspondences with 3061/01/4: From the Incipit to "The Materialist therefore in order to establish the existence of Matter must refute this principle of Mr Locke", on 2r (before the horizontal line): see published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 180-182. From "From what has been said in this chapter...", to "It is therefore the less strange that their conclusions concerning the qualities of Matter should be contradictory", on 2r: see published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 191-192. From "Indeed, if we suppose that Dr Priestley understood Sir I N..." to "A chapter of the Consequences of this System to which this belongs", on 2r: no precise correspondence, compare with Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 215-217. From "To conclude these observations..." on 2r, to Explicit: no precise correspondence, compare with Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 215-217.3061/18III. I apprehend that to support the System of Materialism, the capital Doctrines of Mr Lockes System must be given up, and refuted.Untill the mathematical Principles shall be demonstrated {which are} the consequences {solely} of inherent attracting and repelling powers {in Matter} and applied to the solution of the phenomena of Nature, we have no natural Philosophy respecting the Motion of Bodies. The {old} System to which we trusted hitherto being laid in its grave we must wait the birth of the new which is yet onely in embrio ["embrio" underlined].1v: Galileo, Torricelli, Kepler, Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley, Hutcheson, Butler, Hume, Lord Kames. 2r: Hume, Locke.Type: draft of the "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of the Human Mind", including Preface and the beginning of Essay I, Chapter I, with corrections. Compare with IP, Hamilton ed., pp. 216-219. Headings. On 2v, "Explication of Words".3061/19[Beginning of the cancelled part] Body & Mind {together with} things belonging to one or<  the other are the objects of all human knowledge. [After cancelled part] All the Objects of human Knowledge may be reduced to two general Heads: Body & Mind; things Material & things Intellectual.Every man that loves Truth ought to hate Sophistry, to despise every Art of imposing upon mens Understandings, and to be as much on his guard against the Ambiguity of Words in reasoning as he woould be against pickpockets or those that deal in false Coin.Burke.~Type: quotation from Burke's "Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful", p. 5. (Check date of Burke): see IP, Preface, Hamilton ed., p. 218b. After Incipit: "The more accurately we search into the human Mind, the stronger traces we everywhere find of his Wisdom who made it. If a Discourse on the Use of the Parts of the Body may be considered as a Hymn to the Creator; the Use of the Passions which are the Organs of the Mind, cannot be barren of Praise to him, nor unproductive to ourselves, of that noble and uncommon union of Science & Admiration, which a contemplation of the works of infinite wisdom alone can afford to a Rational Mind; whilst referring to him whatever we find right, or good, or fair in ourselves, discovering his strength and Wisdom even in our weekness and imperfection, honouring them where we discover them clearly, and adoring their profundity where we are lost in our search, we may be inquisitive without impertinence, & elevated without Pride; we may be admitted, if I may dare to say so, into the Counsels of the Almighty, by a consideration of his works." [Explicit folllows]Burke. his Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime & beautifull. pag 35 'The variety of Powers and Passions is great, and worthy in every branch of that variety of the most diligent Investigation.This elevation of the mind ought to e the principal End of all our Studies, which if they do not in some Measure Effect, they are of very little Service to us.~3r (p. 5): "What was said by an ancient Author, of Cato, might indeed be said of him." 5v (p. 10): Hume. 6r (p. 11): PriestleyType: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society. Most likely, it is the first discourse on free will and necessity, 1784: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386. Subjects: active power, causation; principles of action, freedom.3061/20As I cannot propose in one Discourse to discuss the intricate & much disputed Question about Liberty & Necessity, all I [propose] {intend} in this Discourse is, to state the Notion of that Liberty which I think belongs to moral Agents, & of the Necessity opposed to it, & to [consider the force of some of the Arguments that have been urged against the former and in favour of the latter]del {make some Remarks upon the meaning of some ambiguous words which are commonly used, & can hardly be avoided in treating of this Subject}.When we know the Causes that have produced this ambiguity, we shall be less in danger of being misled by it, & the proper and strict meaning of the words will [be]del more evidently appear.[1784]Type: draft of the beginning of AP, Essay IV, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 599-600. Subjects: active power, causation; priniciples of action, freedom. Lower half of 1v, cancelled. Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. End, before cancelled part, on 1v: "If he is charged [with doing]del by his maker for doinf wrong; may he not expostulate with him and say Why has thou made me thus? I may, at thy pleasure, be sacrificed to the publick good, like a Man who has the plague upon him, but not for ill desert, for thou knowest that what I suffer for is thy work not mine." Margin, on the right: "Nor do I see, that it is possible to vindicate the moral Attributes, or the Benevolence of God, of which they are onely modifications upon any other supposition than that of the necessary connection, in the nature of things between good and evil both natural and moral. That God is the proper cause of all evil natural & moral follows from admitting the divine prescience as well as from that of Necessity".3061/21SBy the Liberty of a<  moral Agent I mean a power over Determinations of his own Will.p[Bottom of 1v, cancelled part] Strictly speaking there is but one cause, but one sole agent in universal nature.UEssay 4th Of the Liberty of moral Agents Chap 1 Of the Notions of Liberty & NecessityJ1r: Collins ("his Essay on Liberty"), Clarke, Hume, Lord Kames, Priestley.Type: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, 1785. Most likely, it is the second discourse on free will and necessity. Subjects: active power, causation; principles of action, freedom.3061/22Those among the Ancients who embraced the System of Fatalism, sought for the Causes of human Actions and Events in the secret Influences of the Stars, & thought that the Aspect of the Planets and Constellations at a mans Birth determined his Conduct & his Fate.YThe Law of Nature respecting Matter is grounded upon this principle, That Matter is an inert inactive Substance which does not act but is acted upon. And the suppositionof a necessary Effect of Motives upon the Mind [supposes]del implies in like Manner that the Mind is no agent at all, but an inert inactive Substance which is onely acted upon.Top of 1r: "1785".Type: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, 1786. Beginning of the third discourse on freed will and necessity. Subjects: active power, causation; principles of action, freedom.I have formerly read two discourses to this Society upon that Liberty of Action and Determination which I conceive to be necessary in Moral Agents, in order to make their Actions justly imputable to them, or to make them accountable.They are either intended to prove that a Liberty of Determination is impossible; or that it would be hurtfull; or that, in fact, there is no such Liiberty in Man. I shall take them in this order.4v, top left corner: "1786".1r: Priestley, Newton. 1v: Priestley, Newton. 2r: Priestley, Newton. 2v: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Priestley, Price. 3r: Reid, Newton, Descartes, Priestley, Galileo. 3v: Newton, Priestley.+Type: Discourse to the Glasgow Literary Society, early 1780s. Third discourse on the materialism of Priestley, on the powers of attraction and repulsion (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386): compare with the the text of "Some Observations On the Modern System of Materialism", "Chap. V. Of Powers of Attraction and Repulsion in Matter", in 3061/01/4 (see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 207-215). For dating, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 30ff. Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 164-168. Subjects: materialism.3061/23Materialism & Fatalism are very ancient Opinions and have been so much canvassed in every Age since Philosophy had an Existence among Men, that it might be thought that nothing could be said for or against them in our Day which has not been said [times innumerable]del in former Ages.And the Question between Dr Priestley on the one hand & Sir Isaac Newton on the other, is not about the Existence of those Powers but about their Subject, whether they be inherent in Matter, or forces impressed upon it by some forreign Cause, so that in consequence of those powers Matter does not act, but is acted upon, does not attract & repell but is attracted and repelled. It is one thing to say &c [Early 1780s]1r: Priestley, Newton. 1v: Newton, Priestley. 2r: Locke, Hartley, Beattie, Oswald, Reid, Priestley, Newton. 3v: Descartes, Bacon, Newton. 4r: Newton, Priestley. 4v: Newton, Priestley.Type: Discourse to Glasgow Literary Society, early 1780s. According to AUL Catalogue, first discourse on the materialism of Priestley, on the opinions of modern philosophers which contradict materialism (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386) Subjects: materialism. Letters dividing the text: "A", 1r, top left corner. "B", 1v on the right. "C", on 2v, top right corner. "C", on 3r, top right corner.3061/241r-2r and 3r-4vq[I wish]del The Society {will please} to attend to this, That it is not the Intention of this Discourse, to go [through] {over} the whole of this System, or even to examine any of the particular Arguments advanced, either to porve that < the brain is the thinking principle in Man, or to prove that Matter is not an inert & solid Substance [as we conceived it to be]del.But that he should pretend to build his System of Materialism upon Newtons [Laws]del {Rules} of Philosophizing, & require that it be tried by that test onely, while it is an essential branch of [that]del {his} System that Matter is not inert, Of this I can make no other Account, but that, of [those]del {Sir Isaac's} three [Laws]del {Rules}, he misunderstood the two first, and overlooked the last.2r: John Gregory, "Mr Tytler the Younger", Hutton, David Anderson, Earl of Findlater. 2v: Ovid, Dr Guild. 3r: Alexander Anderson, James Gregory, David Anderson, Euclid. 3v: Newton, James Gregory, Collins. 4r: Newton, James Gregory, David Gregory, Huygens. 5v: David Gregory, James Gregory, Newton, Dr. Pitcairn, Euclid, Savile, Dr Barnard, Halley. 6r: Newton, David Gregory, John Stewart, David Skene. 6v: John Gregory, David Skene.Type: additional notes to the Account of the Gregory's family, prefixed to the 1788 edition of John Gregory's Works. These notes are for Charles Hutton's "A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary", 2 vols. (London 1796), I: 555-558. See AUL Catalogue. After Incipit: "Who was the Author of that Life, or whence he had his information I do not know. I have heard it ascribed to Mr Tytler the Younger, whose Father was appointed one of the Guardians of Dr John Gregorys Children: Some additions to what is contained in it & remarks upon it is all I can furnish on this Subject. Dr Hutton may pick out of the Whole what he judges to be for his purpose." Title on 1r, vertical, not in Reid's hand. "By Dr T Reid": pencil. 6v (p. 10), lower half, not in Reid's hand: "page 61 [on the right] "I think (says Dr Reid in a separate note on the Subject of the life of Dr. G. prefixed to his works) that Lord Bacons Rules of Philosophizing are contrasted wt Sir Is. Newtons, to the disparagement of the former. I am not quite pleased wt this. No man ever followed the method prescribed by Lord Bacon so closely & so chastely as Sir I. Newton. Had Lord Bacons rules been properly attended to, Philosophy would an hundred years ago have been in that advanced state, in wch it now is; and all the Improvements that have been made are owing either to those who followed Lord Bacons rules, or to those who imitated them who followed them. Dr John Gregory was as great an Admirer of Ld Bacon as I am"". 2r (p. 1): "Page 3". 3r (p. 3): "Page 4". 3v (p. 4): "Page 5, 6", "Page 11". 4r (p. 5): "Page 12". 5r (p. 7): "Page 14". 5v (p. 8): "Page 19". 6r (p. 9): "Page 20", "Page 24", "Page 40". 6v (p. 10): "Page 61". [Incomplete record: Check references to John Gregory, and Hutton. Record names mentioned]3061/25 1r, and 2r-6vSome Account of the Family of the Gregorys at Aberdeen, is given in the Life of the Late Dr John Gregory prefixed to his Works, printed at Edinburgh for A. Strahan & T. Cadell London, & W. Creech Edinburgh 1788 in four small 8vo Volumes.[End in Reid's hand] He died in the prime of Life unmarried & very much regretted. [End not in Reid's hand] Dr John Gregory was as great an Admirer of Ld Bacon as I am.Family Papers or Accounts2r (p. 1), top: "June 24 1788".&Account of the Gregories--By Dr T ReidType: according to AUL Catalogue, "Note describing eleven items in parcel of essays read to the Literary Society of Glasgow and other papers (see MSS 3061/1-11)". Not in Reid's hand.3061/26eThis Parcel contains the following Essays which were read in the Literary Society of Glasgow College.N.B. If a Biographical Acco.t of Dr. Reid should be published, it may be considered whether some of the [illegible] Essays--particularly No 1st should not be published along with it.#20v (AUL 15 verso): Black ("Edinb. Essays Vol 2d"). 22r (AUL 17): Black ("Edr Essays Vol 2d). 23r (AUL 18): Boyle, Stahl, du Hamel ("Paris Trans."), "Dr Boir". 30v (AUL 25 verso): George Skene. 31r (AUL 26): Stahl. 37r (AUL [32]): "A German Chemist...". 41r (AUL [34]): "Dr. Pringle". 42v (AUL [37] verso): Black. 46r (AUL 41): "Dr Short". < 46v (AUL 41 verso): "From Blacks Exp. on Magnesia Alba Edinburgh Ess. Vol 2d". 47v (AUL [42] verso): "From a Number of Judicious and Accurate Experiments Dr Black in the Essay above referred to proves..." 50r (AUL [45]): "For the Medical Virtues of Lime Water see Dr White's & Dr Alstons Treatises on that Subject. And for the Theory of the Effects of Calcination upon Calcarious bodies See Dr Blacks Dissertation on Quick lime in Literary Essays Vol 2 Edr 1756".Type: part of the lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reference to this MS in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", note 9, p. 57. Subjects: chemistry, natural history of chemical substances.. Four main subject headings: 6r (AUL 1): "The Chemical History of Salts". 46r (AUL 41): "The Chemical History of Earths". 62r (AUL [57]): "The Chemical History of Inflammable Bodies". 72r (AUL [67]): "Chemical History of Metallic Bodies". Record of headings and of the location of the text on verso side. 9r (AUL 4): "Acids". 10r (AUL 5): "Vitriolic Acid". 12r (AUL 7): "Nitrous Acid". 14r (AUL 9): "The Muriatic Acid". 15r (AUL 10): "The Vegetable Acid". 18r (AUL 13): "Of Alkalis in General". On 20v (AUL 15 verso), text. 22r (AUL 17): "Fossile Alkali". On 24v (AUL 19 verso), text. On 25v (AUL 20 verso), text. On 26v (AUL [21] verso), text. 28r (AUL [23]): "Of Alkalis in General". On 28v (AUL [23] verso), text. 29r (AUL [24]): "Of Compound or Neutral Salts". On 29v (AUL [24] verso), text. 30r (AUL 25): "1 Vitriolated Tartar". On 30v (AUL 25 verso), text. 32r (AUL 27): "2 Sal mirabile Glauberi". On 32v (AUL 27 verso), text. 34r (AUL 29): "9 Nitrum Commune". 37r (AUL [32]): "4 Cubic Nitre". 38r (AUL [33]): "5 Common Salt or Muria". 40r (AUL 35): "6 The Digestive Salt of Sylvius", "7 Regenerated Tartar". 41r (AUL [36]): "8 Polichrestum Rupellense", "The Ammoniac Neutrals & 9 Common Ammoniac", "10 Vitriolic Ammoniac". 42r (AUL [37]): "11 The Nitrous Ammoniac", "12 Vegetable Ammoniac", "Borax". On 42v (AUL [37] verso, text. 46r (AUL 41): "The Chemical History of Earths". On 46v (AUL 41 verso), text. On 47v (AUL [42] verso), text. On 48v (AUL [43] verso), text. 62r (AUL [57]): "The Chemical History of Inflammable Bodies". On 62v (AUL [57] verso), text. On 65v (AUL 60 verso), text. On 67v (AUL [62] verso), text. On 68v (AUL [63] verso), text. 72r (AUL [67]): "Chemical History of Metallic Bodies". On 73v (AUL [68] verso), text. 76r (AUL [71]): "Of the Solution of Metals by Saline Substances".23436r-77r (AUL 1-[72])Salts are either Simple or Compound Simple Salts are either Acid or Alkali The Acid Salts known are four The Vitriolic Nitrous Muriatic & the Vegetable Acid.--On this principle these preparations are rendred Milder by adding bodies which Attract the Acid as Spirit oif Wine--Oily Substances--Camphor--but especially Alkali.The Chemical History of SaltsP. 7: Newton. P. 8: Newton. P. 62: Martin ("See Martin's Philos. Lect. III, Page III"). P. 194: Newton. Pp. 195-197: Bradley. P. 205: Muschenbrock. P. 214: Graham, Newton, Helsham, Martin. P. 217: Plato, Theophrastus, Pliny. P. 240: Galileo, Torricelli. P. 245: Desaguliers. P. 262: Villebrordus Snellius, Descartes. P. 263: Descartes. P. 289: Keill. P. 294: "Mons. Buguer". P. 296:"Mons. Boguer". P. 297: Smith. P. 301: Willis P. 309: "Mr De la Hire". P. 320: Jurin6 Type: lecture notes of the course on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen 1757-1758. Not in Reid's hand. For a description of this MS, see Wood Ph.D. thesis, pp. 72-73 (notes 139-142, p. 418). Note 140, p. 418: "These lecture notes consist of some 21 pages of preliminary material, 120 on mechanics, 55 on astronomy, 6 on corpuscolar attraction, 3 on electricity, 12 on hydrostatics, 13 on pneumatics, and 67 on optics. Not all the sections are, however, complete". Subjects: various topics on natural philosophy, including mechanics, astronomy, electricity, optics (with theory of vision). On verso side of cover, annotations, in three different handwritings: "Notes of a Course of Lectures delivered at King's College, Aberdeen, during Session 1757-58" After a horizontal l< ine, in a different and smaller handwriting: "Dr Reid taught the three years' Course in King's College, entering 1752, for the Sessions 1752-1755 1755-1758 1758-1761 1761-1763 in which last year he removed to the Moral Philosophy Chair in Glasgow. Conseequently this volume contains the notes which he dictated in Session 1757-8 to the Magistrand a Fourth Class--and is carefully written." On the bottom, in a different handwriting (Robert S. Rait): "It was to the tertian or [fourth]del {third} Class that Dr. Reid delivered these lectures see "Officers and Graduates of K.G." p. 319." On the left margin, vertical, in the same handwriting as the bottom of the page (Robert S. Rait): "This note is is Prof. Wm. Knight's handwriting [reference to handwriting from "Dr Reid taught..." to "...carefully written"]. He does not seem to have known that by 1757-1758 Nat. Phil. Had been changed to the Third Year: or that Reid did not begin in 1752, but in 1751 (Dugald Stewart's mistake). R.S.R." On the right margin, horizontal, in the same handwriting as left margin and bottom of the page (Robert. S. Rait): "Reid was appointed in 1751 and during 1751-2 taught the Third [underlined] Class; during 1752-3 the fourth. His proper sequence, thus, does not commence till 1753-4 when, for the first time, he took the Second Class, So his course run 1753-1756 1756-1759 1759-1762 So in 1757-8 he was teaching the tertian class which then studied Nat: Phil: University of Aberdeen ["University of Aberdeen" underlined] Chap. XVI. R.S.R." On 1r, on top left corner: "T:(V[square]/R)=T:(V/P) P:(R/V) T:(R/P[square]) [three dots in triangle; hence] VP:R & V:(R/P) V:R [three dots in triangle; hence] V:(R/P)=R/P[square] On top, centre: "Canon for Centripetal forces in circular orbits. T=Centripetal force V= Velocity R=Radius off the circle. P=periodical time" On top tight corner: "Abdn. 1758 Mr Tho:s Reid. Promotor." Title: see above On lower half of 1r, tag: "University of Aberdeen Presented in 1911 by Robert S. Rait, M.A. K. 160". [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check references to authors]K. 1601r, and 3r-164v (pp. 1-324)^Physicks. #[paragraph symbol] 1st The Objects of human knowledge are either Bodies or Spirits.If a man at a certain distance subtend an angle of 1o [degree symbol] & at another distance only an angle of 30 [minutes symbol], we judge him to be twice as far off as before.[1758 or after],Natural Philosophy. Natural Philosophy 1758.Thomas Gordon's transcription of George Campbell's Discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered on 8 March 1758. I took notice of it only because it is in the first half of the notebook where Reid's first Discourse is. Subjects: eloquence.3107/1/11r-8v (pp. 1-16) and fragmentwWhat? [on left margin] Part 1. In speaking there is always some end proposed, or some effect which the speaker would produce in the hearers. The word Eloquence [underlined] in its greatest latitude denotes, "That art or talent by which the discourse is adapted to the end. N. The word eloquence [underlined] in common conversation is seldoom used in so comprehensive a sense.So much for the nature of oratory in general, its various speccies, whether arising | from difference in the object, intellect, imagination, passion, will; or in the subject, eminent & severe, abject and frivolous, with their respective ends & characters: under which are included all the primary & characteristical qualities of whatever can pertinently find a place either in writing or discourse, or can justly be termed fine in the one or eloquent in the other. The End. Top left corner: "8 March 1758".Eloquence [underlined] defined, its various species exhibited, with their different ends & criteria respectively.--Mr Georege Cambell9v (p. [18]): Hume, Zeno, Hobbes, Epicurus. 10r (p. 19): Locke. 11r (p. 21): Robert Smith ("Optics"). 11v (p. 22): Cheselden, Robert Smith, Dr Hepburn of Lynn, Briggs ("Nova Visionis Theoria"). 12r (p. 23): Vesalius, Robert Smith, Porterfield ("Med. Essays Vol. 4"), Berkeley. 12v (p. [24]): Locke, Joannes Rudolphus Apode< mus. 14v (p. [28]): Apodemus, Berkeley. 15r (p. 29): Dr. Saunderson. 15v (p. [30]): Berkeley, Hume.Type: Thomas Gordon's transcription of Reid's first Discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered on 14 June 1758 (see Reid, Inquiry, Bookes ed., p. 266, for a list of Reid's discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society). Record of the variants between the Inquiry and the Discourse, and transcription of parts of the Discourse, in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 267-277. Subjects: perception, sensation; theory of vision.9r-15v (pp. 17-[30]))The anatomy of the human mind--curious & useful--hath greater variety & <is> attended with more difficulty than that of the body:--A man hath but one subject to examine in the mental anatomy viz his own mind--what he can collect concerning others from outward signs is of ambiguous interpretation.I think both Berkly [sic] & Hume affirm that there can be no idea of visible space without colour. I am of a contrary opinion & think I have a distinct conception of visible extension without colour. This idea seems indeed to be very refractory, & not easily made to ply with their systems. But as the same difficulties may occur with regard to tangible space, I shall refer them till that comes under consideration.See title: "June 14th 1758".Mr Reid June 14th 1758 The difficulty of a just philosophy of the human mind; General prejudices against Dad Humes system of the mind; & some observation on the perceptions we have by sighthThomas Gordon's transcription of some of the discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered by various members. I take notice of this part of the MS, only because it precedes Reid's second discourse to the Society. Headings of the discourses included in MS 3107/1/3. 1r-6r (pp. 1-11): "A discourse on Genius by Mr Al. Gerard Aug. 10. 1758". 6r-12r (pp. 11-23): "2d Discourse on Genius by Mr Gerard May 8th 1759". 12r-14r (pp. 23-27): "Novr 13th 1759 Sect 4 Of the influence of judgement upon genius". 15r-17v (pp. 29-34): "The state of man compared with that of the rest of the animal creation. Dr Gregory Octr 11. 1758". 18r-19r (pp. 35-37): "On the nature & operations of the imagination, in which Mr Humes theory of this faculty is particularly considered 13th Septr 1758 by Mr Farquhar". 19r-22r (pp. 37-43): "A discourse on the different branches of Philosophy particularly the Philosophy of the mind by Dr David Skene". 22r-29v (pp. 43-58): "Of the relation which eloquence bears to Logic Mr Campbell 24 Jary 1759". 29v-36v (pp. 58-72): "Analysis of the Sensations of smell & Taste. Mr Reid 14 March 1759".3107/1/31r-29v (pp. 1-58)9A discourse on Genius by Mr Al. Gerard Aug. 10. 1758 They who have attentively considered the state of human knowledge remark, that the subjects of mens equiries have been, in most cases, determined by mere accident, & not pursued with regular application, according to their dignity, or their natural connection.;But if so much depend on passion, where is the scope fro argument? Before we give a reply to this question, let it be observed, that in order to persuade, there are two things which must be carefully studied by the orator. The first is to excite some desire or passion in the hearers; the second &c--after Dr Skene. [1758-1759]32v (p. 64): Descartes, Aristotle. 33v (p. 66): Descartes, Hobbes. 34v (p. 68): Aristotle. 35r (p. 69): Descartes. 35v (p. 70): Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley. 36r (p. 71): Berkeley..Type: second discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered on 14 March 1759 (see Reid, Inquiry, Bookes ed., p. 266, for a list of Reid's discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society). Record of the variants between this discourse, 29r-31r (pp. 58-61), and 36v (p. 72) and the correspondent parts of the Inquiry in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 277-278. Published transcription of 31r-36v (pp. 61-72) in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 305-315. Subjects: perception, sensation; theory of ideas.29v-36v (pp. 58-72)The order in which the sensations are to be considered, is by giving precedence, n< ot to the noblest & most useful, but to the simplest & those whose objects are least in danger of being mistaken for other things--& may be as follows Smelling, tastingm hearing, Touch & last of all Sight.But tho' the object of sensation, of memory & of imagination is in this case the same, yet these operations are as different from one another as things can be. And besides that I am conscious of a difference in kind between these operations.See title: "14 March 1759".BAnalysis of the Sensations of smell & Taste. Mr Reid 14 March 17599Incipit: "first part of this discourse", see MS 3107/1/2.Draft of Thomas Gordon's discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 11 April 1759. I take notice of this part of the MS only because it precedes Reid's third discourse.3107/1/51r-12rUpon a review of the first part of this discourse on memory, I acknowledge the justness of the observation so [discreetly]del {candidly} offered by a member;--that I had the faculties of imagination & memory too much into one.These are excellent instruments of moral culture & of great importance in forming {the untutored mind} to the relish of a right conduct of life; as on the other hand if the opinions we form & examples laid before us are depraved | we are hurried with rapidity down the precipice of vice. [Aberdee]See title: "Aprile 11th 1759".A second discourse on memory, how distinguished from imagination, & its influence in forming characters--read before the Philosophical Society of Aberdeen Aprile 11th 1759 by T:GQ12v: Newton. 14r: "Dr Neh. Grew, in a discourse read before the R. Society 1675".vType: Thomas Gordon's transcription of Reid's third discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered on 15 March 1760 (see Reid, Inquiry, Bookes ed., p. 266, for a list of Reid's discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society). Record of variants between this discourse and the Inquiry in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 278-280. Subjects: perception, sensation.12r-15rWe have hitherto considered smell as signifying meerly a sensation, feeling or impression upon the mind; & in this sense it can only be in a mind as its subject.nWe mean not to affirm that such an expedient for improving the fine arts is practicable, or if it were that the advantage would counterbalance the loss, nor even that skill in artificial languages is absolutely incompatable [sic] with ability in the natural: But that as men are led by nature & necessity to converse together, they will use any mean in their power to ake themselves understood, & where they cannot do this by artificial signs, they will do it as far as possible by natural ones. And he who understands [del] {perfectly} the use of natural signs, must be the best judge of expression in all the fine arts.See title: "March 15 1760".;Analysis of our sensations continued, Mr Reid March 15 1760oThomas Gordon's transcription of three discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, delivered in 1760 respectively by T. Gordon himself, D. Skene, and G. Campbell. I take notice of this part of the MS, only because it precedes the transcription of the fourth discourse of Reid. Headings. 1v: "Of Memory as a source of ideas read before the Philos. society at Aberdeen Tuesday June 10th 1760 by T. G"; ff. 1r-18v. 18v: "On the study of mankind. Dr D. Skene"; ff. 18v-21r, [delivered on 10 November 1760]. 21r: "Relation that Eloquence bears to Logic, continued. Mr Campbell"; ff. 21r-27v [delivered on 10 June 1760].3107/1/61r-27vTempus item per se non est; sed rebus ab ipsis Consequitur sensus, transactum quid sit in aevo: Tum qua res instet, quid porro deinde sequatur: Nec per se quenquam Tempus sentire fatendu'st Semotum ab rerum motu, placidaque quiete-- Lucr. Lib ISo much for the soul or sense of the discourse, that principal component part, by which it holds of Logic [underlined]; so much for what thhis part must derive from the speaker's consideration of his subject, of his hearers, of himself. The end.[1760]31r: Lord Bacon. 31v: Berkeley. 33v: Sauderson. 34v: Berkeley. 35v: Democritus, Epicurus, De< scartes, Malebranche, Locke. 36r: Berkeley, Locke. 36v: Berkeley.tType: Thomas Gordon's transcription of Reid' fourth discourse to the Aberdeen Philsophical Society, deliivered on 23 September 1760 (see Reid, Inquiry, Bookes ed., p. 266, for a list of Reid's discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society). Record of variants between the Inquiry and this discourse in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 286-289. Subjects: perception, sensation.29r-37rThe senses we have hitherto considered are very simple & uniform; there being to each of them only one species of object, that is one quality of bodies , which we perceive by their means.=We may see upon the whole, that the impressions od sense, & the qualities of bodies suggested by them, tho' no ways like, are so associated by our constitution before we come to the use of reason, that the ablest Philosophers & most acute Metaphysicians have still confounnded them. And in consequence of that confusion & of the doctrine of ideas all our systems of the mind have either mantained [sic] that the qualities of inanimate matter are like our sensations, or that we can have no conception of any such qualities, & that their names signify nothing but sensationsSee title: "Septr 23 1760"..Mr Reid. Septr 23 1760. of the sense of touch.T. Gordon's draft of a discourse delivered to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on 12 May 1761. I take notice of this part of the Ms only because it follows Reid's fourth discourse.38r-50rIn the noble map of science delineated by Lord Bacon, the arts of communicating thought, which he call traditive [underlined], are placed next after memory.Mankind are & always will be addicted to the present mode; & alterations in language & writing are sometimes introduced casually & by slow degrees, but never as an effect of Authority or the dictates of reason.See title: "May 12th 1761".YMay 12th 1761 Of the Philosophy of Language reaad before the Phil. Society in Abdn by T.GThomas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 1, discussed by John Gregory at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 5 February 1758. I take notice of this part of the MS only because it precedes the part including the abstract of Reid's Question.3107/2/11 The resolution of all animals & vegetable bodies made by fire shew them to be composed of air or some principles that easily mix with it; what remains being very inconsiderable either in respect of bulk or weight to the body subjected to fire.4 Van Helmont's experiment is in point. He planted a willow in a vessel full of earth, which was diminished little or nothing in its weight by the growth of the plant; which showed that the willow drew its nourishment from air, or something floating in it.[5 February 1758]Question. Whether the greatest part of matter that composes the bodies of animals & vegetables is not air, or some substance that is mixed with air & floats in it.2v: "Dr Hume".Type: Thomas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 6, discussed by Reid, at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 8 March 1758. Subjects: chemistry; natural history, botany.What is above taken for granted--the design of this enquiry to trace this pabulum (?) of plants in its progress from its common storehouse the air till it return into the bodies of vegetables again.L3 With regard to the examination of soils by Menstruums, Dr Hume says that rich soil fermented with vinegar & destroyed the acid tast of it. And that he found in all earth fit for vegetation, more or less of an antiacid part. I deserves farther to be enquired, whether | [on margin] this antiacid part bears proportion to the fertility of the soil. 2d Whether the soil is barren when deprived of it. 3 Whether joining the acid to it renders it barren of itself without washing away the salt. And Lastly what this antacid part is, whether calcarious earth, mere absorbent earth, or Alkali.[8 March 1758]Question. Whether some part of that food of plants, qch is contain'd in the air, is not absorbed by the earth, & in the form of a watry fluid conveyed into the vessels of plants?Tho< mas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 7, discussed by John Gregory at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 22 April 1758.All these things in nature , which are the objects of sense, may be divided into such, as produce an agreeable & such as produce a disagreeable sensation.2After all, notwithstanding these many sources of variety of taste among mankind, it will be found, that they are more agreed in their sentiments of what relates to it, than in their opinions of these works which depend on the decision of the judgment & understanding, mathematical subjects alone excepted.[22 April 1758]rQuestion. Is there a standard of taste in the fine Arts & polite writing?--How is that standard to be ascertained?5r: Berkeley, Hume.Type: Thomas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 12, discussed by Reid at the meetings of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 13 and 26 July 1758. Subjects: perception, sensation; theory of ideas.It seems agreed among our modern Philosophers, that the mind can only perceive where it is; consequently that nothing without the mind, or which has a separate existence from it, can be perceived but by means of some impression made upon the mind itself, That this impression being present to the mind is perceived by it, & is the only proper object of our perception. That those impressions when received or copied by the memory or imagination are ideas. And these two make all the objects of human thought.iThe ideas of pleasure & pain are as different from the things as the idea of extension is from extension.[13 and 26 July 1758]Question, Are the objects of the human mind properly divided into impressions & ideas? & must every idea be a copy of a preceeding impression?Thomas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 13, discussed by Thomas Gordon at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 10 August 1758.13r-22vIt is foreign to the design of this question, [w]del{c}ould serve no good purpose, to attempt to settle the chronology of Polytheism & to trace the time of its rise amidst the fragments of {antick} history or the [ambiguous]del traditionary fables [& allegories]del of the first ages.TThe Historian goes on to tell that they flung their new born children in the street.[10 August 1758]*Question. What is the origin of Polytheism;Type: abstract of Question n. 63 "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good", discussed by Reid at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 22 November 1763. It lacks the opening passage. Reid's handwriting? Subjects: principles of action.3107/2/6[...] the agent are subjects so very unlike that I cannot conceive how the same quality should be common to both, so that it is probable that the inherent goodness of the Action and the goodness of the Agent are things of a different nature & the one may exist without the other.The answer therefore to this metaphysical Argument is in short this we distinguish between the intrinsick goodness of the Action & the {moral} Approbation due to the Agent, we acknowledge it to be absurd that the Opinion of the Agent should make an Action to be intrinsically good which is not so in its nature but there is no absurdity in affirming that his believing it to be intrinsically good is necessary in order to his deserving moral approbation on account of it.[22 November 1763]Abstract of Question n. 64, discussed by Thomas Gordon, at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 24 January 1764. In Gordon's handwriting.1v-2v<The profession of arms must appear very uneligible to those who calmly & delibeerately consider the horrors of war, & all those dreadful calamities which it often brings upon infinite multitudes of the human race, who fall indiscriminately the victims of its rage, without distinction of rank, age, sex or character.In this event his entering into the armies of his new Sovereign may be justified upon the same principles as his doing so before he transferred [interruption][24 January 1764]\Question, How far the profession of a s< oldier of fortune is defensible in foro conscientiae?1r: Reid. 1v: Harvey. 2r: Harvey. 3v: Helvetius ("sur l'esprit"), Linnaeus, Buffon. 7v: Rosseau. 8r: Rosseau. 9v: Aristotle. 10v: Rosseau. 13r: Plato, Xenophon, Quintilian, Rosseau.dType: text of lectures on the Culture of Mind, Glasgow, in Thomas Gordon's hand. Cf. MS 2131/4/I/29. 3107/6/151r-14vL1st the cultivation of the mind, both as to its intellectual & moral powers; 2d the natural connection between the powers of the mind & body; & the influence which the one has upon the other. 3d the fine arts are grouded on some of these connections, & the knowledge of the former is onely to be acquired by attending to the latter.That education is necessary for this, appears, because in all ages the best men have been those who received the best education.See title: "Feb. 1781"./Reid On the Culture of the Human Soul Feb. 17811v: Malebranche, Locke.mType: letter from David Hume to Hugh Blair, on Reid's Enquiry. Place of origin: Edinburgh. Date: 4 July 1762. Published transcription in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 256-257. Description of the MS in AUL Catalogue: Letter David Hume to Rev Dr Blair, Professor of 'Rhetorick', University of Edinburgh Has read friend's 'Performance' with pleasure; 'it is wrote in a lively entertaining manner & will be able to fix the Attention even of those who are the least curious about metaphysical Reasonings'; proceeds to criticise in greater detail; it is impossible to give a balanced judgment without seeing complete work; leaves it to Blair to pass on appropriate comment to their friend; wishes parsons to confine themselves 'to their old Occupation of worrying one another; & leave philosophers to argue with Temper, Moderation & good Manners. On 2v, top, on the right: "4". On 2v, horizontal direction: "D. Hume 4 July 1762" (in Reid's handwriting). On 2v, vertical direction, address, in Hume's handwriting: "To The Revd Doctor Blair Professor off Rhetoric in the University of Edinburgh" Rest of read seal on the right on 2v. 2814/1/39?Sir I have read over your Friend's Performance & read it over with Pleasure, because it has a Quality seldom to be met with in Performances of that Nature; which is that is wrote in a lively entertaining manner & will be able to fix the Attention even of those who are the {least} curious about Metaphysical Reasonings.I wish the Parsons wou'd [...] confine themselves to their old Occupation of worrying one another; & leave Philosophers to argue with Temper, Moderation & good Manners. I am Sir Your most obedient Servant David Hume Edinburgh 4 July 1762Correspondence (Sender: Hume)On 2r: "<Edin>burgh".On 2r: "4 July 1762".-1r: Blair 1v: Campbell, Gerard, John Gregory.Type: letter from David Hume to Thomas Reid, concerning the Inquiry. Place of origin: Edinburgh. Date: 25 February 1763. Published transcription in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 262-263. Description in AUL Catalogue: Letter David Hume, Edinburgh to [Thomas Reid, Aberdeen] Has read philosophical 'Piece' sent him by Dr Blair for comment; would offer some objection to fourth chapter on sight, but these may be due to lack of understanding until he can read the whole work; style is 'so correct and so good English, that I found not anything worth the remarking'; sends compliments to his 'friendly Adversaries, Dr Campbell & Dr Gerard and also Dr Gregory'. On 2v, most likely in Reid's handwriting: "D Hume 25 Feb 1763". 2814/1/42Sir By Dr Blair's means, I have been favour'd with the Perusal of your Performance, which I have read with great Pleasure & Attention.I beg my Compliments to my friendly Adversaries, Dr Campbell & Dr Gerard; and also to Dr Gregory, whom I suspect to be of the same Disposition, tho' he has not openly declared himself such. I am with Sincerity Sir Your most obedient humble Servant David Hume Edinburgh 25 Feby 1763On 1v: "Edinburgh"On 1v: "25 Feby 1763".kType: according to Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 405: "an autobiographical fragment by Reid written in 1796". Quotation from this MS, in Reid, Inquiry, Brookes ed.: "In an autobi< ographical MS, Reid describes his visit to England thus: 'Mr Reid...& Mr Stewart...visited the Universities of Oxford & Cambridge & found Acquaintance wt. some of the most distinguished Literary Men of that time'." This MS is not in Reid's handwriting. It is not an autobiographical piece: "He afterwards studied Divinity in the same University under Prof.--". It is biographical sketch, of unknown author. How does Wood know that it is from 1796? 2814/1/50Tho. R. was born at Strachan, Kincardineshire on the 26 of April 1710. His Father Lewis Reid was Clergyman there, & had been so for---years.In June 1764, he was admitted Prof. of M. Phil. in the University of Glasgow---May 18. 1780. Mr. Arthur was appointed the Drs Assitant & Successor.0[According to Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 405: 1796].P1r-2v: Locke. 2r: Berkeley, Hume ("the Author of the Treatise of Human Nature").Type: material that, in revised form, is the subject of IP, E VI, Ch. III "Sentiments of Philosophers concerning Judgment", Hamilton edition, pp. 426-34. No precise correspondence found between MS and the text of IP. Subjects: common sense, judgment, criticism of Locke's theory of judgment; history of philosophy, Locke. Note that the text on 1r continues on 2v, and the text on 1v continues on 2r. It might be better to consider this MS, as a single folio: 1r-2v=1r and 1v-2r=1v. Proper sequence of the text: 1) From "Begin here", after horizontal line, on 1r, to "[...] Disagreement of ideas. x see A next page", on 2v. 2) From "x A. Judgment or belief therefore is a simple Act of the Mind [...]", on 2r, to "[...] definitions of the world" on 2r. 3) From "So far we have considered [...]", on 2v, to "[...] what he never thought of", on 2r. 4) From "I think it is evident [...]" on 2r, to "[...] those terms agree or do not agree together. Add B", on 2r. 5) From "B" "It undoubtedly true [...]", on 1r, to "[...] we can discover any", on 1r. 2131/6/III/14B [top left corner] It is undoubtedly true tha some propositions do express a certain {necessary} relation of things which {results from their Nature &} ma be perceived upon comparing them. 2r: The Evidence of a Proposition then according to Mr Lock<e>s Philosophy always arises from comparing the terms of the proposition & perceiving either immediately or by means of one or more intermediate terms that those terms agree or do not agree together. Add B=Publication Draft (Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man)?Descartes, Aristotle.Type: material to be found in different form, in IP, E II, Ch. VIII "Of the Common Theory of Perception, and of the Sentiments of the Peripatetics, and of Des Cartes", Hamilton ed., pp. 267-275. No precise correspondence between MS and IP . Subjects: perception, Descartes on ideas (he did not reject the theory of ideas); history of philosophy, Descartes. 2 parts, divided by a horizontal line in the middle of the page. The part after the horizontal line is another version of the part before the line. Margin on the left, vertical. 2131/6/III/15zTo sum uo oup Observations upon [that Branch of the Cartesian]del Philosophy {the System of this Philosopher [Descartes]del} [that]del concern{ing} the perception of external Objects, He substituted the term Idea [overlined] in place of the Terms of Species & Phantasm which were used in the Old System and in this {tho' a matter of small moment} he has been generally followed.Des Cartes therefore according to the Rules he laid down to himself ought to have doubted of the truth of this Philosophical Hypothesis and not to have taken it for granted untill he formed convincing evidence for it.1r: Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 1v: Aristotle, Descartes. 2r: Descartes. 2v: Descartes. 3r: Malebranche. 3v: Descartes, Malebranche, Locke. 4r: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Descartes. 4v: Locke.Type: it seems to be part of the historical account of the systems of philosophy of mind, or theories of perception in the lectures, from Glasgow. See 4/II/1 and 4/II/2. Material found in different form in IP, E II, Ch. VII-VIII-IX. I think I have read it before, l< ook for other versions. Subjects: history of philosophy, Descartes (Descartes' system: its difference from Aristotle), Malebranche, Locke; perception. 3 parts (respectively on Descartes, Malebranche, Locke). 1) 1v: "I do not intend to give a minute detail of the Cartesian system, but shall onely observe wherein he agreed or differed from Aristotle and the Ancients with regard to the human Understanding." [etc.] 4 points on Descartes. 1v: 1. Descartes supposes that our senses, our memory and any other faculty except consciousness may be fallacious. 2. He framed a clearer and juster notion of the mind and its distinction from the body. While Aristotelians never doubted the existence of the external bodies, he did. 2r: 3. He thought that we perceive the external objects by images fromed in the mind, but he rejected Aristotle's hypothesis of objects sending forth species. Etc. End of the part on Descartes, on 2v: "4 We may observe that the Cartesian System is the true parent [interrupted] <of Scepticism>". Lower half of 2v, blank. 2) On 3r, "C" "continued" [on top left corner]. Beginning: "Malebranche applyed the whole force of a very great Genius to explain the faculties of the Human Mind upon Cartesian Principles {tho' indeed} wihtout a Slavish Attachement [to every thing des Cartes has said]del {to his Master}", [etc.] 3r-v: Malebranche on the existence of the material world. His arguments and his answer to the objection to his argument. 3) 3r-4v, Locke's system. 2131/6/III/17We come now to the New Philosophy concerning the [Mind]del {Understanding} and its Operations, of which Des Cartes may justly be accounted the father.xSo that all our Ideas are furnished by these two Sourses of Sensation and Reflexion, or some Idea which is [interrupted]Type: 2 parts, marked respectively as "A pag 14" (on 1r), and "B page 13" (on 1r-2r). Addenda to 2/III/8, draft of the second discourse on common sense, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society on 9 February 1770. See references to these additions in 2/III/8, p. 13: "Here insert B"; and p. 14: "Insert A here". Passage marked as "A", on 1r, corresponds to IP, E VI, Ch. IV "Of First Principles in General", Hamilton ed., from p. 440b (last paragraph), to p. 441a (after the middle of the first full paragraph). Last sentence in "A" ("Thus I have endeavoured [...] Authority") is not in IP. Passage marked as "B", on 1r-2r corresponds to IP, E VI, Ch. IV "Of First Principles in General", Hamilton ed., from p. 439b (last full paragraph) to p. 440b (middle of the first full paragraph). Last paragraph of part marked as "B" (beginning from "But, are there [...]") is not in IP, as far I can see. Lower half of 2r, blank. 2131/6/III/18A page 14 [on the left margin] The Distinction between Substances and the Qualities which belong to them, is to be found in the Structure of all Languages, [and therefore]del The Distinction between Thought & the Being that thinks, {& the Distinction} between thought and the Objects of thought are likewise to be found in the Structure of all Languages, and therefore those Systems of Philosophy which abolish those Distinctions wage war with the common sense of Mankind, an Adversary too hard fro Philosophy to struggle with.qI am apt to think that there are some prejudices very general among the Rude. Such as their Judgment of the Magnitude of the Sun & Moon, and of the Spherical Figure of the Heavens, of the Earth being at Rest. Their conceiving the Deity & other invisible intelligent agents to have Human Figure & human Passions, & the Soul to be some subtile Matter like Breath or Wind.[9 February 1770] Teophrastus.Type: material fro lectures on Natural History. Reading note too? Subjects: natural history. For the whole text, see my notes. 2131/6/V/13Fragment, rectoThe concurrence of the Male & foemale part of flowers necessary to render the Seed fruitfull this. believed from the Time of Teophrastus.hProbable that every vessel & organ of a Tree was in the Seed. Nay that every one of the S [interruption]Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Read< ing note? Text in Latin. Subjects: chemistry, natural history. Order of the series of papers containing the classification of chemical substances: 1) 6/V/22. 2) 6/V/4. 3) 6/V/5. 4) 6/V/6. 5) 6/V/22a 6/V/2 summary, enumeration of chemical substances. 6/V/14 general scheme. See also MS 2343 for complete classification of chemical substances. 2131/6/V/14Fossilia Sunt vel Simplicia Pars 1 vel Composita Pars 2da Pars 1. Simplicium Classes 5 Salina Inflammabilia Metallica Ferrea Aquea.TClassis 5 Aquea sunt Aques Simpliices Minerales Salinae Sulpphurae Metallica Ferrae.Synopsis Methodica Fossilium Tournefort.Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reading notes from Tournefort's "Botanical Institutions". For reference to this MS, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", note 6, p. 57: "For another set of notes related to Tournefort see MS 2131/6/14a".5r@Herbae & Suffrutices sunt vel [etc. various subdivisions follow]5Petalodes Monopetalae 20 Rosaicae 21 Papilionaceae 22(Classes Plantarum secundum Tournefortium!1r: Desaguliers. 1v: Desaguliers.:Type: Reading note from Desaguliers (which book?). Material for lectures on Natural Philosophy too? Cf. K. 160, p. 245 (original pagination): "Desagulier's method of conducting water for supplying Cities". Place of origin: Aberdeen? Subjects: mechanics. 3 parts: 1) 1r-v, on jets of water (pneumatics). 2) 2r-v, on the density of atmosphere (pneumatics). 3) 2v, on sound. On 1v: "This Theory differs not widely from Desaguliers Experiment [...]" The part on 1r-v on the jets of water seems to continue on 6/V/15a. It is possible that 6/V/15a should be inserted between folios 1 and 2 of 6/V/15, item 1. On 2r, beginning of the page: "It is required to find the Altitude of the Atmosphere at the height of 50 English Miles Supposing the Semidiameter of the Earth 4000 miles." [etc.] Diagram on 2r. On 2v, heading: "Of Sound". 2131/6/V/15"The [del] motive force of a fluid issuing freely by its Gravity from a hole in the bottom or Side of a Vessel which is always kept full is equal to the weight of a Column of water whose base is the hole & whose length is the perpendicular altitude of the Surface of the fluid above the holes3 It is evident that the Vibration of a body [in the] must cause a vibration in the contiguous parts of the Medium. Lecture KC (Natural Philosophy)?>Of conducting water in pipes from Desaguliers Of Jets of WaterType: reading note from Desaguliers (which book?). Material for lectures on Natural philosophy too? See item 1. Place of origin: Aberdeen? Subjects: mechanics, navigation. 3r: "Cor 3", "Cor 4". 3v: "Cor 5", "Prop", "Prop", "Cor", "Prop". 4r: "Prop", with three corollaries and a diagram. 4v: "Prop", and a diagram. 5v: three corollaries nad two propositions. Lower half of 5r, blank. On fragment: "A Maximum usefull in Navigation". Margin, vertical, left, on 5r.3r-6r of recto side of fragmentgWe may therefore infer from Desaguliers Experiment that in order to bring the computation of the Water issued at a jet as near to the truth as possible, if the hole is square we ought to deduce 1/16 of an Inch from the Side, and if it is circular, to deduce 1/16 of an inch from the diameter of the circle, on account of the friction & corpuscolar Attraction.[End on fragment]: If AC is the direction of the wind CB the Course of a Ship then CE is the position of the Sail which will give her the greatest impetus in the Direction CB.Of Jets of Water2r: Plato, Stoics, "Chrysippo & Crantore", Socrates, "Xenophonte". 2v: Plato, "Xenophontem", Aristotle, "Cebetem Thebanum Eschinem", Stoics, Cicero, Butler ("Josephus Butlerus Episcopus Dunelmensis"), Machiavelli, Harrington, Hume, Montesquieu, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Plinius, F. Bacon, "Hippocrates Cous". 3r: Galileo, "Horum ope Coelestium motus a Galileo a Hevelio a Cassinis patre et Filio ab Hugenio & Flamstedio fide laboere vigiliis maximis impensis regibus dignis observati, as Astronomiam veram Physicam condendam viam aperuerunt; [...]", Kepler, Newton, Halley, Bradley, Aristotle. 3v: Aristotle, Bacon, Newton, Hippocra< tes, Socrates, Montesquieu.Type: oration, delivered at graduation cerimonies in King's College, Aberdeen, on 9 April 1753. Published transcription in "Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid", Humphries ed., pp. 11-18.K. 222Auditores Consilium mihi est [hoc tempore]del pauca, debita cum verecundia, Iudicio vestro permittere de Legibus Philosophandi.[Bottom of 4r] Adeo ut Novum Organnum Opus sui generis primum et ultimum, Naturae Grammaticam appellari liceat, vel potius magnus ejus Author.'Top of the page: "Abredonen" [Aberdeen]Top of 1r: "9 Apr 1753".IOratio habita in Auditorio publico Collegi Regii Abredonen. 9 Apr., 1753.?1v: F. Bacon, Locke, Socrates, "Dyonisius Tyrannus", Aristotle, Plato, Aquinas, Scotus. Fragment (attached to 1v): Aristotle, Plato, Aquinas, Scotus. 2r: Cicero ("[...] cum Marco Tullio [...]"), F. Bacon ("[...] Verulamio [...]"). 2v: Hyppocrates. 3r: quotation: "dat Galenus opes dat Justinianus honores At nos Philosophi turba misella sumus". Francis Bacon ("Summus Verulamius [...]"). 3v: Socrates, F. Bacon ("[...] Verulamij [...]"), Newton, Zeno ("Qui igitur cum Zenone motum impossibilem esse demonstrare velit"), Hume. 4r: Newton, Cicero ("Marcus Tullius"), Euclides.Type: oration, delivered at graduation cerimonies in King's College, Aberdeen, on 28 April 1756. Published transcription in "Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid", Humphries ed., pp. 18-26.5r-8v]Jampridem ex hac Cathedra, [quaedam disserui]del de Legibus Philosophandi, {paucis disserui}.CEt ingenij tui Specimen aliquod coram caelebri hoc coetu edas. RogoTop of the page: "Apr 28 1756".0Oratio habita in Aud. P. Coll. Reg. Apr 28, 17562r: Locke. 2v: Aristotle, Hume, Aesopus. 4r: Locke. 4v: Hume, Aesopus. 5r: Plato, Malebranche. 5v: "Platonici Peripatetici Cartesiani Malbranchius Lockius Barclaius Humius". 6r: "Aristoteles & Peripateticorum [...]", Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, D. Hume, Henry Home. 6v: Descartes. 7v: Plato, Aristotle, Hume. 8r: Galileo. 9r: Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley. 9v: Hume.Type: oration, delivered at graduation cerimonies in King's College, Aberdeen, on 1759. Published transcription in "Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid", Humphries ed., pp. 27-39.9r-17v[Concilium mihi est, hoc tempore]del pauca de Intellectu humano, ejusque primis & simplicissimis operationibus, hoc tempore proponere, & Docti hujus Coetus Judicio & candori permittere, animus est.GEt ut Ingenij tui specimen aliquod coram caelebri hoc Coetu edas. Rogo.Top of 1r: "1759".jType: most likely, another addition to the draft of the second discourse on common sense, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society on 9 February 1770 (see 2/III/8). First two sentences, from "It is good [...]" to "[...] rejects the other", correspond to IP, E IV "Of First Principles in General", Hamilton ed., p. 439a, last paragraph. Lower half of 2v, blank.1 It is a good Argument ad Hominem if it can be shewn that first Principle which he denies stands on the Same bottom with that which he assents to.When I perceive that 3 is the half of six there is certain Power of the Mind by which I perceive this. And if that power be fallacious I have no Reason to trust its decision however clear and distinct it may be.1r: Pliny, Strabo, Josephus, "Materia Medica". 2v: Teophrastus, Aristotle, Dioscorides, "De Materia Medica", Pliny, Agricola, Enielius, Fabricius, Kentmann, Erker, Peres de Vargas, Caesalpin, Gesnerus, Imperatus, Aldrovandus, Mercatus, Lohneys, Coesius, Barba, De Boot, Baccius, Bartholine, de Laet, Wormius, Lachmund, Boyle, Lister, Grew, Plot, Morton, Woodward, Lhuyd, Borelli, Camerarius, Scheuchzer, Geoffrey, Boerhaave, Scilla, Boeone, Steno, Butner, Mylius, Vallisnieri, Langius, Valentine, Henkel, Bruchman, Wallerius, Linnaeus. Hill, D'Argenville, Pott, Emanuel Mendes da Costa [note that some of these names may have been spelled wrongly, if not in the MS itself, in my transcription].Type: introductory lecture, or outline of the course on Natural History, Aberdeen, 1753. For reference to this MS, see Wood Ph.D. thesis, pp. 69-70, a< nd "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 4. See also 6/V/10a, for another outline of the course on Natural History. Subjects: natural history. On 2v, heading: "Writers in Natural History". List of various authors in the field. Lower half of the page, blank. 2131/6/IV/01 1r, and 2r-3rIt is the Design of Natural History to make us acquainted with the various kinds of Bodies wherewith this World is furnished; & which are within the reach of our Senses and Observation.They must be reduced to a System, in which every{body} hath its proper place and Stands among those that are allied to it by having like Qualities.[1753]Elements of Natural HistoryType: uncertain. Most likely part of the lectures on Pneumatology or Speculative Ethics, from Glasgow. What I distinguished as parts 2 and 4 come in the form of a Question. Subjects: principles of action. 4 parts. 1) on upper half of 1r, separated from the rest of the text by a horizontal line. After Incipit: "1 An Estimate of the Goods and Evils of Life". Other 5 points follow. End: "6. The various Moment of Motives where there is variety of them". 2) On 1r, after horizontal line: "Tho by such Causes as have been Mentioned men may deviate greatly from their Natural Character and I doubt not they often do. Yet I apprehend it will still be with some leaning towards it, so as to make these things that <are> against the Natural Grain more hard to be attained and more easily lost than those which go along with it" (this passage follows the text on 1v-2r, hereafter identified as part 4). 3) On 1r, in fainter pen. "A Discours or Disputation upon any Subject, quickens all the faculties for canvassing it farther. It does as it were muster all the furniture of the <Mind> upon that Subject. So that the Ideas that before came Slowly & with Difficulty to present themselves to the Memory Imagination or Reason, do now readily offer themselves. It is as if by discoursing earnestly or hear with fixt attention a discours upon any Subject, A Variety of Ideas related to the Subject which foormerly lay still in the Mind prehaps covered with the dust of Oblivion, were called up and set into a kind of Dance in the Mind, by which they are not more ready when there is occasion for them but do present themselvees in various new attitudes Combinations and Relations which assist invention and makes it more easy to give new light to the Subject than if we had fallen to it while our Ideas were in their former dormant State." Look up my notes, on this part: in 4/II/9, 7r (p. 13), part of the lectures on Pneumatology, Reid also speaks of the utility of forming literary societies in order to acquire eloquence. A similar thing by G. Campbell, see Ulman, p. 11. 4) On 1v-2v. Heading: "Q. To what Causes are the Differences in Character among Men owing". "It cannot be doubted that there is a Great Difference among Mne from the first." [etc.] On 2v: "Add the Note A". 2131/6/IV/02qEthics the knowledge of those Rules or Laws by which Men ought to regulate their Actions. A Rule of Action. What.lThe Effects of Hypocondriacal and Histeric Disorders upon the Mind seem to differ from the former in degree.Type: material for lectures on Natural History. See also Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 4, for reference to this MS: "Among the voluminous papers of David Skene there are notes on plants observed by Skene and Reid while riding and walking in the Aberdeen area, and in the Birkwood papers there is a small notebook which Reid may have used on local sampling expeditions with Skene". Subjects: natural history, botany, list and classificatory scheme of plants and flowers. 2131/6/V/013r-7rCicutaria Cowweed Involucro [del] partali non Generali Cicuta fatua Chervill Mondia Blinks Ray Portuluca Acquatica Collitriche or Coris permum Ranunculus Hederae folio [rest of the page blank]Igynia Piper Class 3 TriandriaType: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen, 1753 or afterwards. Subjects: chemistry, natural history, classificatory scheme and list of chemical substances. Order of the series of papers containing the classifica< tion of chemical substances: 1) 6/V/22. 2) 6/V/4. 3) 6/V/5. 4) 6/V/6. 5) 6/V/22a. 6/V/2 summary, enumeration of chemical substances. 6/V/14 general scheme. See also MS 2343 for complete classification of chemical substances. 2131/6/V/02,Not soluble in water nor inflammable 1 BolesF92 Cuprum 93 Lapis Lazuli 94 Turchesia 95 Argentum 96 Plumbum 97 Aurum[1753 or after]Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeeen. Subjects: natural history, classification of animals, including "animalcules" (on 1r), insects (on 1r-2v), shell animals (3r-v), fishes (4r). Lower half of 4r, blank. 2131/6/V/03;Animalcules. C<l>ass 1 Without Tail or Visible Limbs Gymnia5 Plagiuri Tails Horizontal.!2r: Hill. 4r: Hill, Bible, Pliny.Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reading note (note on 2r: "Dr Hill adds in an Appendix Christals influenced in their figure by an admixture of Lead Tin or Iron. There seems to have been no other Use mad<e> of Christals but by Jewellers & Lapidaries for Gemms"). Subjects: chemistry, natural history; classification of chemical substances (see 6/V/2 and 6/V/14 for general scheme). It is preceded by 6/V/2. Order of the series of papers containing the classification of chemical substances: 1) 6/V/22. 2) 6/V/4. 3) 6/V/5. 4) 6/V/6. 5) 6/V/22a 6/V/2 summary, enumeration of chemical substances. 6/V/14 general scheme. See also MS 2343 for complete classification of chemical substances. 2131/6/V/041r, 2r, 3r, and 4rFossils naturally & essentially Simple not inflammable, nor Soluble in Water Of a Regular Structure but no Determinate Figure Series the Seecond Class 2d#Its Characters are it will not run per deliquium [?] It requires 15 times its own Weight of Water to dissolve it perfectly it forms octagonal Chrystals, It melts freely rising in large Blisters & when the fire is continued becomes a loose Spoingy light Mass known by the name of Burnt Allom.Type: material for lectures on Natural History, Aberdeen. Reading note. Subjects: chemistry, natural history, classification of chemical substances. It continues from 6/V/5 and continues in 6/V/22a. See my notes. Order of the series of papers containing the classification of chemical substances: 1) 6/V/22. 2) 6/V/4. 3) 6/V/5. 4) 6/V/6. 5) 6/V/22a 6/V/2 summary, enumeration of chemical substances. 6/V/14 general scheme. See also MS 2343 for complete classification of chemical substances. 2131/6/V/06|Pellucid Gems of various Colours as viewed in different Lights. Whitish 13 the Opal. It is softer than any of the fine Gems.Class 1 Marchasita. Compound Matallic inflammable fossils naturally Constituting whole Strata of an obscurely & irregularly foliaceous Structure & of a bright glittering appearance.%1r, margin: "Belidor Arch. Hydraul.". Type: original paper, or reading note. It might also be material for lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. On 1r, left margin, vertical: "Note in the first Article there seems to be mistake which is also in Belidor Arch. Hydraul." Subjects: mechanics. 2r: "1", "2" 2v: "3". 3r: "4". 4r: "5". 5v-6v, in different pen. On 5v, 2 other propositions in mechanics with solution and corollaries. 6v another proposition. 5v: "Prop", "Cor", "Prop". 6r: "Sol", "Cor 1", "Cor 2", "Cor 3" 6v: "Cor 4", "Prop". Diagrams on 1r, 5v, 6v. 2131/6/V/07If a Pile is to be raised by a Tooth placed against its center of Gravity let the length of the tooth be r the distance of the tooth from the upper prison s from the lower t then the Weight of the Pile being P the friction against the upper prison will be Pr/3s and against the lower Pr/3t if the (?)stance of both prisons be the same the whole friction will be 2Pr/3s therefore the Power required to raise it will be P+(2Pr/3s). Let the sine of the angle BAC be s its cosine c the radius R then (3c+s):r::W:P, & rW=P x (3c+s) and since rW is a fixed Quantity, P will be a [maximum]del {minimum} when 3c+s is a maximum that is when c=3s or when the Angle BAC is 18 [degree] 26 [minutes] 3 [seconds].5Rules for Calculating the Friction of Simple Machines\Type: material for course on Natural<  Philosophy? Reading note? Subjects: mechanics. On 1r: "Law 2 Friction in ceteris paribus as the Velocity of the Surfaces rub<b>ing on one another". 3 corollaries. On 1v: "Of Centripetal Forces". Points 1 & 2, "Def", "Cor 1", "Def", Corollaries 2-5. "Of the Descent of Bodies on Inclined Planes". Corollaries 6-8. 2r: "The Descent of Bodies on Inclined Plains [sic] compared with their Perpendicular Descent". Corollaries 9-15. 2v: Corollaries 16-17. "Of Pendulums". Corollaries 18-20, "Schol." Marginalia: 1r, left, vertical. 2r, left vertical. 2v, right, vertical. 2131/6/V/08Law 1 Of Friction. The Friction of a Body Drawn on a Smooth Horizontal Surface Equal to 1/3 of its Weight whatever Side it is laid upon.Let the Quantity of Matter in the first body be Q its velocity before the Shoc<k> V after it v the Quantity of Matter in [interrupted]Newton.Type: reading note (summary of a book on natural philosophy)? Plan of a book? Plan of a course on natural philosophy (see also 6/V/10)? Subjects: mechanics, Newton. Most of 1v, blank. 2131/6/V/09wSect 1 Contains the 70 & 6 following Prop of Newt Princ Lib 1 Sect 2. Cont Prop 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11 12 13 14 15, [66]delBThe Doctrine of Pendulums Subjoin that of the Vibration of Chords.Of Centripetal Forces8Type: on 1r, outline of the course on Natural Philosophy. See also 2/I/5 "Idea of a Course of Physicks or Natural Philosophy"; 6/V/31, 3r-v; 8/V/1; 8/V/2. On 1v, beginning of the course in Latin. Reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, note 142, p. 418. Lower half of 1r, blank. Lower half of 1v, blank. 2131/6/V/101 Definition of Body & Explication in few words of its Primary Qualities Extension Figure Divisibility & Mobility. These the Subjects of Mechanicks the first part of Natural Philosophy.cPh Nat vel Sensibus percipiuntur vel Testimonio fide digno eorum a quibus percepta sunt. Sc Ph Nat.;Of the Order in which Natural Philosophy ought to be taught!Type: beginning of the course on Natural History, Aberdeen 1753, with plan of the course. Other version of 6/IV/1. Subjects: natural history. On 2r, headings on the left margin: "Design of Nat. Hist", "Uses of Nat Hist", "A Compleat Nat Hist must be the work of Ages". Most of 1v, blank. On 3r, division of bodies 1) large and small masses, 2) small masses divided in three kingdoms. Definition of unorganized bodies. On 3v, method of description of each genus. Lower half of 3v, blank. On 4r, division of unorganized bodies. Most of 4r, blank.Design of Nat. Hist [on left margin] The Design of Natural History is to make us acquainted wt the various kinds of bodies wherewith this World is furnished.N4 Div The Simple & Unmetallic are either Not inflammable nor Soluble in Water.See title: "1753".Natural History 17532v: David Skene.VType: 2 parts. The part on 1r-2r material for lectures on Natural Philosophy (electricity), Aberdeen, before Noveember 16 1756. The part on 2v, contains experiments on electricity and chemistry, betrween November 16 1756 and February 22 1758. For a description of this MS, with quotations, see Wood Ph.D. thesis, pp. 263-265 (see also notes 76, 78-80, pp. 467-468) Subjects: chemistry (only on 2v), electricity. On 1r, 2 definitions, and 12 propositions. On 1v: "Conjectures concerning Electricity to be confirmed or refuted by future Experiments". 6 conjectures. Margin on 1r, vertical, right. 2131/6/V/11Def. 1 Electricity is a Power or Virtue in Bodies, excited by Friction by which they attract or repel other [{light}]del Bodies [del]Feb 22 1758 [left margin] Starch made of Pittatoes burnt in a Crucible in a Coal Fire for about an hour Smoaked bubled up and at last Continued Red for half an hour without any Alteration when cooled it was perfectly black and Spungy broke with a very Smooth Shining Surface, like coal. And being twice burnt again in an Open fire it yielded no ashes nor had any Saltish Taste, nor indeed seemed to undergo any alteration in the Fire.AOn 2v: "1756 Novr 16", "1757 Decr 23", "Jan 1758", "Feb 22 1758". Electricity1r: Needham ("Microsc Obs 1745. 1747"). 1v: Buffon, "Mem. de l< 'Accad Ao 1727". 2v: M Parson ("M parsons Human Physiognomy explained"), Buffon.Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 87-91. This MS continues on 6/V/35. See Wood's textual note on p. 257), and the explanatory note on page 246: "These notes are based on chapters 8 ('Reflexions sur les experiences precedentes'), 9 ('Varietes dans la generation des animaux'), and on the sections 'Des sens en general' and 'De l'age viril. Description de l'homme' of the 'Histoire naturelle de l'homme' in volumes II and III of Buffon's Histoire Naturelle". 2131/6/V/12HThe Sum of these is that in the Male Seminal Liquors of Men [del] there were found long filaments that seemed to be hol<l>ow transparent tubes and to have something moving within them in some hours as the liquorr grew thiner from these tubes there issued out globular or oval animalcules tied to the tubes by a slender filament.A dog sees meat in his masters hand which stirrs his appetite and prompts him to jump at it, but the impression of pain felt for former midemeanours of this kind remains upon his brain & raises his aversion [the text continues on 2131/6/V/35, 1r] Experiments upon Seminal Liquors Type: letter to William Tytler, W.S., Edinburgh, 25 December 1759. Description in AUL Catalogue: " "Letter Th. Reid, Kings' College to Wm. Tytler, W.S., Edinburgh Comments on effect of new statutes upon numbers of bursars and libertines; compares student numbers at King's and those at Marischal College". On 1r, vertical, address: see above Incipit. On 1r, vertical, bottom left corner, sender: "9 25 Decr 1759 Professor Reid No 32d". On 1r on the left, uppr half of the page, rest of the seal. The letter is on 2r-v.K. 255, Box 421r, 2r-vTo Mr William Tytler Writer in Edinburgh. [Address on 1r] Dr Sr I am desired to write you what occurs to me in Answer to these facts alledged by oour Opponents viz. That since the new Statutes the number of our Students has been every year descreasing, & that of the Marischal College increasing. That last year they had 70 in the first Class & we onely 14. And that all this is owing to the length & Expence of our Session. [begining of the letter on 2r]Upon the whole , the Statute, have no doubt diminished the number of bursars, without any detriment to the livings of the Masters, but it does not appear that they have diminished, nor can a probable reason be offered why they should diminish the Number of Libertines, which as great presently as it was before the Statutes were made, & I appprehend would have been less than it is now if these Statutes had not been made. I am Dr Sr Your most obedient Servt Tho. Reid Kings College 25th Decr 1759*Correspondence (Recipient: William Tytler)aOn 1r, bottom left corner, vertical: "25 Decr 1759". On 2v, bottom of the page: "25th Decr 1759".According Iain Beavan: "MS M387/15/1/16 believed to have been prepared by Prof. Thomas Reid when Librarian at Mar. Coll." (the "Mortifier" referred to is Secretary Thomas Reid, Secretary to King James I, and ancestor of Thomas Reid, philosopher). Proposals concerning the Library (addressed to the Senate of Marischal College?) He says that he will inquire into the Town of Aberdeen's management of a "mortification" left by his ancestor Thomas Reid for the payment of the librarian's salary. He proposes to sue the Town, in case of some apparent mismanagement. He proposes various arrangements on how to pay the charges of the process. 5 points. Names mentioned: Mr Blackwell, Dr McKail (previous librarians), Mr Robert Reid, his grandfather and brother of Thomas Reid, the "Mortifier". M.387/15/1/16T1 I Resolve to get the fullest Information I can of the management of the Mortification from the beginning to this present time & if it appear to be wrong to take a Consultation of Lawiers upon it whether it be defensible in Law or whether the [Mortification may] Town of Abd {may} be obliged to make up the Sallary to what it was at first. Seing [sic] Mortifier has just now no heir it is proposed that Doctor Reid should serve himself heir to Mr Robert Reid his G< randfather who was the Mortifiers heir & brother & the Process may be raised either at his Instance or at the Instance of the Bibliothecar as shall be thought best.See title: "1736".mProposals concerning the Library 1736 ([illegible] of a lawsuit to recover the Salary mortiffied by Dr. Reid)2v: Berkeley. 3r: Berkeley.Type: undetermined. Material that, in different form, appears in the Discourses to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, and in the Inquiry. Place of origin: Aberdeen. Date: the position held on visible distance on bottom 2v and top of 3r is different from his first view on the subject, and from the final and mature view which was expressed, firstly, in the first discourse to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on 14 June 1758; thus, the text on the first 3 leaves appears to be from an earlier date than the first Discourse. On 4r-v, he holds his mature view on visible distance (it can either be antencedent or subsequent to fols 1-3). 4 parts. 1) On 1r-3r: origin of the ideas of tangible distance and space or extension. 2) On 3v: origin of the ideas of other tangible qualities (hardness ans softeness, etc.). These two parts certainly belong to the same continuous text and period. 3) On 4r: perception of visible distance, relation between visible and tangible extension, relation between impressions we got by touch and sight, and the notion of extension that accompany them; query: whether spirits have a place. 4) On 4v: definitions, axioms, and queries on the various intellecual powers of the mind (perception, feeling or impression, remembrance, simple apprehension, etc.). I established which side of of folio 4 is recto and which is verso, by considering its watermark, which continues the watermark of folio 1. 1r: "It seems to be Matter of some Difficulty to Explain how we come by the Idea of Tangible Distance or Extension. The Ideas we receive by Sight ought not here be brought to account for those of tangible Extension because we see that blind men for their Idea as easy as those who see. Suppose a Man grasps a ball in his hand. can it be said that he feels the Extension of it? I apprehend not, and that is is onely by Experience we learn to Judge of the Extent of a Body by grasping it. Is it not by Experience I learn to know when my hand is shut and when it is open and to what extent I can open it." [etc.] 2131/8/II/21nIt seems to be matter of some Difficulty to Explain how we come by the Idea of Tangible Distance or Extension.End of 4r: We must have recourse to some such Hypothesis as this, to reconcile it to the Notions we have of the different Natures of Body and Spirit. To exist in a tangible Place as body does infers figure Divisibility & Parts. End on 4v: Ought we not distinguish two Kinds of Perception Natural or Original & Acquired, the Perception of Extension by touch or Motion is an instance of the first the perception of the tangible figure of a Body by the Eye or of a Coach passing by, by it<s> Sound of the Second. [Before 1758]Type: letter to Mr John Bell, bookseller in Edinburgh. Place of origin: Glasgow. Date: September 26 1784. Subjects: he discusses arrangements for the publication of the Essays on Intellectual Powers. After Incipit: "As I am not at Liberty, I am very willing to treat with you, and I ask no more than the 300 which you first offered. But I think it should be payable on the Publication of the Book or a year after with legal Interest. I wish also to have a dozen Copies for Presents to Friends, & if I should need a few more for that Use, to have them at Bookseller price. If you agree to these terms, you may please to write me as soon as you can, and let me know where you would have it printed, how soon, of what Volume or Volumes, & whether the Sheets can be transmitted to me without Cost to be corrected." [Explicit follows] On 2v, top right corner, vertical, sender: "Professor Reid 26 Septr 1784 Glasgow". On 2v, vertical, address: "Mr John Bell Bookseller Edinburgh" On 2v, rest of seal.2744Dear Sir, Having been some time on a Jaunt in the Country I found on my return a Lett< er from Dr Rose dated Sept 9 informing me that a respectable Bookseller of London (whom he does not Name) called upon him on Monday last, and told him that he would willingly take an equal Share with Mr Bell, and give 300 for the Copy; & that Mr Cadell was unwilling to be connected with any other Bookseller. He therefore leaves it to me to treat with you if I think proper.I should have wrote to Dr. Gregory or Mr Dug. Stewart to consult with you upon these points, but I am uncertain whether they be not in the Country. If they be in Town yoou may please communicate this to them, and what they or either of them thinks right with regard to the particulars above mentioned I shall agree to. I am Dr Sr You very humble Servt Tho Reid I wish to know who is the London Bookseller who is to share with you.<Correspondence (Recipient: John Bell, Bookseller, Edinburgh))Top of 1r: "Glasgow Coll. Septr 26 1784".+See place of origin: "[...] Septr 26 1784".wType: beginning of a draft of the Inquiry into the Human Mind. Reference to this draft in Inquiry, Brookes ed., p. 219. 2131/1/I/01!1r (p. 8), upper half of the pageThe Importance of an Enquiry into this subject and the means of prosecuting it. The fabrick of the human mind is curious and wonderfull as well as that of the human body.It is therefore a subject highly worthy of Enquiry on its own Account, {and still} [but]del more worthy, on Account of the Extensive Influence which the Knowledge of it hath over every {other} branch of Human Knowledge..[Before the publication of the Inquiry (1764)]9An Enquiry into the Human Mind Chap 1 Introduction Sect 1 2131/1/I/05Type: draft of AP, from Essay II, Chapter II, to Essay III, Part II, Chapter II, in Hamilton ed., from p. 532b (line 4) to p. 555b (lines 53-54). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP and AP: 1/II/6. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/2. 2131/1/II/011r-38v (pp. 1-76)'[MS continues from 1/II/6] We might farther observe that a Command as a social Act of the Mind It can have no existence but by a communication of thought to some intelligent Being; and therefore implies the [of]del {that there is} such a Being and that we can communicate our thought{s} to him. Innumerable instances occur in life of Men who sacrifice ease, pleasure & every thing else to the Lust of Power, of Fame or even Knowledge. It is absurd to suppose that Men should sacrifice the end to what they desire only as the means [...] [MS continues in 1/II/2]Type: draft of AP, from Essay III, Part III, Chapter I, to Essay IV, Chapter II, in Hamilton ed., from p. 579b (beginning), to p. 604b (end). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of of IP and AP: 1/II/2. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/4. 2131/1/II/03mEssay 3d Part 3d Of the rational Principles of Action Chap 1st There are rational Principles of Action in ManWhen we know the causes that have produced this ambiguity we shall be less in danger of being misled by it, and the proper and strict meaning of the words will more evidently appear.Type: draft of IP from Essay II, Chapter V (end) to Essay II, Chapter IX, in Hamilton ed., from p. 259b (11 lines from bottom) to p. 277b (2 lines from bottom). Preceding paper in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/9. Subsequent paper: 1/II/11. [Incomplete record: add Incipit] 2131/1/II/101r-20v (pp. 1-40)[MS continues from 1/II/9]7[...] to take notice of. Here [MS continues in 1/II/11]3r-4r: Steuart.AType: reading note from "The Principles of Money, applied to the present State of the Coin of Bengal, being an Inquiry into the Methods to be used for correcting the Defects of the present Currency; for stopping the Drains which carry off the Coin; and for extending Circulation by the Means of Paper-Credit. Composed fro the Use of the Honourable the East India Company", by James Steuart, first published in 1772. Subject: politics, political economy or police. 2 parts. First part, on 3r-4r, with the heading "Facts": Money, in particular the value and rate of devaluation of silver and gold coins in Bengal; various regulations on coin value; Reid's comments on some of Steuar< t's proposals. Second part, on 4r, with the heading "Facts". The export of tea by the East India Company; paper credit in the colonies of North America. 2131/3/I/05QThe Standard of the Bengal Money has ever been Silver, though Gold has been occasionally coined. The most common Silver Coin is the Rupee of one Sieca or ten Massa Weight; of the finess of 98/100. One Sieca is 16 Annas; & one Anna 12 Pice [?]. These are the names of Weight and one Sieca is 179 gr & 5511 decimals of a green troy weight.The System of Paper Credit in the Colonies of North America is this the Paper is issued upon no other Security than the bare promise of the Colony to make it effectual, with an Obligation to receive it in paying their taxes, but without providing any fund to pay upon Demand or even an Interest corresponding to the Sum during the delay of Payement. This Scheme is so defective and liable to so many Objections, particularly that of gradually debasing Money of Account, that it ought never to be imitated by any trading Nation "May 1773".May 1773 I read [on top left corner] the Principles of Money, applied to the present State of the Coin of Bengal, &c composed for the Use of the Hon. The E. I. Company By Sir Ja Steuart Bart 1772.1r: N. Maskelyne ("The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Timekeeper with Plates of the Same Published by Order of the Commissioners of Longitude. London 1767"). 1v-2v: N. Maskelyne ("An Account of the going of Mr John Harrison's Watch at the Royal Observatory from May 6 1766 to March 4 1767"). 3r: J. Harrison ("Remarks on a Pamphlet lately published by the Revd. Mr Maskelyne under the Authority of the board of Longitude. 1767").eType: reading notes and references to three works on longitude published in 1767. 1) On 1r: notes from N. Maskelyne, "The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Time-Keeper with Plates of the Same. Published by Order of the Commissioners of Longitude" (London 1767). 2) On 1v-2v: notes from N. Maskelyne, "An Account of the Going of Mr John Harrison's watch at the Royal Observatory, from May 6th 1766 to March 4th 1767" (London 1767). 3) On 3r: reference to John Harrison, "Remarks on a Pamphlet lately published by the Revd. Mr Maskelyne under the Authority of the board of Longitude" (London 1767). Subjects: practical mathematics, navigation and mapping. Timekeeping and the discovery of the longitude. End of 1r: "The watch has just five beats in a second of Time". End of 2r: "Certificate by Mr. Cassini de Thury [?] July 14 1764 of Julien De Ray's thermometer Pendulum Clock. From Decr 1763 to July 1764 it never varied upon the Revolution of the fixed Stars a single second. For four months together in excessive hot weather the thermometer at 30 no more than one second could be distinguished. Since 1648 When it was removed it has never deviated above three seconds. Credat Judaeus." Heading, on 2v: "A View of the going of the Transit Clock Greenwich". On rest of the page there is a table of the daily variations of the watch from sideral time from May 6 1766 to March 3 1767. 2131/3/I/06The wheels move on small Pivots which turn in Ruby holes and Rest on Diamonds, the Pallets are Diamonds, and the Numbers in the Wheels & Pinions are high.Read Remarks on a Pamphlet lately published by the Revd. Mr Maskelyne under the Authority of the board of Longitude. By John Harrison 1767. [After 1767]The Principles of Mr Harrisons Timekeeper with Plates of the Same Published by Order of the Commissioners of Longitude. Lond 1767 4to. With a Preface & Notes taken at the Discovery by Nevil Maskelyne"(Mathematics, Practical) SurveyingType: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, this MS belongs to material for prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 72: "Three manuscripts on trigonometry remain [5/I/21, 5/II/35, fol. 1r, 5/II/37], as does one on logarithms [5/I/12], and there are papers on mensuration and surveying [5/II/18, 7/III/12]". See note 137, pp. 417-418. Place of origin: Aberdeen. Note on 2r: "N. The Distance between the College Crown & the North Steeple of the O Town Church [...]", " The<  Distance between the College Crown & the Town house of Aberdeen [...]" Subjects: trigonometry; practical mathematics (surveying). On 1r: 6 points. On 2v, heading: "Sect 2" 4 propositions, "General Corolary", 5th proposition. 2131/5/I/211 To Measure any Length Trigonometrically. That Length must be made the Side of a Triangle, one of whose Sides can be measured by a Chain & two of its Angles by a Quadrant or Theodolite.iQu. Whether this method may not be applyed to [Triangles]del Quadrilateral Figures inscribed in Ellipsis?The Application of Trigonometry1v: Aristotle ("Analytica Priora cap 22 Lib 1"), J.E. Montucla ("Hist des Mathematiques Vol 1 pag 204"), Plato, Blancanus ("Loca Arist Mathem"). Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. According to AUL catalogue handwritten correction "post 1758". Same hand, pen, and paper as 5/I/25. Most likely, it was originally between fol. 1 and 2 of 5/I/25. Subjects: varia: arithmetics and geometry (logistical curve, incommensurability of the diagonal of the square); history of mathematics; arithmetics and algebra. 4 parts. 1) On 1r. Heading: see title ("Of the Logistical Curve"). End: "Is not the Doctrine of Logarithms an improvement of the doctrine of the Ancients cocerning Ratios, somewhat similar to the improvement of the Arithmetick of the Ancients by decimal Fractions. The Ancients had Names for certain determinate Ratios and Symbols to express them but not for the numberless intermediate ones. Logarithms furnish us with a way of expresssing intelligibly all possible Ratios; even when one of the Terms of the Ratio is with respect to the other irrational; and that either accurately or nearer the truth than by any assignable Difference." Bottom of page, blank. 2) On 1v. Beginning: " Aristotle in his Analytica Priora cap 22 Lib 1 Observes that the incommensurability of the diameter is proved because if it was commensurable it would follow that an Odd Number should be equall to an even Number. I conceive the incommensurability here mmeant is that between the Diagonal of a Square and its Side. The Demonstration of this from the Principle mentioned by Aristotle may be made out as follows. Lem. 1" [etc.] "Lem. 2" [etc.] "Prop. The Side of a Square is not commensurate to its Diagonal." "Case 1" [etc.] "Case 2" [etc.] End: "Schol." "The cube of an odd Number is odd and that of an even nuber is divisible by 8 that is by the cube of 2. And in general if n be the Index of any power whatsoever the n power of an odd Number is odd & the n Power of an even Number is divisible by 2[n as exponent]". 3) On bottom of 1v. Heding: "Montucla Hist des Mathematiques Vol 1 pag 204". "Pure Mathematicks were less cultivated in the Peripatetick School than in that of Plato but they were not neglected by the ancient Peripateticks as they have been by the Modern. The ancient followers of Aristotle were pretty much conversant in Mathematicks after the Example of Aristotle himself who has frequent Examples taken from this Science especially in his Metaphysicks. The passages however are not important as to have deserved the pains taken by Blancanus (in his Loca Aristot Mathem) a Mathematician of the last Age in collecting and explaining them". 4) On 2r-v. Heading: " An Arithmetical Trick". "Think of any whole Number, multiply it by 3: if the product be an odd Number add unity to it to make it even, the divide this product by two; Multiply the Quote by 3, & as before add unity to it if it is an odd Number {& divide it by two} the divide the quote by 9. The integers in this last quote {multiplied by four} will be the Number you thought of, when there is no addition made of unites. When a Unite is added to the first product, add unity to {four times} the last quote; when Unity is added to the second quote, add 2 to the last quote {multiplied by four}, and when Unity is added both to the first and second, add 3 to {four times} the last quote, and you will have the number sought. Demonstration The number sought being a whole Number, must either be divisible by 4 without Remainder, or with th< e remainder one, two, or three. Case 1." [etc.] "Case 2" [etc.] 2v: "Case 3", "Case 4". 2131/5/I/26As the Logisitcal Curve is one of the simplest in Nature its use is considerable in many parts of Mathematicks particularly in explaining to the lowest capacities the Nature of Logarithms and the Measures of Ratios.Therefore by the Rule (since Unity was added both to the first and second product we take 4x+3 for the Number sought which must be the true Number Q.E.D.Of the Logistical Curve$(Mathematics) History of MathematicsB1r: Bailly ("Hist. de l'Astronomie Moderne"), Newton, Lebniz, Clairaut, d'Alambert, Euler, Cotes. 1v: Mayer, Lemery, Clairaut, Bailly, Euler, d'Alambert, "la Grange", Condorcet, "la Place", "M. de la Caille", "M. du Sejour", "M. l'abbe' Frise' [or Frisi?]". 2r: Murdoch, "P Trans 1764", Horseley, " P Trans 1768", Bailly.Type: reading notes from Bailly's "Histoire de l'Astronomie Moderne". Subject: mathematics (fluxions), natural philosophy (astronomy, Newton); history of science (history of calculus, and of astronomy). [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/19Forreigners now generally allow that Sr I. Newton was the Inventor of the Method of Fluxions both direct & inverse, though they give the name of the Differential Method, or Differential Calculus to it.Bailly has laboured on the inequalities of the Motions of Jupiters Satellites and on a method of discovering the proportion of the Light coming to us from the various heavenly Bodies.,[Check date of publication of Baillys' book]1Facts from Bailly's Hist. de l'Astronomie ModerneType: part of the lectures on Fine Arts, delivered as part of the course on the Culture of the Mind, in Glasgow. Subjects: philosophy (taste). [Incomplete record: check Incipit and Explicit] 2131/4/I/011r, lower half of the pageWe proposed to make some Observations on the fine Arts chiefly with a design to shew that the principles of them depend chiefly on the Connexion which Nature has established between the body & Mind, & between things corporeal & things intellectual.kSo that a good taste is in many cases the fruit of true Judgment & a bad taste the fruit of false Judgment.Type: address to the students, at the beginning of the course. The Explicit has been transcribed in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 117. [Incomplete record: check Incipit and Explicit on CD. Check the Class referred to is the one on Pneumatology or the one on Culture of the Mind] [Subject heading]1r, upper half of the pageGentlemen, Before I enter upon the particular business of this Class, I hope it will not be improper to lay before you some things respecting your Studies in General that may serve both to animate and to direct you in the pursuit of them.I would to God that every one of you were now as sensible of the importance of the time you spend here as you will be when some years are gone over your head.Type: draft of IP, Essay II, from Chapter XIII to Chapter XVII, in Hamilton ed., from p. 296b to p. 314b (line 2). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/11. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/13. 2131/1/II/12[MS continues from 1/II/11] carried away by these prejudices than even the vulgar, because the use made of this theory was to explain and account for the various operations of the mind, a matter in which the vulgar take no concern.NThe quality in the rose is something which occasions [MS continues in 1/II/13]Type: draft of IP Essay IV, from Chapter I to Chapter III, in Hamilton ed., from p. 361b (15 lines from bottom) to 376b (21 lines from bottom). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/15. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/17. 2131/1/II/16`[MS continues from 1/II/15] [...] the first faculty of the mind exercised about our Ideas; [...]The learned Dr. Cudworth seems also to have adopted this Principle "The Criterion of true knowledge, says he, is onely [MS continues in 1/II/17]Type: draft of IP, Essay VI, from Chapter III to C< hapter V, in Hamilton ed., from p. 429b (line 12) to p. 443b (line 10). Preceding notebook in the series: 1/II/19. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/7. 2131/1/II/20Q[MS continues from 1/II/19] It is true that after the Platonists entered into Disputes with the Peripateticks; in order to defend the Existence of eternal Ideas, they found it prudent to contract the line of Defence, and maintained onely that there is an Idea of every Species of natural things, but not of Genera, nor things artificial.The second, to wit, attentive Reflection upon those Operations, making them objects of thought surveying [MS continues in 1/II/7]2r (p. 3), 2v (p. 4), 4r (p. 7), 4v (p. 8), 7r (p. 13): Lavoisier (on p. 8: "Facts from Lavoisier's Elements"). 2r (p. 3): "French chemists". 2v (p. 4): Crawford.Type: notes on chemistry, including reading notes from Antoine Lavoisier's "Elements of Chemistry", from 4v (p. 8) onwards. Subject: chemistry. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 278-284 (notes 132-139, pp. 474-475). Headings. On 1r (p. 1): "1 Light [...]". On 1v (p. 2): "2 Caloric". On 3r (p. 5): "3 Oxygen". On 3v (p. 6): "4th Azote". On 4r (p. 7): "5th Hydrogen". On 4v (p. 8): "Facts from Lavoisier's Elements". On 6r (p. 11): "Of the Combination of Combustible bodies with each other". On 6v (p. 12): "Of the Formation of Neutral Salts". On 7r (p. 13): "Of compound oxydable and acidificable Bases". On 8r (p. 15): "Azote, its binary combinations"; "Carbone". On 8v (p. 16): "Composition of Acid". [Type heading] [Incomplete record: check bibliography] 2131/2/I/04=What may really be the first elements of Bodies, we know not.VPhosphoric acid consists of 28 1/2 parts of Phosphorus combined with 71 1/2 of oxygen. 1r: "1790"$1 Of the Chemical Elements of Bodies2v (p. 4): "the Platonist, the Peripatetick, the Stoick & the Epicurean", "the Schoolmen & the Mystics". 4r (p. 7): Virgil. 4v (p. 8): Euclid, MacLaurin ("Philosophical Transactions"). 6r (p. 11): Aristotle. 7r (p. 13): Aristotle. 8v (p. 16): HumeWType: "Discourse on the principles of action in the human mind", delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, on 11 December 1778. It is part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). See also AP, Essay III, Part I, chapters 1-3, for correspondences. Subjects: principles of action, mechanical principles, instinct and habit. On 1r (p. 1): summary of the previous discourse (four characteristics of the will). On 1v (p. 2): operations of the mind in which the will has a great share (attention, deliberation, execution of what is immediately to be done, purpose or resolution of doing what cannot be done immediately). On 1v-3r (pp. 2-5): of principles of action in general (see AP, Essay III, Part I, chapter 1). On 3r-6v (pp. 5-12): division of the principles of action (mechanical, animal, rational principles); of instincts (see AP, Essay III, Part I, chapter 2). On 6v-8v (pp. 12-16): of habit (see AP, Essay III, Part I, chapter 3). [Type heading] 2131/2/I/08hIn a former Discourse I endeavoured to explain that operation of Mind which we call Volition or Willing.The Actions we do merely from Instincts or merely from Habit, do not all belong to the second class of Voluntary Actions. I think they commonly belong to the third.[11 December 1778]1v (p. 2): Cicero. 2r (p. 3): "Stoicks & Peripateticks", Hume, Hutcheson. 2v (p. 4): Hutcheson, Cicero. 3r (p. 5): Milton (quotation). 3v (p. 6): "Pythagorean School", Plato. 4r (p. 7): Hutcheson.Type: a discourse on the principles of action of the human mind, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It is subsequent to the discourse on 2/I/10 and the question on 2/I/11. Part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). Subjects: principles of action, animal principles, passions. See AP, Essay III, Part II, ch< apter 6 ("Of Passion"), in Hamilton ed., pp.570b-575a, for correspondences. It continues on 2/I/14, 5r. Marginalia: On 1r, left margin: "16". On 1v (p. 2), right margin. On 2v (p. 4), right margin. On 3r (p. 5), left margin. [Type heading] 2131/2/I/121r-4v (pp. 1-8)In some Discourses formerly read to this Society upon the Principles of Action in the human Mind I divided them into three Classes, the Mechanical, the Animal and the Rational.<It is from these signs of the passions that Painting Musick and Poetry {may add the Human Face Divine} borrow all their Expressions, that Eloquence derives it<s> greatest force and conversation its Charms. We may add in general that the Passions when kept within their proper [...] [the text continues on 2/I/14, 5r][After 11 December 1778]5 Of the Principles of ActionS1r (p. 1): Hume. 3v (p. 6), right margin: Hutcheson ("Cond of the Passions [...]").Type: draft of a question. It might be the Question "Whether moral obligations are discerned by reason or sentiment?", discussed at the meeting of the Glasgow Literary Society on 3 March 1769, or a question subsequent to the one discussed in 1769. It continues in 2/II/05, 1r. Consider also the related question discussed at the meetings of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 8 and 22 November 1763: "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good?" Subjects: principles of action; theory of morals; moral approbation and disapprobation, moral judgments. Compare with AP, Essay V, chapter 7. Reference to a previous question on 1r (p. 1): "In a former Question proposed to this Meeting the verbal Differences between the litigant parties were considered and the Phraseology on both sides examined. It is the purpose of this Question to bring the real Difference under Consideration. I shall endeavour to explain the Difference, & humbly offer my own opinion upon it, submitting it to the review of the Society". Marginalia: 1r, left margin. 1v, right margin. 2r, left margin. 3v, right margin. 4r, left margin. 4v, right margin. [Subject heading] 2131/2/II/04?Although those who ground Moral Obligation upon Reason and those who ground it upon Sense or Sentiment, seem to differ from one another in the Meaning which they severally affix to the Words Reason & Sense, or Sentiment and by that Means the Difference between them is partly verbal, yet I conceive it is not wholly so.A. According to this Analysis The Proposition I ought not to lie & You ought not to lie must be analyzed in a different manner. Yea when I say you ought not to lie. the meaning is not the same as when you say of your self you ought not to lie.[3 March 1769 or before]Whether Moral Determinations are real Judgments which must be true or false, & whose truth depends not upon the Constitution of the person that judges but upon the Nature of the things of which he judges1r: "my Son Marcus", Cratippus, Socrates, Plato 1v: "my Cicero", Demetrius Phaelereus, Theophrastus, Plato, Demosthenes, Aristotle, Isocrates. 2r: "Aristo Pyrrho & Herellus" (?) 2v: Panaetius. 3v: "my Son Marcus".Type: translation of Cicero's De Officiis, Book I, I-IV ( translation of section IV is incomplete). Subjects: principles of action. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/2/II/08h[My Son Marcus]del Although [now that you have been hearing]del {my Son Marcus, having now attended} Cratippus for a year, & that at Athens; you must have plenty of instruction in the precepts and principles of Philosophy; under [such a teacher]del so able a teacher and in so renowned a City, whereof one can furnish you with principles the other with Examples; Yet as I myself <have> always joyned Latin exercises with the Greek not onely in my Philosophical Studies but likewise in the Study of Eloquence it is my Opinion that you ought to do the same, that you may have equal ability in the use of both LanguageshYou see, my Son Marcus, the Form, & as it were the Countenance of Virtue, which if it could be discerned by the <...> would raise us in a wonderfull Love of Wisdom. But ev< ery thing that is Virtuous is reducible to one or other of these fours heads; for it is either employed in the investigation of Truth or in the protection of hum<anity> [...] [interruption]1r: William Charles Wells ("an Essay upon Single Vision with two Eyes by Will. Cha. Wells MD 1792"), Aguilonius, Porterfield, Robert Smith.Type: reading notes and comments on William Charles Wells' "Essay upon Single Vision with two Eyes" (1792). Subjects: natural philosophy (optics, theory of vision). [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/04p. 4 [on the left margin] Aguilonius (according to this Author) gives the name of Horopter to a plane passing through the intersection of the Optical Axis, perpendicular to the plane of the of the Axes.c66 When both eyes are directed for some time to a candle or any small very luminous body, & afterwards to other bodies, a dark Spot is seen upon the part to which the eyes are directed. This dark spot allways appears single, even when the eyes are directed to an object much more distant, or much less distant than the luminous body which gave rise to it.See title: "June 1792"YJune 1792 Read an Essay upon Single Vision with two Eyes &tc. By Will. Cha. Wells MD 1792Newton, Samuel Horsley ("Is. Newton Opera quae extant omnia. Comment illustrabat Sam Horsley LLD RSS Lond 1779 Is. Newton Opera quae extant omnia. Comment illustrabat Sam Horsley LLD RSS Lond 1779"), sGravesande ("sGravesand's Specimen Commentary in Arithmeticam Universalem"), McLaurin, Bernoulli, Clairault, Albertus Girardus ("in Analyscos [or Analyseos?] Inventis modo non Vacatae aequalis Libri titulus Inventions nouvelles en Aleegebre Amst 1629").Type: reading notes, including a short review of the beginning of volume 1 of "Isaaci Newtoni opera quae exstant omnia" (London, 1779), and a reference to A. Girardus' work (see Explicit above). Lower half of the page, blank. [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/11The first Voll. Contains the tracts of pure Mathematics beginning with the Arithmetica Universalis. The Commentator proposes to publish an Appendix to this work by itself of which he gives the contents in the titles of nineteen chapters.Albertus Girardus in Analyscos [or Analyseos?] Inventis modo non Vacatae aequalis Libri titulus Inventions nouvelles en Algebre Amst 1629.See title: "Aug 23 1784".oAug 23 1784 Began to read Is. Newton Opera quae extant omnia. Comment illustrabat Sam Horsley LLD RSS Lond 1779""Edinburgh Advertiser June 9 1769"Type: most likely, part of the transcript of a Parliament's debate, from the Edinburgh Advertiser, June 9 1769. [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/14[All text transcribed] Junius to D_of_Edinburgh Advertiser June 9 1769 _You neither address yourself to the passions nor to the undersstanding, but simply to the touch;_your Friends, who contrary to the forms of Parliament never enter heartily into a Debate untill they have divided. "June 9 1769"Fermat, "S. Ken. Digby", Wallis, Torricelli, Diophantus ("In Dioph. Lib 6", "In Diophantum L. 5 Q 12"), "Com Epist Wallisii Ep 44".Type: reading notes from Fermat. Subjects: arithmetics, properties of numbers. [Check bibliography: add title of Fermat's book] 2131/3/I/17Z1 There is onely one whole square Number which added to the Number 2 makes a Cube 25+2=27.A Cube cannot be divided into two cubes or a biquadratic Number into two biquadratic Numbers & so on in infinitum. In Dioph 11. 10 [?]"Properties of Numbers, from Fermat+1r: Pemberton, Newton. 1v: Newton, Euclid.Type: reading notes from Henry Pemberton's "A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy" (London 1728). Subjects: natural philosophy, Newton. 2131/3/I/20page 90 [on the left margin] The time of a whole Vibration of a pendulum moving in a Cycloid, is to the Time in which a heavy Body would by its Gravity fall through half the length of the Pendulum as the Circumference of a Circle to its Diameter, that is, nearly as 355 to 113.The Account of Newtons Doctrine of the Resistance of Fluids deserves to be read carefully & compared with the Principia. The Account of the Tides to be also read with Care.3Extrac< ts from Pembertons View of Newtons PhilosophyxType: reding notes from Doddrige's work. Check bibliography. Subjects: mathematics (arithmetics, theory of probability). 2131/3/I/22having any Number of things given it may be Considered 1 How the Order of them may be changed if they be taken alltogether or 2 How many different Lots or Parcels consisting of any given Number below the former may be drawn out of them.rWith each of these any of the four may come up in the third place which makes 16 x 4=64=n["t" as exponent] Q.E.D.Kfrom Dr Doddrige Of the Permutation Composition & Combination of QuantitiesV1r: A. Smith ("Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith Lond 1759 551 pag 8o Millar").EType: reading notes and comments on Adam Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" (London 1759). Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). Criticism of Smith's theory of sympathy. See also other papers on Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments": 2/II/6 (with the additions enclosed in 3/I/28), 3/I/27, 3/I/29. [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/26That the sourse of our Sympathy with others is our imagining what would be our own feeling if we were in their case; does not appear evident nor clearly proved by the Author. The following reasons seems to make against it.Whatever is much the Object of our Attention whether on account of its Greatness or Nearness does proportionally engage our affections and our Sympathy. A Nurse is apt to be more affected with the little Ailments of her Charges than with those of any other person in the family. A Favourite Parrot or Lapdog has often the second place in the Sympathy of a fine Lady and sometimes the first.[most likely, Aberdeen][1759 or afterwards]VReflexions on the Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith Lond 1759 551 pag 8o MillarA1r: Adam Smith ("the theory of moral Sentiments &c 6th Edition").VType: reading notes and comments on A. Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments", 6th edition. Subjects: philosophy (principles of actions). Smith's theory of sympathy and morals. See also other papers on Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments": 2/II/6 (with the additions enclosed in 3/I/28), 3/I/26, 3/I/27. [Subject heading] [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/29Page 2 [on the left margin] Pity, or Compassion, is called an original passion of human nature yet an attempt is made to account for it. As according to the Authors Theory, our own Sympathetic feelings are the onely standard which regulates our approbation of others, I see not how there can be a common standard of perfection and propriety unless all Men have the sympathetick feelings in the same degree."1r, top left corner: "Aug 4 1790".FAug 4 1790 Began to read the theory of moral Sentiments &c 6th Edition3Edward Herbert ("De Veritate", "De Causis Errorum")Type: reading notes and comments on Edward Herbert "De Veritate". Subjects: philosophy (faculties of man, "common notions of religion") [Check bibliography] 2131/3/II/05The Author mentions his having been employed in the Wars in divers Regions his five years embassy in France, besidea other publick and private affairs as leaving him little time for study.His sentiments through the whole of this work as well as that De Causis Errorum which is bound in with it are manly liberal & pious. He detects many vulgar errors of his times by the light of his common Notions or Axioms. He strenuously asserts the liberty of human Actions and expresses great contempt of opinions either theological or philoosophical that contradict common sense. The Stile is stiff and obscure & farr from being classical.See title: "Septr 1766".0Septr 1766 I Read Lord Herberts Book de Veritate1r, see title: "An Abstract of Dr Clarke's Notion concerning Liberty, Collected from his Papers upon that Subject Published Ao 1717".Type: reading notes on the "Letters to Dr. Clarke concerning Liberty and Necessity, from a Gentleman of the University of Cambridge with the Doctor's Answer to them", and "Dr. Clarke's Remarks upon a Book entitled A Philosophical Enquiry concerning Human Liberty" (see volume IV of "The Works of Samuel Clarke, D.D. late Re< ctor of St. James's" (London 1738), pp. 711-18 and pp. 719-40). Subjects: philosophy (freedom of the will, active power/causation). On this MS, see P. Wood. Ph.D. thesis, p. 44 (note 34, p. 408). [Check bibliography] 2131/3/II/081 Lot [on the left margin] So far as any thing is Passive so far 'tis subject to Necessity; so far as 'tis an Agent So far 'tis Free: For Action & Freedom are I think perfectly Identical Ideas.I shall suggest to this Authors Consideration onely one thing further: That all Sincere Lovers of Truth & Liberty, of free & Impartial Examination, are under the highest Obligations in reason & Conscience, always to make use of that freedom which we so greatly esteem & so justly boast of, in such a manner onely, as may give no occasion to Superstitious Men & Lovers of Darkness, to endeavour to retrench that Liberty of inquiry after truth upon which all valuable knowledge & all true Religion essentially Depends. [late 1730s]sAn Abstract of Dr Clarke's Notion concerning Liberty, Collected from his Papers upon that Subject Published Ao 1717Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle ("Histoire du Renouvellement de l'Academie Royale des Sciences An 1699. Et les Eloges Historiques de tous les Academiciens morts depuis ce Renouvellement. Avec un discours preleminaire sur l'Utilite des Mathematiques et de la Physique par M. de Fontenelle Secretaire perpetuelle de l'Academie R. des Sciences Amst. 1709. 12o"). Various names. 3v: l'Hospital.Type: reading notes from "Histoire du Renouvellement de l'Academie Royale des Sciences An 1699. Et les Eloges Historiques de tous les Academiciens morts depuis ce Renouvellement. Avec un discours preleminaire sur l'Utilite des Mathematiques et de la Physique par M. de Fontenelle Secretaire perpetuelle de l'Academie R. des Sciences Amst. 1709. 12o". Subjects: varia. French Academy's scientists and their discoveries in mathematics (fluxions), and natural philosophy (mechanics, natural history). Headings: On 1r, see Incipit above: "Preface. Sentiment sur l'utilite' de l'Anatomie des Animaux, et meme des Monstres", "Eloges". On 2v: "Memoires 1699". On 3r: "Memoires 1700". [Incomplete record: add names to field "authors and titles referred to"] [Subject heading] 2131/3/II/13vPreface. Sentiment sur l'utilite' de l'Anatomie des Animaux, et meme des Monstres. La Mechanique cachee dans une certaine espece, ou dans une Structure commune, se developpe dans une oeutre espece, our dans une structure extraordinaire; et l'on devoit presque que la Nature a force de multiplier & de varier ses ouvrages, ne peut s'empecher de trahir quelquefois son secret.Prop If a Body revolve uniformly in a Circle whose Radius is R with the Velocity which it would acquire in falling by its Gravity through the Space S. I say the Centrifugal force of the Body is to the force of Gravity as as [repeated] 2 S is to R. L'Hospital!1r, top right corner: "May 1754".BHistoire du Renouvellement de l'Academie Royale des Sciences An 1699. Et les Eloges Historiques de tous les Academiciens morts depuis ce Renouvellement. Avec un discours preleminaire sur l'Utilite des Mathematiques et de la Physique par M. de Fontenelle Secretaire perpetuelle de l'Academie R. des Sciences Amst. 1709. 12oL3r-v: Cicero. 3v: Tillotson ("1st Sermon 1 Vol."), Vitruvius. 4r: Hutcheson.Type: part of a series of drafts of discourses on common sense (2/III/7-11), delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It is seems to be a continuation of 2/III/9 or 2/III/10. Subjects: principles of common sense; principles of necessary truths. Compare with IP, Essay VI ("Of Judgment"), chapter 6 ("First Principles of necessary Truths"). Enumeration of the principles of necessary truths. 1r-v. Grammatical principles. 1v. Logical axioms. 1v. Metaphysical axioms: 1) extension, figure and other qualities perceived by the senses must inhere in a subject which we call matter or material substance; 2) our thoughts must have a subject which we call mind; 3) things which begin to exist must have a cause, that is, every change that happens in nature must have a cause; 4) design and int< elligence in the cause must be justly inferred from certain marks and indications in the effects. 2r-4v. He considered the first two principles while speaking of contingent truths; the third (the principle of causality) has been the object of a "Question fromerly debated in this Society". He considers in detail the fourth metaphysical principle (that design and intelligence in the cause must be inferred from signs of it in the effect). 2131/2/III/11I proceed now to point out some of the first Principles of Necessary Truths. And as there has been less dispute about most of them it is then less necessary to dwell upon them.There seems to be in the human Understanding when Mature a Light by which we see immediately the Evidence of this Principle when there is occasion to apply it.)[After 1769 or 1770: see MSS 2/III/7-10]2v: Locke, Berkeley, Hume.Type: undetermined. This MS might be antecedent to the publication of the Inquiry. Compare with IP, Essay II, chapters 17 and 18. Subjects: perception by the external senses; distinction between sensation and perception; distinction between primary and secondary qualities. On 1r-v: "Three Questions naturally occur on this Subject. First How we come by the conception & knowledge of this Quality of heat? Secondly why we give the same Name to it as to the Sensation of Heat? & Thirdly why we are so apt in discourse to confound the one with the other although they are really so distinct, the one being internal & a meer Sensation of the Mind, the other external and a quality of Body". On 1v: "To the first Question I answer, that the Sensations we have by our five Senses are by Nature intended and appointed to be signs of external things". On 2r: "To the second Question I answer That our Sensations being intended by Nature as Signs onely, are very rarely made an Object of thought or Discourse". On 2v: "The answer to the third Question is obvious from what hath been already said. We are apt to confound the Quality of Heat with the Sensation. First, because both have the same name. Secondly because they are so nearly related one being the Effect the other the cause, one the Sign the other the thing signified. and thirdly because they are constantly conjoyned in the Imagination". [Type heading] 2131/2/III/03I conceive that secondary Qualities are no less real Qualities of Body than the Primary, and that they depend not for their Existence upon a percipient.EThe primary qualities of body we conceive, not relatively, but directly & clearly. They are not conjoyned in the imagination with the sensations which suggest them. It was therefore more excusable in Mr. Locke to take secondary qualities to be meer sensations than in Berkeley & D Hume to take the primary qualities to be so.Type: undetermined. A draft of the discourse on memory read to the Glasgow Literary Society on 15 March 1765? See also 2/III/5. Subjects: memory. Criticism of the theories that hold that we remember things by perceiving traces left in the brain by the objects of senses. Brain's impressions may be the means of the faculty of memory but are not its objects. Compare with IP, Essay III, chapter 1 (the MS corresponds to chapter 1 until the sixth pagrapraph). [Type heading] [Incomplete record: check names] 2131/2/III/04_There is a certain order in which the faculties of the human Mind unfold themselves in the gradual progress of man from infancy to Maturity, and this seems to be the most natural order we can follow in analyzing them. For this reason having already endeavoured to explain the Operations of the five Senses we proceed to consider the faculty of Memory.In like manner impressions upon the brain which are the means of remembrance if there are any such, must be connected by the laws of Nature with that remembrance without having any similitude to the thing remembered.Hume.Type: draft of the Question discussed at the meeting of the Glasgow Literary Society of 7 May 1779 (See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386). Question also discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 12 March 1765 (Question n. 74< ): see Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 194, and p. 251 (according to Ulman this draft is from Glasgow). Compare with AP, Essay V. chapter 6. Subjects; principles of action; the nature and origins of promise and contract. [Incomplete record: Incipit, Explicit, names] The social operations of the mind cannot be disjoined from natural signs by which they are expressed, whereas solitary operations can subsist without being expressed. The social operations of the mind cannot be resolved into any modification or composition of the solitary: "As social Operations suppose a power of communicating our Sentiments to others, so I apprehend this power in general is as much an original faculty & the gift of our Maker as the Power of judging and of Reasoning". 2131/2/II/14)Question (Aberdeen Philosophical Society):[draft of the Question discussed on 7 May 1779 in Glasgow]tQ. Wherein consists the formal Nature of a Promise or Contract? And does it imply Contradictions as Mr Hume affirms?1r (p. 1): Aristotle, Epicurus, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 1v (p. 2): Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Malebranche, Arnauld, Hume. 2r (p. 3): Locke, Epicurus, Descartes, Gassendi, Newton, Berkeley, Hume. 2v (p. 4): Locke, Berkeley, Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Hume. 4r (p. 7): Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 5r (p. 9): Euclid, Berkeley. 7r: Locke, "Platonists", Descartes, Hume. 7v: Locke, Epicurus, Gassendi, Descartes, Newton, Berkeley, Hume. 8v: Hume.z Type: a copy or a draft of a review of an unidentified critical essay or article on Reid's Inquiry. References to "Dr R" (Dr. Reid) and "the writer" (the unidentified author the criticism of Reid's philosophy). On the margin there are page numbers, most likely referring to the essay of "the writer". Subjects: perception by the external senses; sensation; theory of ideas. 3 parts. 1) On 1r-6v (pp. 1-12). Page numbers of the unidentified writing referred to, on the margin ("pag 41", "pag 44", "pag 45", "pag 46", "pag 51.52", "pag 42"). Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "7 That Bishop Berkeleys Argument against a material World fails in taking for granted without proof that we can have no conception of material things which are not Sensations or Ideas Sensation in our Minds. These are Opinions which Dr <R> has laid down and endeavoured through his book to establish nor does he know of any Philosopher that did so before him". 2) On 7r-v. Another shorter version of the review. It corresponds to pp. 1-4 of the first part. Page numbers of the unidentified writing, on the margin ("41", "43", "44"). Beginning: "The Phrase (in the Mind) when applyed to any Quality power or operation of the Mind seems neither to be improper nor unintelligible". End: "In Sect 7 Dr Berkeleys Argument against the Existence of a material World is proposed, & after some hard words of ignorant wranglers & unfair disputants, which I do not think due to the Bishop, two meanings {are proposed} of the Word Sensation and old & a new but I humbly think there is a mistake here in point of Chronology and that what is called the new meaning is really the old one & the other the new. According to the latter [everything]del {external objects} perceived by the Senses [is]del {are} a [sic] Sensations. So that the King Lords and Commons, Westminster Abbey. the Castle of Edinburgh are Sensations. I confess this meaning of the word sensation is very new to me, and I must think it so". 3) On 8r-11v. It is a continuation of part 1; on the margin, page numbers of the work referred to (p. 67-66-67-68). There might be some pages missing before the beginning of this part of the MS. Beginning, a quotation from the unidentified work: "It seems clear that we must take the existence of the object for granted independent of Sensation before we can regard the later as the Effect of the former". End: see Explicit above. [Type heading] 2131/2/II/19The distinction between things in the Mind and things external, is neither unintelligible nor unimportant; but it is in this page and in many other places of the MS quite mistaken.IHe go< es so much farther than this Author as to think that to suppose Principles primary or Secondary, few or many, whether there be necessity for them or not, is to debase and Sophisticate Philosophy [...] and to convert that which ought to be a just Interpretation of Nature into meer Romance and a fiction of human Imagination.NType: draft of a message to be sent to Donald Cameron, as student of Reid. He refers to a "struggle" happened in one of his classes between Cameron and another student, and comments on Cameron's protestation of innocence. In AUL Catalogue: "Note referring to disturbance in one of Reid classes". [Subject heading] [Incomplete record] 2131/3/III/02Dr Reid presents his Compliments to Mr Donald Cameron, is very sorry to hear he has been indisposed by a headach. Dr Reid is not sensible that he was guilty of any mistake in what happened in the Class.And Dr Reid is very apt to think that Mr Bateman, if conscious that he alone was faulty, will have the honour to acknowledge it, rather than that another {who was unwilling to accuse him} should be censured for his fault, & for being unwilling to accuse him.*Correspondence (Recipient: Donald Cameron)Type: note on philosophy. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: natural jurisprudence? Politics? Meaning of the terms "natural" and "unnatural" or "artificial" when applied to inanimate things, plants, animals, men. [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/06Of all the Words that are used in the common business of Life there is scarcely one more Ambiguous than the Word Nature & its derivatives Natural and Unnatural and in the Question which we are now discussing it needs to be very distinctly explained.In general a State of any Animal is natural for which it is adopted & designed by Nature. Thus it is natural for a bird to fly for a Duck to swim. What is the Natural State of Man\Robinson ("Dissertation on the Motion of Light"), Patrick Wilson, Boscovich, Newton, Euler.2Type: draft of a letter to John Robinson. Subjects: natural philosophy (optics, aberration of light). On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 258-59 (notes 64-66, p. 466). [Incomplete record: check for further reference to the end of the MS in Haakonssen and Wood (deafness, etc.)] [Check bibliography] 2131/3/III/09 1r-v [check]To Profr Robinson Dear Sir Before I received your letter of the 15th I had looked over your Dissertation on the Motion of Light, & had desired P Wilson from whom I received it to return my best thanks for this, & a former favour of the same kind.I can onely converse with one person who speaks slowly & articulately into my left hear. When in company with two or three I am a perfect Mute; but I am still to talk about)Correspondence (Recipient: John Robinson)[1790s]NType: message from "Dr Macleod". On 2v, address: "Dr Reid". [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/11([All text transcribed] Dr Macleod's Commpliments wait upon Dr & Mrs Reid, being unable to do so himself along with Inclosed from Algernoon Gordon, the second half sheet of which is addressed to Dr Reid, as he will perceive, with a View to save Passage, not Doubt--- the 31st Dec---A good new Year%Correspondence (Sender: "Dr Macleod")BType: letter to Reid. On 2v, address "Dr Reid". [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/12[The first leaf was cut in two, presumably by Reid himself, and only the left hand side of the text of the letter survives] Dear Doctor [...]%Correspondence (Sender: unidentified)Type: note on philosophy. Outline ("Things to be considered in treating the various Principles of Action"), most likely in preparation to the Essays on the Active Powers of Man. Subjects: philosophy (principles of actions). [Type heading] 2131/3/III/20a1 Their Ingredients 2 Their Object 3 How far common to Men and Brutes to the Virtuous and Vicious7 Their final Cause how well adapted to answer their End 8 Whether Natural and Ultimate. Different Principles leading to the same End. 9 The different ways in which they may be opposed or restrained Corollaries.![1780 or afterwards: see items 4]DThings to be considered in treating the < various Principles of Action41r: Malebranche, Arnauld, "Pythagoreans", Plato, "The Philosophers of the Alexandrian School commonly called the later Platonists". 1v: "Alexandrian School", Plato, "the Fathers of the Christian Church", St Augustine, Julian, Porphiry, Celsus. 2r: Berkeley ("his Principles & Dialogues"), Hume. 2v: BerkeleyType: drafts of parts the Essays on the Intellectual Powers, Essay II. On 2r, reference to other part of the Essays: "I have endeavoured to explain the meaning of the word Sensation. Book 1 Chap 1". Subjects: philosophy (perception and conception, history of philosophy). On the theory of ideas. 3 parts: 1) on 1r. On the theory of ideas: the "Platonick System". End of 1r: "The Philosophers of the Alexandrian School commonly called the later Platonists seem to have joyned two of this Trinity of first Principles into one. The Eternal Ideas, they held to be the Ideas of the Deity. As every Artificier must have in his Mind [some Idea or Conception]del a Conception of the Work he is about to Execute, [text interrupted]". 2) On 1v. On the theory of ideas: the "Platonicl System", and the late Platonists system. Beginning: "As ideas according to this System [the Platonick] are eternal so they are immutable. Created things are perpetually changing and cannot be objects of real knowledge because they are not any two moments the Same". End: "This Semiplatonick System was adopted in a great degree by many of the Fathers of the Christian Church, and particularly by St Augustine. It seems likewise to have been the System of those who opposed Christianity by Arguments, as of Julian Porphiry and Celsus." 3) On 2r-v. On the theory of ideas: Berkeley. Cfr. IP, E II, Ch. X "Of the Sentiments of Bishop Berkeley", Hamilton ed., pp. 280a-287b. Beginning, on 2r: "In this lopping off the greater part of the System of Ideas and leaving onely as it were a remnant of it Berkeley seems to be singular, nor do I know any other Philosopher that has followed his example". [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check correspondences with IP] 2131/3/III/21The Philosophers whose Sentiments concerning Ideas we have hitherto considered, seem to have given very little Attention to the Nature of Ideas, while they [have]del wrote volumes concerning them.MNo demonstration is more invincible than this. If I have any knowledge of a Material World it is got by the Senses. But {by} the Senses we have the knowledge of our Sensations onely, and there can be nothing in a material World that has the least resemblance of our Sensations. Therefore we can have no knowledge of a Material World.[1780s?]X1r: Bayle ("Reponse aux Question d'un Provencal"). 1v: Bayle ("Cont de Pensee diverse").Type: reading notes on Bayle's "Reponse aux Questions d'un Provencal". Subjects: philosophy (active power/causation). Freedom of the will. On 1v, on the margin: "Cont de Pensee diverse [par] 21, 106, 107, 111 au 113". 2131/3/III/25Bayle Reponse aux Question d'un Provincal Ch 139 Pag 782 b. Le Molinisme a de l'avantage sur l'autre parte au tribunal de la Morale, mais il a du disavantage au tribunal de la Metaphisique.[End, on 1r] Bayle seems rather a Sceptick than a Dogmatist on the Point of Liberty as in most other points. Mem to look into the first Tome of Bayles Works. His Answer to Arnauld1r-2v: Leibniz. 2r: Descartes.0Type: reading note. Transcription of part of Leibniz's "New System". Subjects: history of philosophy (Leibniz on primitive forces and true unities, and on preestablished harmony). [Type heading] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: find precise correspondences with Leibniz's "New System". Check names] 2131/4/I/02sLeibnitz informs us that he was early disgusted at the Philosophy of Aristotle which resolves the Phenomena of Nature into occult qualities of which we know nothing nor have any distinct Idea, that therefore having shaken off the Yoke of Aristotle he applied himself to go deep into the principles of Mechanicks hoping by means of them to explain the Phenomena of Nature.In place of these two Clocks let us substitute the Mind < & body. The harmony of their motions must be effected in one of the three ways mentioned. The first is by physical Influence, & is the vulgar Opinion, the second answers to the system of Occasional Causes. The last corresponds to my System of a preestablished Harmony And it is evident which of these shews the Skill and Wisdom of the Artificier. Q ends add R)Type: outline for a course on the Culture of the Mind. Place of origin: Glasgow? Various headings: On 1r: "Of the external Senses". "Memory. On 1v: "Of the Improvement of Imagination & the Powers of Mental Taste. Of the Improvement of our Intellectual Powers. Of the Active Powers of the Mind & their Culture. Distinction of Natural & Moral Liberty". "Of Instincts". "Habits". "Appetites for Power and Honour & Knowledge". "Affections". "Self-love". "The Principle of Virtue". "The Passions". "Desires and Aversion". [Type Heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/06%1 Of the external Senses. The improvement of the Senses by pu<t>ting & preserving the organs of Sensation in a Sound State belongs to Medecine 2 By Additional Organs & Instruments belongs to Natural Philosophy 3 By the Habit of attending carefully to objects of Sense belongs to Pneumatologie.To understand the right Conduct of the Passions it is necessary to consider the Nature of Good. Natural Good is that which gives some easy pleasure or Satisfaction to the Mind. Natural Evil the Contrary./Pneumatology Part 2d of the Culture of the MindType: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: of the improvement of the external senses. The sense of smelling, and the sense of taste. Published transcription of Explicit (on 2r) of this MS, in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 139. [St Kilda Island inhabitants; Canadians] 2131/4/I/111 The Organ of Smelling is [del] often hurt by particular disorders that affect the membrana Pituitaria, by making it too dry or too moist or [del] by giving bad qualities to its excretions, the Consideration of which I leave to those of the Medical Profession2 Let us rather consider in the Second place how far our Senses may be improved as they are the means of giving us intelligence and information of external things.Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subject: culture of the powers of judgment and reasoning; type of reasonings: inductive reasoning. [Type heading: this MS might be part of the lectures on Pneumatology] 2131/4/I/16Induction may be defined to a kind of Reasoning when from an enumeration of Particular Facts or Phenomena of Nature a General Rule or Law of Nature is DeducedThat Bodies do not gravitate but in proprio loco, these and other like theories were rashly formed from the Most obvious appearances of things.1r: Rosseau. 2v: Plato, Zenophon, Quintilian, Milton, Cowley, Locke, Berkeley ("his Adventures of Gaudentio da Lucca": reference to Rev. Simon Berington's "The Memoirs of Signior Gaudentio di Lucca"), Turnbull, Fordyce, Rosseau. 3r: Xenophon.Type: lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: the sources of the improvement of the mind; second source, society; third source, education. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-2r: "4 Lect", on the sources of the improvement of the mind; second source: society. Published trascription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 131-133. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "Effects of Solitude in Hermits of the want of Connections in foudlings and those educated in Hospitals See the Margin [referece to margin, on 1v]". 2) On 2v-3v: "5 Lect", on the sources of the improvement of the mind; third source: education. Published transcription of upper half of 2v, in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 135. Beginning: "5 Lect [on top right corner] I come<  Now to speak of the third Source of Improvement of the Mind which I mentioned, to wit Education; by which I [mean]del understand the means that may be used by Parents Tutors and Instructors when we are young, or by our selves in riper Years on purpose to Improve our Faculties". End: See explcit above. [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/184 Lect [on top left corner] The 2d Source I mentioned of that Improvement which the human Mind receives is Human Society, without which, notwithstanding all Encomiums Rosseau has made upon the Savage State, we should hardly, if at all, be reasonable Creatures.ZActivity Curiosity Habits Credulity & Candor Imitation Desire of Praise & Esteem EmulationType: unfinished draft of the question "Whether mankind with regard to morals always was and is the same", discussed on 12 June 1759, at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society. See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 250. Subjects: morals. 2131/4/I/22If this Question is determined in the Affirmative, all Attempts to make men better must be as vain and fantastical as an Attempt to teach them to fly or to make them ten cubits high.By the fairest conjectures we can form it hath been very different at different times in the same family, at the same Court, in the same Nation, nay in many neighbouring Nations. Nor is there the least reason to imagine that the increase of Virtue and Morals in one Place can either be a cause or an Effect of its decrease in another, or to imagine that like Boerhaaves Element of Fire [whenever] [when it]del its accumulati{on} [it is]del {is owing to its being} drawn off from Contiguous [places]del ones.[Before 12 June 1759]@Whether Mankind with regard to Morals always was and is the same3v (p. 6): Leibniz, Plato, Harvey. 4r (p. 7): Harvey ("De Generatione Animalium"). 4v (p. 8): Harvey, Hartsocker. 8v (p. 16): Helvetius ("sur l'Esprit"), Buffon ("his natural Historie"). 9r: Linnaeus, Helvetius, Buffon. 9v (p. 18): Addison (quotation). Type: introductory lecture to the course on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Published trascription of excerpts from this MS in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990) pp. 115-116 (fol. 1r), pp. 119-120 (fols. 1r-v), pp. 122-123 (fols. 1v-3r). 1r (p. 1). Importance of the study of the Culture of the Mind. 1v (p. 2). The study of the connection between body and mind belongs to pneumatology. 1v-2r (pp. 2-3). The fine arts show the connection between body and mind; their dignity. 2v-3r (pp. 4-5). Eloquence is the noblest of arts; importance of eloquence. 3r (p. 5). Origin of the soul and of the body. 3v-4v (pp. 6-8). Three hypotheses on the formation of the body. 4v-5r (pp. 8-10). Little is known of the origin of mind; little is known of what is inherited from parents and nurses. 5v-6r (pp. 10-11). The powers of the mind are not coeval; the mind opens and unfolds by degrees. 6v-7r (pp. 12-13). It is difficult to determine the precise boundaries between what we receive immediately from God and what is due to culture. Two observations: 1) animals appear more sagacious than infants of the same age, 2) men may be brought up as to show no superior faculties in comparison with animals (wild-men). 7v (p. 14). The powers of the mind may be lost by disuse in the same manner as the powers of bodies. 8r (p. 15). False conclusion drawn from the previous observations: that there is no specific difference between the souls of men and brutes. Although this difference does not appear in the state of infancy, and in some adults who did not have the opportunity of excersing the faculties peculiar to men, it is apparent in the greater part of the species. No tribe of brutes was ever known to have language. 8v-9r (pp. 16-17). Opinion of Helvetius and Buffon that the chief difference between men and brute lies in this "that Nature has given to {Men} finer Organs of Touch particularly in the hands and fingers". Objections to this opinion. 9v (p. 18). "The onely just conclusion that can be drawn from the observ< ations I have made is this that we Receive from the hand of Nature onely the seeds, as it were, of those nobler powers which distinguish us from the Brutes; that these Seeds by proper Culture may grow up and bring forth the noblest Operations of the human Mind, but where they have no Culture they may be checked or perverted or perhaps totally destroyed". [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/291r-9vIn these Lectures I intend to treat first of the Culture of the Human Mind both in its intellectual & moral Powers. Secondly of the Connexion [of]del {which Nature has established between} Mind & Body and of the influence [of]del each {has} upon the Other. And thirdly I propose to shew that all the fine Arts are grounded upon some of those Connections between Mind and body which Nature hath established; and that the noblest and most important Principles of the Fine Arts must be drawn from the knowledge of the Human Mind."Education, after the same Manner, when it works upon a noble Mind, draws out to view every latent Virtue and Perfection, which without such helps are never able to make their appearance".Type: notes. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 71-72, and note 137, pp. 417-418. Subjects: practical mathematics (surveying). Diagram on top right corner.OHaving given the Triangle abc as also the angles adb, bde, to find the point d.For here we have the Sum of the sought angles and the ratio of their Sines that is of the Sides opposed to them. And therefore it may be solved by the same analogy. Taking therefore bc x S.adb to represent one side and ab x S.bde to represent another the angles bad & bed may be found by this analogy (bc x S.adb) + (ab x S.bde) : (bc x S.adb) - (ab x S.bdc) :: T. ((bad+bcd)/2) : T. ((bad-bcd)/2).A Proposition in Surveying%(Mathematics, Practical) Book KeepingType: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: practical mathematics (book keeping), algebra. Problem which requires the application of algebra.Suppose I purchase a House for 1000 & receive 60 yearly of rent after deducing all charges. Queritur in how many years I shall be repayed. Answer in 37 years.ZHence the value of S computed by Logarithms comes to be 1016,5. sh 7 1/2 1016,5,7 1/2.Problem!1r: D. Gregory ("Greg. Astron.").Type: notes on mathematics. According to Wood, part of the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen. See Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74: "Among his manuscripts, there are three fragments dealing with spherical geometry and trigonometry; one of these, entitled 'Of the Doctrine of the Sphere', appears to be lectures notes, probably from his course in 1764". See note 146, p. 419, which refers to 5/I/30, 5/II/36, and 8/VI/1. Subjects: geometry, spherical geometry and spherical trigonometry. After Incipit: "Sect 2 Of the Celestial Sphere &c These two Sections may be taken from Greg. Astron. Sect 3 of the Construction and Use of the terrestrial & Celestial Globes their furniture & Use. Sect 4 Of the division of Time, and the General principles of Chronology from Greg As Part 2 [centre] Sect 1 Of the Stereographic Projection of the Sphere & the construction of Maps. Sect 2 Of the Ortographic Projection. Sect 3 Of Mercators projection. Part 3 [centre] Sect 1 Spherical Trigonometry." "Def 1", "Def 2". On 1v: "Prop 1", "Prop 2", "Prop 3", "Cor", "Prop 4", "Prop 5", "Prop 6", "Prop 7". On 2r: "Cor", "Prop 8", "Dem". On 3r: "Cor 1", "Cor 2". On 3v: "Cor 3", "Cor 4", "Prop 9", "Cor". 2131/5/II/36xPart 1 Sect 1 Of the terrestrial sphere its circles and the [terms]del {general Principles} of Geography relative to it.VCor The three sides of every spherical triangle taken together are less than a circle.Of the Doctrine of the SphereType: notes. For a description of this MS, with quotations, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 227-229 (references to the MS in notes 80-83, p. 458). Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: algebra, quantity. 2131/5/II/46There are some things which ought to be explained by the Elementary writers in Algebra whic< h are overlooked by all the Writers on the Subject that have fallen into my hands, whereby Learners that think for themselves are often much perplexed, or perhaps tempted to think, that there is some defect in the science itself or some of its principles of which no rational Account can be given.yHere supposing a to signify 1000 and b 300: the expression a-b when translated into common language is 300 less 1000.'Observations on the Elements of Algebra1v: Euclid ("6 El 3").Type: notes on mathematics. Place of origin and date: undetermined. Subjects: geometry. On 1r: "Solution" [centre] "Case 1" [centre] On 1v: "Case 2d" [centre] Diagram on 1r, left, and on 2r, bottom of the page. 2131/5/II/48Two points being given, and a ratio being given; it is required to find the Locus of a third Point {in the same Place} to which two right lines being drawn from the two given points those right lines shall always be, one to the other in the Ratio given.;It is obvious how the Locus might be turned into a Theorem.A Geometrical Locus 2r:: Dr Grew.Type: material for lectures on Natural History. Reading note too? See Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 4: "No complete set of notes from the course is extant, but a reasonably detailed idea of the structure and contents of his lectures can be gained from Reid's 'Scheme of a Course of Philosophy', which he drafted in 1752 [8/V/01]. Reid here alloted classes to the anatomy of plants and animals along with a further session on their comparative anatomy, and a surviving lecture outline indicates that he drew on the works of Malpighi and grew for his discussion of the vegetable kingdom". In note 7, p. 57, he refers to 8/V/1, 1r-v; 6/V/13; 6/V/21. Subjects: natural history (botany). 1r, 2r, 3r#[paragraph symbol] Of the Seed The Structure of Seeds may be best seen in the Great Garden Bean. In which we may observe 1 Two Coats. an Outer and Inner.It is to be observed that there are many Insertions of the Cortical Part which pass quite through the lignous part unto the pith. On the other hand the lignous part sends out Fibers which pass through the Cortical Part.The Anatomy of PlantsType: Final draft of "Some Observations on the Modern System of Materialism", Glasgow. Not in Reid's hand. For dating, and reference to other related MSS, see Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", Introduction, pp. 30-56. Published transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 173-217. See also Textual Notes, pp. 266-267, for the relation with the other MS versions (3061/1/1-3). Subject: materialism.04/01/000030611r-25v (pp. [1]-50).Introduction. By the Modern System of Materialism I mean that which is advanced by the Reverend Dr. Priestley in his Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit [Disquisitions...Spirit: underlined] published Ao 1777, and defended in his Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism and Philosophical Necessity [Free...Necessity: underlined], and Illustrations of the Disquisitions [Illustrations...Disquisitions: underlined] published Ao 1778. As I know no other Author who has explained and defended this System, I take the principles of it from him onlyoTill such a system be formed of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and applied to the solution of the phaenomena of Nature, we shall have no Natural Philosophy at all, as far as relates to the motion of bodies. The old system, to which we hitherto trusted, being laid in its grave, and the new, being yet an embrio, we must wait till be brought forth.2r: Descartes, Virgil 3v: Plato (his Dialogues, Parmenides) 4r: later Platonists, Akenside (quotation, God's mind containing images of things), Aristotle, Epicurean doctrine (Lucretius)_Type: lecture (see 1v, "You Gentlemen"), Aberdeen? Introduction to course on Pneumatology. Contents. General classification: history of philosophy (history of the theory of ideas); operations and powers of human understanding, how to get knowledge of them: by reflection; mistakes of phillosophers on perception, memory, imagination; theory of ideas. 2131/6/I/04It is justly observed<  by the ingenious Loke [sic] that the Understanding is like the Eye in this as well as in many other respects, that while it sees every other object it perceives not itself. These tenua rerum Simulacra are so like to Aristotles sensible and intelligible species of things that they differ onely in name and if Aristotles doctrine were to be delivered in verse it could not perhaps be more properly expressed than in the words of Lucretius."2v: Black ("Dr B."); Musschenbroek-For reference to this MS, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 275-277. 4 parts, all on heat, from different periods. Part 1, on 1r-2r, date 1770, "Of Heat". Part 2, on 2v-4r, date 1766, "Exp by Dr. B", 16 experiments described. Part 3, on 4v, top of page, "Inflammability". Part 4, on 4v, date "Decr 1787". 2131/7/III/06Heat is a quality {or State} of bodies of which we get the first Notice by these feelings of heat and cold which follow upon the application of other bodies to our body.Thus if two pints of Quicksilver Temperature 40, mixed with one pint of Water Temp 50 make the Mixture of Temp 45; we conclude as before*"1766" (2v), "1770" (1r), "Decr 1787" (4v)Of Heat 1v: GalenusPublished transcription and translation in Haakossen, pp.188-190. Type, place of origin and date, unknown. See also Haakossen, "Commentary", pp. 371-72, and "Textual Notes", p. 457. Subjects: practical ethics, natural law and natural rights.Lex [in genere est Norm]del vel latius vel Strictius Lex latius Sumpta est Norma secundum quam Operationes Entis cujusvis diriguntur vel dirigi debentNActiones lege Dirigendae sunt qui nobis volentibus fiunt Nolentibus non fiunt.Jurisprudentia Naturalis Feb 1757r: Hume 7v: Grotius, Pufendorf, Barbeyrac, Hutcheson:2 parts, 1) on upper half of 7r (according to Haakonssen, 1r). Type: reading notes, or material for a draft of AP, Essay V, Ch. V "Whether Justice be a Natural or an Artificial Virtue", Hamilton ed., pp. 651-663. It includes quotations from Hume's Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, Section 3 (compare Essays and Treatises upon Several Subjects, vol II, p. 253-254 and p. 266, edition in AUL: 1767). Subjects: justice On this part of 7/VII/1b see Haakonssen, Textual Notes, p. 457: "the first half of fol. 1r is closely related to the drafts of of A.P., essay V, ch. 5 and is therefore not included here; see the Introduction above, p. 88". 2) 7r, lower half (according to Haakonssen, 1r)-8r (Haakonssen, 2r). Type: part of lectures on Practical Ethichs, Glasgow. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 201-203. It continues from 7/VII/1c, 10v (2v, according to Haakonssen). Note that 7/VII/1c, 10v (2v, according to Haakonssen) bears the date "1770 March". Subjects: natural law and natural rights. Incipit: "As the Writers on Natural Jurisprudence have treated of the Duty we owe to our fellow Creatures by delineating in a Systematical Manner the Rights competent to Man by the Law of Nature, I have endeavoured to explain what is meant by the Law of Nature and what is meant by mens Rights grounded upon this Law".7r-8rIf the virtue of Justice be conceived to extend no farther than to the Regulation of Property I should agree with Mr Hume that Justice might be resolved into Utility & derived all its merit from its Utility.2 Because mens Rights point more immediately to their Dignity & their Priviledges, but their Obligations point more immediately to their Duty. Our Rights shew what we may do but our Obligations shew what we ought to do.^Of Mr Humes System with regard to Justice. Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals Sect 3dBlair Type: copy of a sermon of Dr. Blair. See Hugh Blair, Sermons, Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Edinburgh 1777, Sermon I On the Union of Piety and Morality, pp. 4-10. First edition, 1746, AUL Catalogue: SB p9(41)72 Ser 6. Subjects: the virtue of piety. After the Incipit: "They are Men of the World, and they claim to be Men of Honour. They rest upon their humanity, their publick spirit, their probity, and their truth. They arrogate to themselves all the manly & the active virtues. But devout affections and religio< us duties, they treat with contempt, as founded on shaddowy speculations, and fit to employ the attention onely of weak and superstitious minds. Now in opposition to such Persons I contend, That this neglect of Piety argues depravity of heart; and that it infers an irregular discharge of the duties of Morality. First it argues internal depravity; for it discovers a cold and a hard heart. If there be any impression which man is formed by nature to receive, it is a sense of religion. As soon as his mind opens to observation and reflection, he discerns innumerable marks of his dependent state." [etc.] "When he receives blessings which he cannot avoid ascribing to divine goodness, he is prompted to gratitude. The expressions of those affections under the various forms of religious worship, are no other than native effusions of the human heart. Ignorance may mislead, and superstition may corrupt; but their origin is derived from sentiments that are essential to Man." [etc.] 1v-2r: "When simple instinct teaches the [Indian]del Tartar and the Indian, together with his alms and good works to joyn his prayers to that Power whom he considers as the source of good, shall it be no reproach in the most enlightned state of human nature, & under the purest dispensation of religion, to have extinguished the sense of gratitude to Heaven, and to slight all acknowledgment of the great and the true God? What does such conduct imply, but either an entire want, or a willfull suppression of some of the best and most generous affections belonging to the human nature?--Surely, there must be an essential defect in that heart, which remains cold and insensible, where it ought to be affected most warmly. Surely, such a degree of depravity must be lodged there, as is sufficient to taint all the other springs of pretended virtue. But besides this I must contend, in the second place, That where religion is neglected, there can be no regular nor steady practice of the duties of morality. The character will be often inconsistent & Virtue placed upon a basis too narrow to support it, will be always loose & tottering. For such is the propensity of our nature to vice, so numerous are the temptations to a relaxed and immoral conduct, that stronger restraints than those of mere reason, are necessary to be imposed on man. | The sense of right and wrong, the principle of honour or the instinct of benevolence, are barriers too feeble to withstand the strength of Passion. In the tranquil seasons of life, these natural principles may, perhaps, carry on the ordinary course of social duties with some regularity. But wait until some trying emergence come. Let the conflict of passions arise. Let the heart be either wounded by sore distress, or agitated by violent emotions; and you shall presently see that virtue without religion is inadequate to the government of life. It is destitute of its proper guard, of its firmest support, of its chief encouragement. It will sink under the weight of misfortune, or will yield to the solicitation of guilt." [etc.] 2131/7/VII/07--With many Virtue is, or at least is pretended to be a respectable and an honoured Name, while Piety sounds meanly in their Ears.In short withdraw religion and you shake all the pillars of Morality. In every heart you weaken the influence of virtue: And among the multitude, the bulk of mankind, you overthrow its power.Dr Blair Serm 1st%1r: Dr. Bevis, T. Simpson ("Essays").Type: paper. Subjects: astronomy, optics: aberration of the axis of the eye from the place of fixed stars (stellar aberration). Reference to the paper in Wood, Ph.D. Thesis, n. 22, p. 463: "Birkwood 7.VIII.3, which discusses aberration , may date from the 1740s". On the aberration, see also 3/III/11, 5/II/55, 7/II/5, 7/VIII/2. See Wood Ph.D. Thesis, Chapter 4, (ii) Physical Optics, pp. 240-262.2131/7/VIII/03In the Ecliptick thre is no aberration in Latitude, and the greatest aberration in Longitude, when the Star is in conjunction with or in opposition to the Sun is according to Dr Bevis (see T. Simpson's Essays) is 20",25Now the angle made b< y the legs of this triangle at the Pole will be the aberration in Right Ascension and the difference of the legs will be the aberration in declination. [New Machar?][1740s?]$Of the Aberration of the fixed Stars!Text in Latin Diagrams on 1r and 1v. Orientation of text on 1v: consider paper as having depth of 26 cm and width of 15. On verso, three propositions. Type: reading notes, or notes. Date and place of origin: undetermined. Subjects: astronomy; calculations concerning eclipse of the sun.2131/7/VIII/07=A - Nodus Orbitae Lunaris ABD - Ecliptica AC - Orbita Lunaris,Prop 3tia iLh=Semid L-Semi D. Solis fere (?)Ad Calculum Eclipsium Solis5r: Cicero, Aristotle.r Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Date, and place of origin: unknown. Subjects: Summary of the course on eloquence. Definitions of eloquence, various ends of the speaker, faculties that are addressed in speaking, various kinds of eloquence (didactic, descriptive, pathetic, vehement), distinction between serious and facetious eloquence, distinction between poetic and prosaic eloquence, eloquence of conversation. After the Incipit: "This Definition is intended to comprehend all that is meant by the word taken <in> its largest Acceptation. Ciceros Definition Ars apte et ornate loquendi more narrow. Aristotles. The faculty of perceiving what every subject affords that is fit to perswade. Both these definitions too narrow. Dist. of Rhetor & Orator. Explication of the Definition. Speaking includes all the ways by <which> we express our Sentiments and thoughts by articulate Sounds by writing or other Signs. And not onely the words but the manner in which they are Spoken. The Thought the expression the pronunciation or Speech one of Noblest gifts of God to men. The Apparatus of Nature by which we are fitted for it. 1 Ends of the Speaker Various To inform, Explain, Convince To entertain or please by presenting things agreable to the Imagination To move by Exciting some Passion or Affection Lastly to perswade to Action and influence the Will. 2 The Various faculties to which Speech is addressed The Understanding. Apprehension Judgment The Imagination or taste The Passions and Affections 4 The Will or Active Power Address to the Passions must always be indirect. 3 According to the various Ends of Speaking and the various powers of the human Mind that are addressed Speaking may be distinguished into various Kinds 1 Narrative Didactick and Exegetick 2 [Ornate or Elegant or agreable] the Descriptive. History 3 Pathetic. Tragedy & Epick Poetry 4 the Vehement. 4 The three last kinds share each of then {a kind of Eloquence corr} Serious or facetious. The Emotions of the Mind are some of them Grave & Serious others diverting and facetious. And there are species of Eloquence adapted to each. The imagination is pleased not onely with what is truly sublime or beautifull, but with what is witty. Wit corresponds to the Descriptive Humour to the Pathetic Ridicule to the Vehement." 5v: "Eloquence Poetical differs very much from the Prosaick not onely because it admits of many figures and Ornaments peculiar to Poetry but because poetical Diction is as it were a different language from prosaick. The poets have a world of their own wherein everything in our World has a place but it is so transfigured by being put in the poetical dress that is seem quite a different thing." [etc.] "The very Nature of Poetry requires that the composition should be figurative emblematical full of fiction. And Poetry is not less distinguished from prose by its Style than by its measured Numbers and exact harmony." "Conversation. In conversation Good breeding is the most essential part of Eloquence." [etc.] "Virtues of the Language of Conversation. Plainess & Simplicity. Some tendency to please or to be Usefull." [end follows]\Eloquence is the Art of Speaking, [in such]del so as to answer the intention of the Speaker.The Bar, The Senate, Popular Assembly, the Pulpit Historical. Epistolary, Philosophical, Dialogue Demonstrative Deliberative & Judicial. Eloquencef3r< : J. Butler ("The Analogy of Religion Natural & Revealed to the Constitution and course of Nature").(Philosophy, Religion) RevealedType: reading notes from Butler's "Analogy of Religion", 1738. For reference to this MS, see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 52 (notes 64-65, p. 411). 3r: "Introduction". 4r: "Part 1t Cha. 1 of a Future Life". 4v: "Ch 2 Of the Government of God by Rewards & Punishments & particularly of the latter". 5v: "Chap 3 Of the Moral Government of God". 7r: "Chap 4 Of a State of Probation as implying Trial Difficulties Danger". "Chap 5 Of a State of Probation as intended for Moral Discipline & Improvement". 8r: "Of the Opinion of Necessity as Influencing Practice". 8v: "Of the Government of God considered as a Scheme or Constitution imperfectly comprehended". "Conclusion". 9r: "Part 2d Chap 1t Of the Importance of Christianity". 10r: "Chap 2d Of the supposed Presumption against a Revelation Considered as Miraculous". "Chap 3 Of our Incapacity of Judging what were to be expected in a Revelation and the Credibility from Analogy that it must constain things appearing liable to objections". 11r: "Chap 4 Of Christianity considered as a Scheme or Constitution imprefectly comprehended Chap 5 Of the Appointment of a Mediator and the Redemption of the World by him". 11v: "Chap 6 Of the want of Universality in Religion & of supposed Deficiency in its Proof". 12r: "Chap 7 Of the particular Evidence for Christianity Chap 8 Of the Objections which may be made against arguing from the Analogy of Nature to Religion Conclusion to this treatise the Author has annexed two brief Dissertations Dissertation 1t Of Personal Identity" 12v: "Dissert 2d Of the Nature of Virtue".3r-12vNovr 1738 I read The Analogy of Religion Natural & Revealed to the Constitution and course of Nature by Jos Butler L.L.D. Rector of Stanhope in the Bp. of Durham Eius (Analogiae) hac vis est ut quod dubium est ad aliquid simile de quo non quaeritur referat ut incerta certis probet Qint Just Orat L 1. c 6. 320 pages 4o Lond 1736. Abstract Introduction Porbable Evidence is essentially distinguished from Demonstrative by this that it admits of Degrees and of all variety of them from the highest moral Certainty to the lowest Presumption.~We disapprove of Violence falshood and Injustice without considerng how they stand related to the general Good and therefore these must be vice in us where we cannot perceive the general Good affected by them And we approve of different degrees of Benevolence to different persons abstracted from all Considerations of the Overballance of good which it may appear likely to produce.)3r (p. 1), top roght corner: "Novr 1738".1r: Berkeley, Malebranche, Locke (quotation from " Book 4 Ch 1"). 1v: Locke (quotations), Watts ("Dr Watts Logick part 2 Ch 2 # 9). 2v: Locke, Aristotle 3v: Locke. 4r: Locke (quotation). 4v: Locke, Berkeley, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Newton, Clarke, Berkeley, Hume+Type: draft of IP, E VI, Ch. III "Sentiments of Philosophers concerning Judgment", Hamilton ed., pp. 426-434 (I did not check the text of the MS for more definite correspondences with the text of IP). It seems to be a shorter version of IP, pp. 427a-431b. It might alos be a lecture on Pneumatology. Place of origin, and date: Glasgow, date unknown. Subjects: judgment, history of philosophy. 1v, cancelled. Marginalia: 1r, left. 1v, right. 2r, left. 2v, right. 3r, left. Approximate correspondence with text of IP (from a quick survey of the MS). MS, from Incipit to Explicit: IP, from "The common theory concerning ideas [...]", p. 427a, to "[...] attributes and relations", p. 431a. Numerical series. MS, "1" (on 4r): IP, p. 430a-b. MS, "2" (on 4r-v): IP, pp. 430b-431a. MS, "3" (on 4v): IP, pp. 431a-b. 2131/8/II/06The common Theory of Ideas leads necessarily to a Theory concering Judgment which may be made a proper Test of its Truth; for as they are necessarily connected they must stand or fall together.2 If the Theory be well founded, that Ideas {in the Philosophical Sense} are the onely immediate Objects of thought it will follow that t< hey {Agreements and Disagreements} are the onely immediate Objects of knowledgeTheories concerning Judgment02r: Rosseau (on margin). 3v: Vattel. 4r: Vattel.5Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Practical Ethics), Glasgow, April 1766. Subjects: political jurisprudence, rights and duties of states. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 245-257. Note marginalia on 1v ("here insert A", "here insert B"): references to passages marked as "A" and "B" on 8/IV/10. On 3v, left margin: "x See Extracts from Vattel p 25 &c". According to Haakonssen, p. 416, n. 15: "These extracts are in Reid's MS. 4/II/23c, 2r, printed below, pp. 270-271". On 4r, left margin: "See Addit Extracts from Vatel A". According to Haakonssen, p. 419, n. 2, "Reid is referring to 3/II/5, 2r (printed in this volume, pp. 272ff.), the second, third, and fourth paragraphs of which are marked "A"". Other marginalia: 1r, left, horizontal. 1v, left, horizontal. 2r, left. 2v, left, horizontal. 4v, left. 2131/8/IV/09We come now to the third and last part of Natural Jurisprudence which treats of the Rights and Obligations arising from the Political State, or the State of Civil Government.The onely reason why Christinas could not joyn in heathen Worsship was that they held such Opinions as were inconsistent with that Worship.#1r, top left corner: "1766 Apr 24".Jurisprudence Part 372 parts. 1) On 2r-4r, inventary of John Harrow, farmer, 27 May 1760. Beginning: see above Incipit. End: "Note. The moveable farm stock & cask in hand for the use of the farm, being dead stock the annual rent of it is to be considered as a part of the charge of the farm, the u{n}moveable farm stock to be valued at what it would presently give, if the several fields as they presently {stand} sown or not sown were to be let for a year with all burdens of Rent, Multure, &c." 2) On 5r-13v, a system of book keeping, 1761. Beginning: "Having some time ago given an account of the Inventary of John Harrow Farmer, I shall explain his method of keeping his farm Accounts, so as it may easily be understood by those who know the general principles of the art of book keeping." [etc.] End: see Explicit. Lower half of 8v, blank.23411r, 2r-4r, 5r-13vPage 1 Inventary of me John Harrow in Eastcheap Farmer 27th May 1760. My said Farm consisting of 140 acres of arable and pasture pays of yearly Rent at Martimas after shearing the croft.Put the Profits of Dairy horses oxen and handlabour and every Field into one sum, the losses into another, the difference of these sums is the profit or loss of the farm and if it does not agree exactly with the profit or got by the account of Import and Export, there must be a Mistake.ASee title, on 1r: "Ao 1761". See 2r, top of 2r: "27th May 1760"..A Short System of Book keeping for the Farmer drawn up at the desire of the Farmers Club at Gordon Milne Aberdeen Ao 1761 by Tho. Reid D.D.`Type: draft of AP, Hamilton ed., Essay IV, Ch. I "The Notions of Moral Liberty and Necessity Stated", pp. 599-602, end of Ch. IV "Of the Influence of Motives", pp. 612b-613a, beginning of Ch. V "Liberty consistent with Government", pp. 613a-615b. Subjects: active power, causation; principles of action, freedom. Correspondences with AP: From Incipit to "From what has been said in this chapter I hope it will be clearly seen what is meant by moral liberty & that the Notion of it is neither inconceivable nor involves a contradiction", on bottom of 3v: see AP, Essay IV, Ch. I, Hamilton ed., pp. 599-602. From "8. Whether it be justly concluded that rewards and punishments...", on top of 4r, to "...which cannot be upon the contrary supposition", on 4r, before horizontal line: see AP, Essay IV, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 612b-613a, from "8. It is equally unreasonable to conclude..." to the end of the chapter. From "[Other defenders of Necessity place the criminality...]del", on 4r, after a horizontal line, to Explicit: see AP, Essay IV, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 613a-615b. Marginalia: 4r, left. 5v, right.2r-5v]By the Liberty of a moral agent I understand a power over the determinations of h< is own will.+The will of the Lawgiver is obeyed as much [in their being]del {when the laws are} transgressed as when they are observed. Such must be our Notions of the Governement of the World upon the supposition of necessity. It is purely mechanical and there can be no moral governement upon that Supposition.[Essay 4th Of the Liberty of Moral Agents Chap 1 Of the Notions of moral Liberty & NecessityThomas Gordon's abstract of Question n. 4, discussed by George Campbell, at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 18 February 1758.7r-12vAbbe' du Bos affirms that few things are more disagreeable to the mind than that listleesness into which it falls, when it has nothing to occupy it or awake its passions.5The love of money is at the bottom of gaming. There is a curious speculation with regard to gaming, that pleasure & pain attend good & bad success at play, independent of the money lost or won. Good luck raises or depresses our spirits, without regard to consequences, as when we are playing for trifles. QaerQuestion. What is the cause of that pleasure which we receive from representations or objects that excite pity or other painful feelings?x1v: Plato. 2v: Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Lucretius. Quotation, on 2v-3r: "Epicuri Scholam in eadem fere fuisse sententia doocet Lucretius; ita enim in Libro quarto de natura rerum sauviter canit dum pessime philosophatur. "Nunc age quae moveant animum res accipe, et unde [...] Tenuis enim mens est et mire mobilis ipsa"." 3r: Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Newton. Quotation from Newton s Optics: "Hanc questionem modeste, pro more suo in fine Opticis proponens "Annon Sensorium [...] in sensoriolo suo percepit et contuetur"." 3v: Descartes. 4r: Hume, Berkeley, Harrington ("Oceana"). 5r: Locke, Hume. 5v: Hume.Type: oration, delivered at graduation cerimonies in King's College, Aberdeen, on 1762. Published transcription in "Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid", Humphries ed., pp. 39-47.18r-22vTriennium est, ex quo, quaedam de Intellectu humano, ex hac Cathedra proponere, & auditorum doctorum Judicio permittere ingressus sum: idem Argumentum jam iterum moliri, et ulterius prosequi animus est.Quod sperare fas est si intellectum humanum Dei opus eximium cognitu equidem difficillimum sed cognitione dignissimum, mente pura et praejudicijs vacua perscrutemur.Top of 18r: "1762".CRichard Price, Patrick Wilson, N. Maskelyne, Desaguliers, Leechman.Type: draft of a letter to Richard Price, ca. 1772-1773. He introduces Patrick Wilson, who is soon to go to London, to R. Price. He says that Maskelyne's remarks on Wilson's paper on aberration of light do not satisfy either Wilson or him. He praises Price's "Observations on Reversionary Payments". Published transcription in "Price Corrspondence", W. B. Peach and D. O. Thomas eds., pp. 153-154. On this MS, see also P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 144 (note 350, p. 436), p. 191 (note 501, p. 449), and p. 249-250 (note 46, p. 465). 2131/3/III/18Dr Sir I beg leave [by this]del to introduce to your acquaintance the bearer Mr Patrick Wilson, whose paper on the Aberration of Light was shown to you some Months ago by Mr Maskelyne. As he goes to London about Business, he was very desirous to be introduced to you and to have the opportunity of thanking you in person for the trouble you was so good as to take in giving your opinion of that Paper.Your Respect for Dr Leechman is well founded. He is a Man of great Worth and Respects you highly. I am sorry to acquaint you that he has been very valetudinary this winter. I am with very great Esteem Dr Sir)Correspondence (Recipient: Richard Price)2[ca. 1772-1773: see "Price Correspondence, p. 153]jPierre Bouguer ("La Figure de la Terre Determinee par les Observations De Messrs Bouquer & de la Condamine de l Accad R. de Sciences, envoyes par Ordre du Roy a Perou, pour observer ansi environs de l'Equator. Avec une Relation Abregee de ce Voyage, qui contient la Description du Pays dans lequel les Operations ont ete faites par Mons Bouquer. Paris 1749 4to")Type: reading note from Boug< uer, "La Figure de la Terre, etc." (Paris, 1749). Subject: natural philosophy (astronomy). Figure of the earth. He considers Bouguer's report of the Academy of Science expedition to Peru to measure the length of a degree of the terrestrial meridian at the Equator ("Observations on Gravitation" from 13r to 16v). Compare with 3/I/02 (notes on the book describing the Academy's expedition to Sweden). [Subject heading: surveying?] 2131/3/I/071r-16vAvertissement. The Author gives Account onely of his own Labours and Observations. For tho' all the three Accademicians communicated reciprocally their Observations yet he is willing that the Public should have the pleasure of hearing the other two Explain their Observations themselves.And if the Diameter of the Equator be 6562026 Toises a degree of the Equator will be 57264,5 toises & therefore a Nautical Mile or Minute is 5726,45 Paris feet English hence it follows that the Length of a Knot in a Log line should be 50 feet 10,2447 inches English the Glass being supposed to run half a Minute of a Sidereal Day but if the Glass be half a Minute of Mean time the knots ought to be 50 feet 8 1/2 inches English or 47 feet 7 inches Paris measure.[New Machar, or Aberdeen] "Jan 1751"eJan 1751 Read La Figure de la Terre Determinee par les Observations De Messrs Bouguer & de la Condamine de l Accad R. de Sciences, envoyes par Ordre du Roy a Perou, pour observer ansi environs de l'Equator. Avec une Relation Abregee de ce Voyage, qui contient la Description du Pays dans lequel les Operations ont ete faites par Mons Bouquer. Paris 1749 4tox"Abbe de la Cailles observations at the Cape of good Hope. Gent. Mag. Novr 1755" [see Gentleman Magazine, November 1755]Type: reading note from the Gentleman Magazine, November 1755. Subject: astronomy, or practical mathematics (surveying). [Subject heading]16v[All text of this part of the MS transcribed below] The length of a Degree of the terrestrial Meridian whose Middle passess through 33 [degrees] 18 1/2 [minutes] south Lat is 57037 toises. The length of the simple pendulum is at the Lat 33 [degrees] 55 [minutes] by many curious trials found to be 3 feet 8,07 lines of the Chatelet of Paris. Declination of the Needle 19 [minutes] west.[After November 1755]VBy the Abbe de la Cailles observations at the Cape of good Hope. Gent. Mag. Novr 1755.1r: Jacob Herman ("Read Phoronomia Iac Hermanni, Amst 1716"); Pierre Varignon ("Pet Varignon [...] seiam novam Mechanicam Ao 1687 Lutetiae editam [...]"), "Robervallius" [?], Pappus, Paul Guldin ("Regula Guldini a Pappo"), Leibniz, Wallis ("Oper Wallesii"). 1v: "Emerson" [?], Euler.Type: reading note from Jacob Herman, "Phoronomia. De viribus et motibus corporum solidorum et fluidorum libri duo" (Amstelodami, 1716). Subjects: natural philosophy (various theorems and questions in mechanics). Reference ot this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 239-40 (note 16, p. 462), and "Reid on Animate Creation", note 180, p. 75.. 5 parts. 1) On 1r-2v (from the point 8, on 1v, the text is English. 2) On 2v-3r. Lower half of 3r, blank. 3) On 3v. Lower half of the page, blank. 4) On 4r. 5) On 4v. 2131/3/I/08c1 Mobile tribus Viribus Solicitatum quarum Directiones & Magnitudines Rectes AB, BC, CA, constituentibus triangulum rectilineum designantur quiescet. Et vires erunt ut Sinus angulorum qui a rectis eas exponentibus Subtendur. Elegans hoc Theorema primo a Pet Varignon demonstratum cui fere totam seiam novam Mechanicam Ao 1687 Lutetiae editam Superstruxit.FCor 3. If a body be conceived to be made up of innumerable particles extremely small and the quantity of matter in each particle multiplied into its distance from a given place the sum of all the products will be equal to the product of the whole quantity of Matter into the distance of the bodies C of Gravity from the plane.&On 1r, top right corner: "Septr 1757".'Read Phoronomia Iac Hermanni, Amst 17161r: Priestley ("The History and present State of Electricity with Original Experiments by Jos Priestly [sic] LLD F.R.S. Lond 1767 736 pages 4o besides the Preface"), Thales, < Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, Gassendi, K. Digby, T. Brown, Gilbert ("De Magnete"), Bacon, Boyle, Otto Guericke, "Wall" [?], Newton, "Hawksbee" [?], Stephen Gray, Du Faye, Desaguliers, Watson, Muschenbrock, Franklin, "Abbe' Nollet" [?], "Canton" [?], Beccaria.Type: reading note from Joseph Priestley, "The History and present State of Electricity with Original Experiments" (London 1767). See P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 268 (note 87, p. 468), for reference to this MS. Subjects: natural philosophy, electricity and magnetism. 2131/3/I/09Pref [on left margin] The business of Philosophy is so multiplied, that all the Books of general Philosophical Transactions cannot be purchased by private Persons, or read by any Person.The electrick Substance which Separates the two conductors possessing these two opposite kinds of Electricity is said to be charged.#On 1r, top left corner: "Aug 1768".The History and present State of Electricity with Original Experiments by Jos Priestly [sic] LLD F.R.S. Lond 1767 736 pages 4o besides the Preface1r: Thomas Melvill, "Essays and Observations Physical & Literary Vol 2d Edinb. 1756", Boscovich ("Dissert de Lumine & viribus vivis").Type: reading note from T. Melvill's article in the "Essays and Observations: physical and literary", vol. 2, pp. 12-18 (Edinburgh 1756) by the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 244-46 (notes 31-32, page 464), for a description of this MS Subjects: optics, light and refraction. Note that that the lower half of 1v is blank. It is possible that the text optics on 2r is not part of the review of Melvill that we find on 1r-v. In this case, divide this MS in two items. 1) On 1r-v. Incipit: see above. Explicit: "5 The Different Refrangibility of the Rays of Light seems to be better accounted for by their different Velocity than by their different Size. If this is the true Cause the Velocity of the red Rays will be greatest & in Air will be to that of the extreme Violet ass 78 to 77 nearly". 2) On 2r. Incipit: "[Cor to Prop 6 since the Velocity of a Ray]del Prop 7 If a ray passes from the Medium A into the Medium B Its refraction will be the same whether it pass immediately from A to B or if it pass through one or more intervening media terminated by plain faces parallel to those of A & B" Explicit: see above. Diagram on 2r. 2131/3/I/10Sect 1 That Light can move through Light in all possible Directions without the least perceivable confusion or deviation from its rectilinear Course; shews beyond any other argument the inconceivable Minuteness of its Rays. From every one physical Point of the Universe to every other physical Point there are Rays passing in contrary Directions where Opaque bodies do not intervene.Cor 2 [to Prop. 7] the Velocity of a Ray in the same Medium will in all cases be the same whatever different media it may have passed through before Cor 3 [text interrupted]#1r, top right corner: "March 1757".Read Essays and Observations Physical & Literary Vol 2d Edinb. 1756 pp. 436. Art 4 Observations on Light & Colours by T. Melvil MA Richard Kirwan ("Elements of Mineralogy"), "Transactions of the R. Society of London Vol 73 [pt 2]del for year 1783 {Pt 2}", M. Achard ("The Analysis of Precious Stones"), Voltaire ("Memoir pour servir a la Vie de Voltaire ecrites par lui-meme"), David Dalrymple Lord Hailes ("Tactics").IType: list of books. Lower half of the page, blank. [Check bibliography] Elements of Mineralogy. By Richard Kirwan Esq. {Elmsby} 8o 5sh Transactions of the R. Society of London Vol 73 [pt 2]del for year 1783 {Pt 2} The Analysis of Precious Stones by M. Achard Memoir pour servir a la Vie de Voltaire ecrites par lui-meme Dalrymple's Tactics[1784 or afterwards]1r: David Gregory ("Practical Geometry"), Picart, Snellius, Hevellius, Azout, Cassini. 1v: Azout, Picart, Mallet. 2r: Varro Columella. 3v: John Skene.,Type: reading note from David Gregory, "A Treatise of Practical Geometry in three parts" (Edinburgh, 1745), translated from the Latin with additions by C. MacLaurin. See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 72 (note 138, p. 41< 8) for reference to this MS. Subjects: practical mathematics, surveying. D. Gregory's account of various standards of measure. On 1r: "Scotch Measure of Length", "English Measure of Length". On 1v: "Of the Measure of the Earth". On 2r: "Square Measure", "English Liquid Measures". On 2v: "Scotch Liquid Measure & Dry", "English dry Measure". 2131/3/I/12rScotch Measure of Length 12 inch one foot, 37 inches an Ell, 6 Ells a fall, 40 falls a furlong, 8 Furlongs a Mile.20 Scots ounces make a trone pound but because it is usual to allow one to the Score the trone pound is commonly 21 ounces. Sir John Skene however onely makes the trone Stone 19 1/2 pounds.%[most likely, Aberdeen or New Machar] [After 1745];from D. Gregory's Practical Geometry Ed 1745 with Additions=1r: Simson ("Euclid Glasc. 1756"), David Gregory. 1v: Newton.Type: reading note on R. Simson's edition of Euclid's Elements. One of the manuscripts on the problem of parallel lines (see also 5/II//47, 3/III/13, 3/III/14, 5/I/1, 3061/11, 5/I/29). Subjects: mathematics, parallel lines. See P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles" in Reid Studies, vol. 2, n. 1, Autumn 1998, pp. 27-41 (reference to this MS at p. 30). See also P. Wood Ph.D. thesis, p. 213 (note 41, p. 455). 2131/3/I/13~Cor to Prop 11. It seems to be ungeometrical to demonstrate this Cor. from this Prop. because it is supposed in the 8 Prop upon which this depends as well as in the 4th upon which the 5, 6, 7, & 8 depend therefore if this Corol is at all to be demonstrated it ought to be demonstrated from Ax 10 or according to Gregorys Edition Ax 12 that two right lines do not comprehend a Space.7 A Right line is the Shortest of all lines that go between its extremities. This may be demonstrated by Sir Is Newtons Method of ultimate Ratios.3[1756 or afterwards; according to Wood, late 1750s]Simsons Euclid Glasc. 1756 4toBurke ("the Author of the Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful {Mr Burke}", quotation).Type: lectures on Pneumatology, beginning of the course. Place of origin: Aberdeen or Glasgow. Subjects: importance of a careful inquiry into the powers of the human mind for discovering the first principles of every science. Quotation from Edmund Burke's Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful on bottom of 1r and on 1v: see Haakonssen, pp. 303-304, n. 4, for transcription. [Subject heading] 2131/4/II/03[...] superior Weight of Argument lies and what degree of assent is due. The first Principles in every Science must be found in the Mind it self.A man who works beyond the surface of things, though he may be wrong himself yet clears the way for others, and may chance to make even his Errors subservient to the Cause of Truth.01r: Collins, Pope ("Martinus Scriblerus"), Hume.+Type: lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow. Subjects: on the nature of the soul (immateriality, location, and immortality of the soul). 1r: "Q 1 Whether the Soul be Immaterial". 1r: "Q 2 Whether the Mind has an Ubi or Place". 1v: "3 Whether <there> is reason to think that the Soul perishes at Death". 2131/4/II/04There are some Questions with Regard to the Nature & Duration of the Soul which I shall handle before I leave the Subject of Pneumatology.As Education Arts and Sciences would appear an incongruous thing if it were not to fit a Man for an after Life wherein they are to be exercised So that Discipline we undergo through the whole of the present State appears altogether incongruous to the perfection of the Supreme Being if it is not intended to fit us for an after State of Existence wherein we are to put in practice what we now learn2r-v: Adam Smith.Type: inaugural lecture, Glasgow 1764. The letters on the margins mark various parts of the text; some of them are indications of the point of insertion for addenda on 4/II/10. Subjects: 1r-v (lower half of 1v): prayer. 2r-v: crossed out part, including request of notes of Adam Smith's prelections on Jurisprudence, Police, Rhetorick. See Haakonssen, pp. 91-92, n. 12, for trans< cription from fol. 2r. 2v-3r: power and virtue, just objects of man's ambition. Bottom of 3r-top of 3v: rank and riches useless or dangerous without personal abilities. 3v-4r: knowledge and learning required in every profession (except day labourer). 4r: talent and natural parts to be developed through application and industry. 4v: necessity of giving attention to the prelections; crossed out part on those who would not listen. 5r: utility of taking notes; crossed out part on publishing notes. 5r-v: freedom of thought and speech; presumption that opinions contrary to virtue are false (all part on 5v is crossed out). 6r: virtue is more important than knowledge. 6v: utility of ancient languages as means, not as ends. 7r: distinction between learning, knowledge, science. All of them are useful. 7v-8r: importance of eloquence. 8r-8v: importance of good breeding. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/II/09qDo thou o God, who givest wisdom to them that ask it of thee, enlighten our Understandings and purify our hearts.But it must be acknowledged that the art of expressing properly on all occasions those good dispositions is commonly the Effect of much Conversation with [good]del {well bred} Company, by which a man acquires by habit a delicate {and quick} perception of {what} good breeding requires to be said {or done} and what it requires not to be said or done according to the Occasion. Insert G pag 9 [on the left margin]Type: addenda to MS 4/II/09 (inaugural lecture, Glasgow). On 1r: addition "A"; reference, "B", to a passage in 4/II/09; addition "C". On 1v, reference, "D", to a passage in 4/II/09. On 1v-2r, addition "E2". On 2v, addition "E1". Addition "A" replaces crossed out part on 4/II/09, 2r-v: introduction to prelections. Addition "E2", on 1r-2r: importance of a pious regard to God. Addition "E1" replaces cancelled part on 4/II/09, 5r-v: "Land of Liberty", importance of judging by oneself, importance of modesty of opinion. On 3r-v: importance of avoiding disputations; humour and character of the lover of paradoxes. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/II/10cA [on the left margin] You come here {Gentlemen} to acquire that knowledge and those good habits which may enable you to act a proper part in the conduct of Life and I hope none of you ignorant that your success in this Design, though it may in some Measure depend upon your [Masters and Instructors]del {Teachers}, yet it depends chiefly upon yourselves.KA Wise Man while he judges for himself, will never affect Singularities, but rather be fond of agreeing in Opinion with others or coming as near them as he can & where he sees Reason to differ from them will not be fond of shewing his Singularities when they can onely give offence to others without bringing them nearer the truth.Type: lecture on Pneumatology, Glasgow, December 5 1766. Subjects: perception by the external senses (sight), acquired perception. 2131/4/II/15In the last lecture I [ended]del finished what I intended to say of the manner in which we learn to perceive by Sight the distance of Objects from the Eye; And gave some other instances of perceptions that are not original but acquired by Experience.And now having considered [both]del the original Objects of Sight, the laws of our constitution by which they are presented to us, and how we learn to perceive many things by the Eye which we did not perceive originally [interruption]1r: "Decr 5 1766".1r: "Epicurean Sect", Lucretius, Pomponazzi ("Pomponatius"). 1v: Epicurus. 1v and 2r: Cicero (quotations from Tusculanae Lib 1). 2r: Du Hamel.Type: lectures on Pneumatology, January 1766, Glasgow. Lectures no. 41-42. Subjects: the nature of the soul: immortality of the soul (the topics of immateriality and location of the soul are mentioned at the beginning of this MS, but they are not discussed). See also 4/II/04. On 1r, lecture 41, January 6 1766. Immateriality of the soul. On 1r-4v, lecture 42, January 20 1766. Location of the soul; immortality of the soul. 2131/4/II/1941/Jan 6 1766 [on left margin] Of the Immateriality of the Soul Obj the sa< me Arguments will prove an immaterial Principle in Brutes. Answ. this is grantednThis we may venture to affirm, That the Disputes and Controversies which in Ages have been agitated among men of Science, and which have so much retarded the progress of usefull knowledge, may for the greater part if not wholly be traced to this Sourse of our Ignorance of the powers of the Human Mind, or mistaken notions concerning them. And when this ignorance and these mistakes are removed, we shall either find that such disputes <have> been about words or about things beyond the reach of our faculties or if neither of these be the case, we shall be able to judge where the superior Weight [...] [text interrupted],1r: "Jan 6 1766", "Jan [7]del? Jan 20 1766".Type: lecture on Politics. Subjects: principles of reasoning in politics. Political reasoning presupposes a certain degree of understanding and of morals in men. Division of mankind in three classes with regard to morals. 2131/4/III/02$Having pointed out {some of} the Axioms or first Principles upon which reasoning in Politicks must be grounded, you will see by the Specimen I have given, for I do not pretend to a full enumeration, of what kind those axioms are. The Actions of Men are the Subject of all Political Reasoning.JHaving thus pointed out the first principles from which we must Reason in Politicks, I proceed to the first branch of that Science I proposed to handle to wit the various Forms of Political Government with their Causes and Effects. It is usual in treating of this Subject to consider the Causes of political Government in general.*Lecture GU (Politics, Forms of Government)/Lecture GU (Politics, Political Economy/Police)<1r: Montesquieu ("L'Esprit de Loix"), Harrington ("Oceana").Type: lectures on Politics, forms of government, Glasgow. Date: April 1765? This MS might follow the lectures of April 1765 in 4/III/5. Subjects: politics, forms of government: the British constitution. 1r: praise of the British constitution (limited monarchy). It allows the greatest freedom. Its superiority attested by French writers. 2r-v: analysis of the British constitution. Lords (spiritual and temporal). Origin of Nobility. Origin of the House of Peers and the House of Commons. Origins of elections. This lecture corresponds to lectures 11, 12, 13 of the outline of the course on Politics in 4/III/1. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/08 1r and 2r-vApril 28 [on left margin] We began to consider the Constitution of the Government of Great Britain, which if we may rely upon the Judgment of Montesquieu the greatest political Writer that either ancient or modern times have produced, is more admirably fitted for preserving the liberty of the Subject than any {other} form of government that ever existed, or even any model that ever was proposed even the Oceana itself.Method of Elections Method of Passing Bills Adjournment Prorogation and dissolution Impeachment Attainders Suspensins of the Habeas Corpus Act[1765?] 1r: "April 28".1r: Newton ("Principia"), Simson, "Authors of the Excerpta from the Principia Cantab. 1765" [edited by J. Jebb]. 1v: Newton, Simson. 2r: Newton.pType: reading note from "Excerpta quaedam e Newtoni Principiis philosophiae naturalis cum notis variorum. Cantabrigiae etc. 1765" edited by John Jebb (1735-1786), and, most likely, from R. Simson, "Sectionum conicarum libri V" (1st ed.: 1735, 2nd edition: 1750). Subject: mathematics, theory of fluxions. He observes that the first lemma of Newton's "Principia" is true for finite quantities, but not for evanescent quantities, contrary to what the authors of the "Excerpta" claim; Dr. Simson demonstrated that it is not true for evanescent quantities without exceptions. On 1v, heading: "Remark". Lower half of 2r, blank.In Opposition to the first Lemma of Newtons Principia Dr Simson demonstrates 1. That of two Quantities the Ratio of the greater to the lesser may be greater than any given Ratio and yet their difference may be less than any given difference.UForm this it seems evident to me that Sir Is not onely did not mea< n to extend the first Lemma to evanescent Quantities but that he saw clearly that it was not applicable to such Quantities. For I cannot conceive any other Reason why he should use such a Method of Demonstration of that Lemma a Method which requires the 6 Lemma to support it[Before May 1773?]Of Lemma I Newt Princ.1r: Benjamin Franklin ("Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America. By Benjamin Franklin LLD & FRS London. D Henry 1769. 61 Letters in all"), Rameau, Rosseau ("his Dictionaire de Musique") 1v: LinnaeusType: reading notes from B. Franklin "Experiments and Observations on electricity, made at Philadelphia in America, to which are added, letters and papers on philosophical subjects" (London 1769). See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 268 (note 87, p. 468), for reference to this MS. Subjects: Franklin's various observations and experiments in natural philosophy, including electricity, acoustics and music, thermodynamics, meteorology, etc. [Check bibliography] (Subject heading]^Letter 61. The Resistance of a Boat drawn on a Canal increased by the Shallowness of the Canali33 A current of Air in a Chimney without fire, upwards in the Night and downwards in the heat of the Day.1r, left margin: "June 1769".Read Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America. By Benjamin Franklin LLD & FRS London. D Henry 1769. 61 Letters in all9Cronstedt ("Mineralogy translated from the Swedish 1770")Type: reading notes from Cronstedt's "Mineralogy", 1770. Subjects: natural philosophy, chemistry and natural history. [Check bibliography]The description of a Portable Laboratory annexed by the Translator It consists of 1 A Blowpipe of Metal having a ball in the Middle to condense the humid Vapour 2 A candle of wax [etc.]=12 A piece of Charcoal 13 a Through for washing Ores 14 Acids[1770 or afterwards];Read Cronstedts Mineralogy translated from the Swedish 1770C. MacLaurin ("Algebra").|Type: reading note. Some comments on the notion of quantity as presented by C. MacLaurin in his "Treatise of Algebra", 1748. 2131/3/I/15OCh.1 [par.]3 it is justly observed that the Mathematical Sciences contemplate not onely the Magnitude but the Figures of Extended Quantitys, not onely the Velocity but Direction of Motion &c; But this is not the Reason (as is said) that other Symbols besides these which represent the Magnitude of Quantities are admitted into Algebra.#[par.]5 Quantity is defined what is made up of Parts or is capable of being greater or less. This is a bad Definition. For first some improper Quantities are not made up of Parts as Velocity 2ly many things are capable of being greater or less which yet are not Quantities as Anger Wisdom &csee title: "Novr 1750"Novr 1750 MacLaurin Algebra1r: Fourcroy ("Elements of Nat History and of Chemistry 2d Ed Translated into English Lond 1788 4 Vol 8o first published in 1782"), Priestley, John Mayow, "English Translation of Scheeles Chemical Observations on Air 7 Fire by J. R. Forster LLD", Lavoisier, Sigaud [de la Fond?], Macquer, Bouquet [or Boquel? Or Bucquel?], Descartes. 1v: Cavendish, Priestley, Watt, "Phil Trans Vol 74", "de la Place", Lavoisier, Kirwan ("Treatise on Phlogiston"), "Journal de Rozier" [?], "Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Paris". 2r: Lavoisier. 2v: Priestley, Lavoisier, "M. de Morveau". 3r: Priestley, Scheele, Berthollet [or Bertholet], Cavendish. 4r: Scheele. 4v: Black, Lavoisier. 5r: Priestley. 5v: Priestley. 6r: Bergman, Gengember. 6v: Gengember. 7r: Bertholet. 7v: Scheele. 9v: M. de Morveau ("his Dictionary of Chemistry, which makes part of the Encyclopedia"). 10v: Kirwan, Daubenton, Bucquel [See above for alternative spelling], Bergman. 12r: Cavendish. 14r: Bergman. 14v: Bertholet. 15v (p. 30): Daubenlon or Daubenton.Type: reading notes from Fourcroy's "Elements of Natural History and of Chemistry" (2nd edition, W. Nicholson transl., London 1788). Subjects: natural philosophy, natural history and chemistry. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 278 (note 130, p. 474). [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/16Trans< lator Pref. *[on margin note "*"] pag 7, 8 Note Dr Priestley discovered this Air (pure, vital, or dephlogisticated Air) on the first of August 1774 (see his 2d Vol pag 34) and ascertained its properties the following year.Animals distributed by Daubenlon into 8 Orders 1 Quadrubeds, 2 Cetaceous Animals 3 Birds 4 Oviparous Quadrupeds 5 Serpents 6 Fishes 7 Insects 8 Worms."1r, top left corner: "May 22 1789"Began to read Mr de Fourcroy's Elements of Nat History and of Chemistry 2d Ed Translated into English Lond 1788 4 Vol 8o first published in 1782Type: reading notes on the first volume of the "Works of Samuel Johnston LLD containing his Life by Sir John Hawkins". [Check bibliography] [Incomplete record: add names and titles of books]4r-5v, or pp. 1-42 Cornelius, otherwise called Parson Ford, the Brother of Dr Johnstons Mother, Chaplain to Ld Chesterfield during his Residence at the Hague, who used to tell him that he was precluded all hope of preferment by his want of a vice namely Hypocrisy.Sir R. Walpole commended. Having got into his hand: some treasonable letters of his inveterate Enemy Will Shippen, sent for him, & burnt them before his Face. Johnson interested himself warmly for Dr Dodd.On 4r (p. 1): "Jany 1788".}Jany 1788 Read the first Vol. Of the Works of Samuel Johnston LLD containing his Life by Sir John Hawkins Knb [?] 8o page 602%7r (p. 7): Euclid ("Book 10 Prop 9").Type: reading notes and comments on Charles Hutton, "A Treatise of Mensuration" (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1770). Subjects: arithmetics, geometry (quadrature of the circle, non quadratic numbers). [Check bibliography]6v-7r, or pp. 6-7In the end of the preface, he expresses his hope of the quadrature of the Circle and that of all other mathematical figures being hereafter discovered.The Book is a very compleat Treatise of Mensuration both in Theory and in Practice; & gives an historical Account of the Methods by which Artificers, who work by Measure, measure their Work.On 6v (p. 6): "Feb 1789".XFeb 1789 Read A Treatise of Mensuration by Cha. Hutton 4o p 646 Newcastle upon Tyne 1770g7r (p. 7): Euclid? ("Elem. 7.19", "7.21", "7.23"). 7v (p. 8): Euclid? ("7.25", "7.26", "7.30", "7.31").wType: most likely, reading notes from Euclid's Elements, Book 7. Subjects: arithmetics, geometry. [Check bibliography]7r-8r, or pp. 7-9$Elem. 7. 19. If a:b::x:y, then ay=bxIf c do not measure a I say it must measure b. For if c do not measure a they are prime <to> each other, & consequently the least numbers in the same {Ratio} & must be measures of all other numbers in that Ratio therefore b is a multiple of c & d an equimultiple of a QED6r (p. 7): "March 13 1789".78r (p. 9): Euclid.TType: notes on mathematics. Subjects: arithmetics, numerical series. [Type heading] 8r, or p. 9iTo find as many whole Numbers as desired in continued geometrical proportion, & in the Ratio of 1:x [...]What is above follows easily from what Euclid has demonstrated That betwe<e>n the same powers of two numbers there are as many mean proportionals in whole Numbers, as the index of the power less by one.89v (p. 12): Vieta, Bachet ("Theorem from Vieta demonstrated by Bachet"). 10r (p. 13): Bachet, Diophantus ("Theorem from Bachet Appendix ad Diophantus Lib. 2 prop 23 & 25"), Wallis ("Wallis in Com. Epist Epist 44"). 10v (p. 14): Fermat. 12v (p. 18): Bachet, Diophantus ("Bachet in Diophant Lib 6 Q 28"). 13r (p. 19): Fermat, Bachet, Diophantus ("I shall however insert Fermat's Observation upon this Theorem annexed to Problem 20 of Bachet subjoyned to the end of the sixth Book of his Diophantus").Type: reading notes from Bachet and Fermat: various propositions. On pp. 19-20, quotation from Fermat. Subjects: arithmetics, properties of numbers. On 8v-9r (pp. 10-11): 2 problems. On 9r (p. 11): diagram. On 9v (p. 12), "Theorem from Vieta demonstrated by Bachet". On 10r (p. 13), "Theorem from Bachet Appendix ad Diophantus Lib. 2 prop 23 & 25". Lower half of 12r (p. 17): cancelled. On 13r-v (pp. 19-20): quotation from Fermat, in Latin ("I shall however insert Fermat's Observation up< on this Theorem annexed to Problem 20 of Bachet subjoyned to the end of the sixth Book of his Diophantus"). On 14r-v (pp. 21-22): 7 propositions. [Check bibliography: add titles of books]8v-14v, pp. 10-22lProb. To find two Numbers which shall differ by Unity & whose squares shall differ by a given Square Number.#The next lower power of the number is the medium of the odd numbers and the odd numbers being in arithmetical progression the medium multiplied into the number of <...> must be equal to the sum of them all. But that medium multiplied into the number of the odd numbers is the power assigned.8v: "December 1789".\1r: Bonnet ("Contemplation de la Nature par C. Bonnet Amsterdam 1769. 2 Vols 8o", "Considerations sur les Corps Organises", "Essai Analytique sure les Facultes de l'Ame"). 2v: Reaumur, Buffoon, Bonnet ("Palingenesie Philosophique 4 Vols 12o", "his Insectologie published Anno 1745 a Paris"), "Essay de Psy<c>hologie, ou Consideration sure les Operations de l'Ame London. 1755.", L. Spallanzani ("Opera da imprimersi sopra le reproduzioni animali 1768"). 3r: Herissant ("Dissertation on the Composition and Growth of Bones, Shells, Corals &c Mem de l'Academie 1763. intitled Memoires sur l'Ossification").Type: reading notes on Bonnet's "Contemplation de la nature" (Amsterdam 1769) and "Palingenesie philosophique" (1770). Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 93-98 (Explanatory notes on pp. 246-47). On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 294-95 (note 31, p. 479), and "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 16-18. Two parts. 1)On 1r-2v, notes on Bonnet's "Contemplation de la nature". 2) On 2v-3r, notes on "Palingenesie philosophique". [Check bibliography] 2131/3/II/16In a very long preface the Author gives a Sketch of two former works of his own. to wit Considerations sur les Corps Organises and Essai Analytique sure les Facultes de l'AmeYAnother work of the Author quoted is Recherches sur l'Usage de feuilles dans les plantes.|[Late 1770s or early 1780s: for dating this MS, see P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 16, and Ph.D. thesis, p. 294-95]OOctober Read Contemplation de la Nature par C. Bonnet Amsterdam 1769. 2 Vols 8oType: deleted draft of the beginning of the discourse entitled "Have any Reason to ascribe Active Power to Beings not endowed with Understanding and Will?", read to the Glasgow Literary Society on November 7, 1777. Subjects: philosophy (active power/causation, principles of action).~[deleted] Having edeavoured to shew that Active Power is not a word without any Meaning, & that although we cannot give a Logical Definition of it, although our Notion of it be {onely} relative, although it be not an Object either of Sense or of Consciousness, yet Mankind have and allways had such a Notion of Active Power as that they speak and reason about it with Understanding.z[deleted] We are now to consider the Subjects of Active Power, that is what Beings we have Reason to ascribe Active Power.z[Before November 7, 1777: for dating this MS, see P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 16, and Ph.D. thesis, p. 294-95])Of the Subjects of Active Power [deleted]pDu Hamel ("La Physique des Arbres par M. Du Hamel de Monceau. Paris 1758 4to"). Bernard de Jussieu, De la Serre.UType: reading notes from Du Hamel de Monceau, "La Physique des Arbres" (Paris 1758). Most likely, material used in the courses on natural history, in Aberdeen. Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). For reference to this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 70 (note 130, p. 417), and "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 3 (note 6, p. 57). 2131/3/II/17Pref. Garance [?] (Mader) croit d'elle meme dans les bois et dans les vignes.Serre, a green house. Ce gout qui porte a l'Analogie, si dangereux pour les esprits trop Systematiques, peut devenir d'une grand Utilite' a Societe.Le Pistachier male fuit en suit renvoye, mais les annees suivantes le Pistachier de M de la Serre ne donna aucun fruit capable de gumer.Top left corner: "1761".ALa Physique des Arbres par M. Du Hamel<  de Monceau. Paris 1758 4toType: note. Subjects: philosophy (active power/causation; principles of actions). The will; the difference between voluntary actions and those that are effects of instincts. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/01The are certain Events or Effects of which we Imagine our Selves to be the Authors and that it was in our Power that they Should not have been.An Expert hand or Voice in Musick makes so quick changes in Action and all often accompanied with so little thought that it is not conceivable that each of them is the Effect of a particular Volition & there are innumerable other instances of the same kind. Now all these actions Which are attended with Consciousness but are not the Effects of Volition in the sense above explained we may call Mechanical whether they proceed from Natural Instinct or from acquired Habits.?[1736 or afterwards: see item 2, on 1v, datee "Janry 8th 1736"]JQuaer. Whether Men in all their Actions are Determined Necessarily or Not.\On 1v: "Scaputa's Dictionary" [?], Dionysius Halicarnassus, Thucidydes, Herodotus, Eusebius.Type: message from James Sterling, dated 8 January 1736. He asks Reid for some books, and he thanks him for the favour. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 1v and 2v2[Beginning of the message from James Sterling, on 1v] D:B: I thought to have gott the Loan of a Scaputa's [or Scapula's] Dictionary in the Country; and yrfore till I gett it, I wou<l>d rayrd [?] take from you Dionysius Halicarna:<ssus> wt a Translation Thucidydes or Herodote yr Eusebius wtout Translation.Y[Address, on 2v] Mr Reid Preacher of ye Gospel at Mrs Deans's in the School hill Aberdeen'Correspondence (Sender: James Sterling))See end of the message: "Janry 8th 1736".="F. Iness Critical History", "Burnet on the thirty nine art".VType: short memo on some books. [Check bibliography] [Type heading] [Subject heading]VMem. F. Iness Critical History Law is a Bottomless Pitt Burnet on the thirty nine art.1v: Napier. 1r: Cotes.uType: note on mathematics. Subjects: arithmetics, trigonometry. Measure of ratios. [Type heading] [Subject heading]1v (beginning), and 1r (end)Quaere. What is the Reason that in all Measures of Ratios there is one particular Ratio whose Measure serves as the Modulus of that System.But if the Measures of Ratios in any System be Quantities of any other kind,as Lines Surfaces or Solids; the Module of the System will be a Quantity of the same kind. 1r: Kames. 2v: Harvey, Malpighi.Type: draft of a letter to Henry Home, Lord Kames. Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). The generation of plants and animals. Published transcription in Reid, Works, Hamilton ed., Vol. I, pp. 53-54 (Letter IV, "On the Generation of Plants and Animals", supposed to be written in 1775): the text published in the Hamilton edition is shorter than the text in this MS. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, pp. 291-93 (notes 16-28, pp. 477-79), and "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 13-14, and 61. End of 2r: "But alas! My Lord how poor & how pitifull are all our conjectures upon this Subject, and how small in their chance to hit the mark. The best Name they deserve is that off Reveries Mounted on the pinions of Fancy we traverse the Universe and travel back to the first origin of things. We would [unravel]del discover Nature in her first Smock Operations & trace her gradual Progress in producing this stupenduous Fabrick. How unequal to the task! Do not superior Beings view those Adventures of ours as we view that of the knight of La Mancha & his Squire Mounted upon their wooden horse & travelling five thousand Leagues through the Air {blindfold} in order to conquer the Great Malambrino". 2v, before the Explicit: "All that I know of the Philosophy of Generation is grounded on the Facts observed By the immortal Harvey, and by Malpighi. Both traced the production of the Chicken in the Egg as far as humaan Eyes assisted by the Microscope could trace it. The first did the same with regard the [young]del fetus in the Womb of fallow [?] deer, which by the Favour of Charles I He was<  out of the Kings park in all the periodss of Gestation." [Incomplete record: check letter in Hamilton ed.] 2131/3/III/03;My Lord I feel some compunction for haviing been so tardy in answering your Lordships Letter, especially as it suggests two very curious subjects of Correspondence. But indeed my vacant time has beenso much filled up with trifles of College Business that there was no room for any thing that could admit of a delay.There was a great [analogy]del similarity appeared in the formation of the chicken and of the young Deer, and I presume we should find this Similarity to extend to the formation of the Young of all Animals & even to the formation of the Seeds of Plants in their Seed Vessels.2Correspondence (Recipient: Henry Home, Lord Kames)8[1775: see Reid, Works, Hamilton ed., Vol. I, pp. 53-54]&1r: Henry Home, Lord Kames. 1v: Locke.Type: draft of a letter to Henry Home, Lord Kames, written between 2 and 6 October 1780. Subjects: philosophy (active power/causation, principles of action). Topics discussed: the difference between voluntary and involuntary action, intermediate actions (instincts, habits, absent minded acts), the difference between will and volition, and between volition and desire. Published transcription of the letter sent to Kames (now in the Abercairny Collection), in I. Ross, "Unpublished Letters of Thomas Reid to Lord Kames, 1762-1782", in Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 7 (1965-66), Letter XIV, pp.48-51. For the difference between the draft and the letter, see, ibid., p. 23, note: "The draft of XIV [3/III/16] represents part of the letter only and provides a different arrangement of the topics. Reid carried over from the draft what he described as his mistake "in calling Volition an Exertion to Effect something that is in my Power"." 2131/3/III/16uMy Lord, I am very uncertain whether I can give your Lordship satisfaction on the Subject of your Letter of Oct 1st.After [I had wrote]del writing so far, I perceive a Mistake {through rashness for which I beg your Lordship pardon} in calling Volition an Exertion to Effect something that is in my Power. I would rather chuse to call it a Determination to do, or not to do, something that is in my Power. I do not call this a logical Definition, for Determination is onely a synonimous Word for Volition, but I cannot find a better. When I determine to do a thing immediately [interruption]^[According to handwritten note on AUl Catalogue, written between 2 October and 6 October 1780]James Oswald, Muralt.Type: letter from James Oswald, dated 16 October 1766. He informs Reid that he has sent him a copy of Muralt's book. For reference to this letter, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 192 (note 504, p. 450). Methven or Methuen? [Subject heading] [Check bibliography] 2131/3/III/171r (address on 2v)Dear Sir, You may remember that in conversation on theological & moral subjects I mentioned Muralt as one Author who entered deeper into human nature than any I had met with oon which you expressed some curiosity to see his work.As Principal Leechman & Dr Graig may be curious to see them I will give you the trouble of obeying them with my compliments & when you have perused them be pleased to send them to my Son's lodgings With compliments to Ms Reid & your yooung family I am Dear Sir Your obedient humble Servant James Oswald Methuen Oct 16th 1766 [Address on 2v] To Reverend Doctor Reid Professor of Moral Philosophy Glasgow%Correspondence (Sender: James Oswald)"Oct 16th 1766"Type: some equations. The may have something to do with item 3 (on 1v). [Incomplete records: check if these equations have something to do with item 3]O1r, in Reid's hand, between "Dear Sir" and You may remember" in Oswald's letter[Some equations] [After October 1766: see item 1]Type: note on mathematics. Subjects: algebra, geometry. Solution of a problem in analytic geometry. Two diagrams. [Type heading] [Subject heading]Problem Given the right line AB & a point in it C from which the perpendicular CD is raised. Required the point D in the perpendicular from which the l< ines DA, DB being drawn the Rectangle comprehended under DA, DB shall be equal to the Square of a given line E.^[paper torn off]uadratick Equation may be constructed in the Same Manner. Suppose x=b/2 [etc.]Type: note on mathematics. Diagram. Subjects: algebra, geometry. Properties of curves, functions. [Type heading] [Subject heading]Let A, B, be the Foci whose distance is 2b. E [?] the Center ax the Rectangle of the lines drawn from the two foci to any point of the Curve.The curve consists of two Ovals surrounding the foci which as a is diminished are less and less till they end in two points viz. the two foci.Properties of Capinian CurvesR. Price, McAlpine, P. Wilson.Type: unfinished draft of a letter to R. Price, introducing P. Wilson (see item 1, for completed draft). Published transcription in "Price Corrspondence", W. B. Peach and D. O. Thomas eds., pp. 154. [Subject heading][All text transcribed] Dr Sir I wrote you some time ago by Mr McAlpine. The bearer of this is Mr Patrick Wilson an intimate acquaintance [& Friend]del of my family, & the Son of one of our Porfessors here. His business {which} is that making of Printing Types, calling him to London I desired the favour of him to call upon you. And if it should fall in your way to show him any Civilities I will take it as if done to myself.1r: James Bradley.Type: short note sent to Reid, on Bradley's article on the rotation of the earth's pole. Written between 1748 and 1751, most likley in 1748, soon after the appearance of Bradley's paper in the Philosophical Transactions (see "A Letter to the Right Honourable George Earl of Macclesfield concerning an Apparent Motion observed in some of the Fixed Stars", in Philosophical Transactions, 1748, pp. 1-43). Subjects: natural philosophy (astronomy). On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 54 (note 73, p. 412): "James Bradley's important article on the rotation of the earth's pole, which also appeared in the Philosophical Transaction for 1748, was the subject of a short note sent to Reid a New Machar, probably by John Stewart". 2131/3/III/191r (address on 1v)The Pole of the Earth, according to Dr Bradley, revolves in about 18 1/2 years in a small Circle nearly of 18 [seconds] diameter.qThis Note to be sent by first Occasion to Mr Reid at Newmachar. [on 1v, address] To Revd Mr T. Reid at NewmacharGCorrespondence (Sender: John Stewart? See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 54) "Newmachar"q[Between 1748 and 1751: see the reference to Bradley's paper, published in the Philosophical Transaction in 1748]d5r: "F. a Schooten, De Cubicarum Equationum Resolutione". Francis a Schooten, or Frans van Schooten.wType: notes, mathematical problems and rules. According to P. Wood, this MS belongs to material for the prelections on mathematics, Aberdeen: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 74 and for reference to this MS, n. 248, p. 419. Place of origin and date: undetermined. 1r-3v: same hand and pen as 5/I/12 and 5/I/13. 5/I/12 is from 1763. Subjects: algebra, logarithms (cubic equations). 2131/5/I/101r-5rMAll Cubic Equations may be reduced to this form x[cube]+[or]-3aax=+[or]-2aab.All the writers on Trigonometry demonstrate a proposition which is is applicable to this case viz that the Sine of any Arch under 60 [degrees] & above 30 which arch we may call 60 [degrees] Added to the sine of the Arch A is equal to the sine of the Arch 60 [degrees]+ A.Of Cubic EquationsType: draft of the Essays on the Active Powers of Man, E III, Part II, Ch. IV, Hamilton ed., pp. 565b-566a, from "Even the external signs of it have a powerful charm", to the end of the chapter. Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). Benevolent affections.Even the external Signs of it [benevolent affection] have a Charm in them that is almost irresistible. Everyone knows that a Man of Accomplished {good} breeding charms everyone he converses with.But the Man in whom these more private Affections are swallowed up in the Love of his Country and of Mankind, we revere as something more than a Man, as a Hero, as a good Angel. [1780 or afterwards: see item 4]Type: n< ote on the "Ingredients of our Principles of Action". See Item 1. Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). [Type heading][All text transcribed] Ingredients of our Principles of Action Blind Impulse. As in Instincts & Habits Desire periodical in Appetites. Constant in Knoowledge Power Esteem Uneasiness {painfull Sensation} periodical in Appetites.2v: John Anderson.Type: message from John Anderson, Glasgow, 30 October 1780. Reference to this letter in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 144 (note 348, p. 436). Address on 1r: "To Dr. Reid". [Subject heading]2v (address on 1r)[All text of the message, on 2v, transcibed] Mr Anderson presents his Compliments to Dr Reid, and expects to have the pleasure of his Company to Dinner this day at three o'clock.&Correspondence (Sender: John Anderson)2v: "Monday Octr 30th 1780".Alexander Wilson.VType: message from Alexander Wilson. Address, on 1v: "To Dr. Reid". [Subject heading]2v (address on 1v)[All text transcribed] To Dr Reid Can you call at Dr Wilson's after ten o'clock that we may talk of the College's [illegible] before I set out for Edinb. which perhaps will be this Afternoon.Correspondence (Sender: Wilson)1r: Berkeley, Hume.Type: notes on philosophy. Most likely, parts of a draft of the Essays on the Intellectual Powers, or of the lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow. Subjects: philosophy (perception and conception). The difference between sensation and imagination; criticism of Berkeley's and Hume's explanation of imagination. [Type heading] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check correspondences with IP] 2131/3/III/22_We may observe that what Berkeley calls the Ideas of the minds own framing, are not Sensations.Every Man knows that he can relate the pain he has endured not onely without pain but even with pleasure, and that to suffer pain, & to think of it are things that differ totally in kind and not in degree onely.FindlayType: message from "Mr. Findlay". [Incomplete record: check to what work this MS refers, and the date] Address: "Revd Dr Reid Glasgow".[All text transcribed] Mr Findlay Compliments to Dr Reid as the Review for March just come to his hands contains an Account of the Letters between Dr. Price & Priestly he has sent him for his perusal 11 o'clock Friday this [?] Correspondence (Sender: Findlay)%Type: some additions. [Type heading]1v: Hartley. 2r: Locke, "Epicureans", Aristotle, Plato. 2v: Plato ("7 Book of his Republick"), Aristotle, "Pythagoreans & Platonists", "Peripateticks". 1r: Descartes (quotations from the Meditations).5Type: according to Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", Explanatory Notes, p. 251: "This manuscript appears to be a preliminary draft of sections of Essay II, ch. 3, 'Hypotheses concerning the nerves and brain', of Intellectual Powers". Written on the unused portions of printed letter from Matthew Baillie (see item 2). Subject: philosophy (materialism, perception and conception). Published transcription in P. Wood "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 154-160 (Explanatory Notes, p. 251; Textual Notes, pp. 262-264). [Incomplete record: check correspondences with IP] 2131/3/III/23 1v-2r-2v-1r[Incipit on 1v] The Modesty and Diffidence with which Dr Hartley offers his System to the World, by desiring the Reader to expect nothing more than Hints & Conjectures in difficult & obscure Matters andd a short detail[Explicit on 1r] Satis est quod possim unam rem absque altera clare et distincte intelligere, ut certus sim unam ab altera esse diversam, quia potest, saltem a Deo, seorsum poni.![After 18 April 1778: see item 2]Type: printed letter, from Matthew Baillie, announcing the death of his father. Address, on 1r: "To Revd Doctor Reid College". [Subject heading][All text transcribed] Sir, Dr. James Baillie, Professor of Divinity in this University, my Father, died this morning; and is to be buried in the Black Friars Church-yard here, upon Thursday, the 30th instant. I beg the favour of your company, at Twelve o'clock mid-day, to accompany the funeral, from the College, to the place of interment. I am, respectfully, Sir, < Your most obedient Humble servant, Matthew Baillie College, Glasgow 28th April, 1778(Correspondence (Sender: Matthew Baillie)"28th April, 1778".L1r: Aristotle, Gassendi, Locke, Democritus, Epicurus, "Peripateticks", Hume.Type: most likely, part of a preliminary draft of the Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. Subjects: philosophy (common sense, language, perception). The theory of ideas; whether the mind is active or passive in perception. History of philosophy: the theories of Locke, Gassendi, Aristotle, Democritus, and Epicurus on perception, sensible species, phantasmata, etc. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check correspondences with IP] 2131/3/III/24XAristotle taught that all the Objects of our Thought come originally by the five Senses.If seeing hearing desiring willing be Act <or> Operations of the Mind they cannot with propriety be called impressions: If they are impressions they cannot properly be called Operations. In the Structure of all Languages they are considered as Acts or operations of the Mind itself, & the names given to them imply this. To call them impressions therefore is transgression against the structure not of a particular Language onely but of all Languages. [1777 or afterwards: see item 2]SType: invitation to a meeting of the Glasgow Society of the Sons of Ministers of the Church of Scotland, 24 July 1792. See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 188: "In the spring of 1790 he helped to found the Glasgow Society of the Sons of Ministers of the Church of Scotland , which was designed to provide financial relief to sons of the clergy in need, and he served as the first President of the Society." See, ibid., note 490, p. 448: "A letter survives asking Reid to attend a forthcoming meeting of the Society; John M. Gail to Thomas Reid, 24 July 1792, Birkwood 2/III/10, 1v". [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/10 2r and 1vDr Reid (address on 2r][message on 1v] Sir Tou are requested to attend a Stated meeting of the Council of the Glasgow Society of the Sons of Ministers of the Church of Scotland neext Thursday at two o'clock in the Wynd Kirk Session House, I am Sir you ob Glasgow 24 July 1792 John M Gail Seiy}Correspondence (Sender: John M Gail Seiy on behalf of the Glasgow Society of the Sons of Ministers of the Church of Scotland)On 1v: "Glasgow 24 July 1792".Type: note on mathematics, most likely from Glasgow (see date on 1r between the end of this item and the following "Apr 10 1787"). Subjects: mathematics (solid geometry). [Type heading] 2v and 1rS[Incipit on 2v] Prop If a Sphere be divided into two Segments by a Circle greater or lesser; the diameter of the Circle seen from any point in the Surface of the same Segment will subtend the Same anngle; And seen from any point of the opposite segment will subtend an Angle which is the supplement of the former angle to two right angles.[Explicit on 1r] upon the right line given, let an [arch]del {Segment} of a Circle be described containing an angle equal to the given angle; Let this Segment revolve about the given line as an Axis & the Surface of the Solid described will be the Locus required in the first part of the problem. The Surface of a solid described by the remaining Segment will be the Locus of all the points required in the second part./[1787?: see beginning of item 3: "Apr 10 1787"]Type: notes on optics. Glasgow, 10 April 1787. Subjects: natural philosophy (optics). Aberration of the axis of a telescope, in water and air. Transcription in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 391-392. Diagram on 1v. On top of 1v, deleted heading: "Game of Chess". [Type heading]1r-1vProb To find the aberration of the Axis of a Water telescope from a fixed Star when the Earths Motion is at right Angles to the Axis of the Telescope.Let BG meet the line AC in D; then while the Telescope is carried from AB to DE the ray BD will move along its Axis and at DE will shew the radiant point at E where it really is QED."Apr 10 1787".Type: notes on mathematics. Subjects: mathematics (numerical series). Arithmetical series. Lower half of 2r, blank. [Type heading]In an a< rithmetical Series, whose first term is 0 {illegible} the Sum of Squares of all the terms, is equal to the Square of the highest Term multiplied into the Number of terms, together with the rectangle contained under the lowest term above 0 & the sum of all the terms Explication9The proposition therefore is [...] to n[square]-2n+1 x 3.Type: a table, in two columns of of difference between numbers, in two column. The text is upside down in relation to the text of the letter on 1r (see item 1), on 2r and 1v.2v-1r:Table of differences between 11 & 21 [etc.] 11 & 20 [etc.]1r: Simson ("Simpson"), Euclid. 1v: Euclid. 2r: Euclid ("Elements"). 2v: Simson ("Simpson"), Euclid ("Elements"), J. Black, Traill, Leechman, Leith, Adam Smith.Type: draft of a letter, Reid to ? c. 1762-1763. Subjects: mathematics (parallel lines). On this MS, see P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", in Reid Studies, 2 (1998), pp. 31-32. See also ibid., note 18, pp. 39-40: "One possible recipient of this letter was William Ogilvie, who studied under Reid at King's College and who graduated in 1759. Ogilvie is known to have attended lectures at Glasgow in the early 1760s. In the concluding paragraph of the letter Reid writes that 'I am very much pleased with Dr Black's Theory of Latent Heat. I hope you will bring with you a full Account of the Experiments that confirm it'. Reid later mentions in his correspondence that Ogilvie had attended Black's lectures; see Reid to David Skene, 20 December 1765, in Works, p. 42. The internal evidence for the dating of the letter is based on Reid's remark that 'I am just now teaching Euclids Elements', which is what he would have done in the 1762-3 session, and the fact that he was sending his greetings to the Glasgow Professor of Divinity, Robert Traill, who took up his chair in 1761". For reference to this MS, see P. Wood. Ph.D. thesis, note 98, p. 470. 2131/3/III/13,I am very glad to hear that Dr Simpson (whom I reverence as the father of [surviving]del the Mathematicians now alive) retains soo much vigor of body and Mind. I am just now teaching Euclid's Elements, and {I} think [...]del his corrections & remarks have added much to their perfection and accuracy.RI beg you will offer my best Compliments to Dr Simpson Dr Trail Mrs Trail Principal Leechman whom I had once the pleasure od seeing at [...]del Edinburgh and to Mr Leith. I expect from you & him all Dr Smiths theories. It has been said here of Dr Trail that he is become outragiously othodox but his friends believe thhis to be a calumny.OCorrespondence (Recipient: unidentified; according to P. Wood, William Ogilvie)[Winter of 1762-63: see P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", in Reid Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1 (Autumn 1998), note 18, pp. 39-40]1r: Simson, Euclid.Type: draft of a letter to Robert Simson, c. 1764. Subjects: mathematics (parallel lines). On this MS, see P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", in Reid Studies, 2 (1998), p. 32 (note 19, p. 40). 2131/3/III/14Dr Sr I have so long delayed answering yours of Aug 26, because I was ambitious of executing what you did me the honour to desire of me namely to send you my observations upon your Edition of the data of Euclid.nI despaired therefore of being able to demonstrate the properties of rights lines without assuming some axiom.)Correspondence (Recipient: Robert Simson)q[Early 1764: see P. Wood, "Reid, Parallel Lines, and the Geometry of Visibles", in Reid Studies, 2 (1998), p. 32]HType: list of the speakers in the House of Lords and and in the House of Commons, 1794. Two columns. "Speakers for the Lords Address 1794" [left column] "For the Amendment" [right column] "For the Commons Address [left column] "Commons Amendment" [right column]. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: what is this list about?][[left column] Speakers for the Lords Address 1794 Lord Stair Lord Auckland Duke of Portland4[left column] Mr Windham Mr Dundas Mr Pitt whole 277"1794".Type: draft of letter to an unidentified correspondent. Subjects: natural philoso< phy (astronomy). Calculation of the figure of the earth. Diagram of bottom of the page. 2131/3/III/15D S Since I had the pleasure of Seeing you last I finished the Calculation of the Problem with respect to the Earths Figure and found its Semi Axis to be 3255854 and its Equatorial Semidiameter 3278858 toises that I might be satisfied of the truth of these Numbers, I assumed them as Data and from them calculated the Radii of the Curvatures in the two Latitudes of 46 [degrees] 44 [minutes] & 66 [degrees] 30 [minutes] by a different method fro that used in the Solution of the Problem, & thse Radii differed not from those found in the Solution of the Problem above an unit in the 6th figure which Difference might arise from the fractions neglected in the Operation. LG: GO. QED(Correspondence (Recipient: unidentified)[According to Wood, 1730s]Robert Baillie.Type: reading note, most likely from the "Letters and journals, written by the deceased Mr Robert Baillie, Principal of the University of Glasgow". The AUL catalogue refers to an edition of 1775 in 2 vols. Reid must have consulted a previous edition, or the original documents. He mentiones letters from 1643-1644 on 1r, and from 1648-1662 on 1v-2r. 2 parts. 1) On 1r. Incipit, see above. End: Mr Bailie testifies his certain knowledge of Mr Henderson having continued to the last in the principles which he always professed, and avers that he could confute the calumny of his having altered his Sentiments from his declarations in his own writings". 2) On 1v-2r. Heading: "Second Vol of Mr Bailies Letters". Beginning: "This begins March 8 1648 and ends May 12 1662. We have a first Vindication of the Scotish Clergy for the opposition they made to the raising and Marching of that Army into England which got the Name of the Unlawfull Engagement". End: see Explicit, above. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/18Several letters to Ministers to satisfy their Scruples against subscribing the Covenant. A Conference with Some of his Hearers to satisfy them of the Lawfullness of Singing the conclusion in the publick Worship i.e. Gloria Patri.Conclusion of a Zealous letter to lauderdale 1661 If our Kirk were out of Danger, and our College out of Debt, I would give little for the kindness of all Courtiers in Christendom.1r, left margin: "Aug 1767".7Read a MSS of Mr Rob Bailie containing letters & papers2v: "Nautical Almanack & Astronomical Ephemeris for the Year 1767 publ. by Order of the Comoss [?] to be continued yearly", Masklelyne, Halley, "Worgenlin" [?], "M. de la Lande".LType: reading notes from the "Nautical Almanack & Astronomical Ephemeris for the Year 1767 publ. by Order of the Comoss [?] to be continued yearly". Compare with 3/I/06. Subjects: practical mathematics (navigation/mapping) and natural philosophy (astronomy). From 3v onwards, "Method for finding the Longitude of Ship by the Moon".2v-4vThe Ephemeris is Calculated from Mayers last Manuscript Tables of the Sund and Moon, received by the board of Longitude after his Decease, which have been printed under Masklelynes Direction and will sooon be published.10 Whether the points that direct the plummet be exactly parallel to the perpendicular line of the Qaudrant 11 Whther the plummet be truly in this line.[1767 or afterwards]wR. Nautical Almanack & Astronomical Ephemeris for the Year 1767 publ. by Order of the Comoss [?] to be continued yearly.1r: Halley, Flamsteed. 2r: Halley. 2v: Halley.Type: reading notes from Edmund Halley's astronomical tables. Subjects: natural philosophy (astronomy). [Check bibliography] [Check Latin] 2131/3/I/21Tabulae hae Ao 1717 Typographo ab Authore traditae Ao 1719. Types impressae. Auctor vero Ao 1720 Flamstedii Successor constitutus earum editionem distulit ut numerorum Lunarium errores ex propriis observationibus detegeret, et eorum Abacum simul cum tabulis in lucem daret.Latus rectum Ellipsis est ad Latus rectum Parabolae eandem Periheliam distantiam habentis, ut distantia Aphelia in Ellepsi ad axem totum Ellipseas. Velocitates autem Sunt in dimidiate ratione Laterum<  rectorum.1r, top left corner: "1761"zEdmundi Halli Astronomi dum viveret Regii Tabulae Astronomiae, accedunt de Usu Tabularum praecepta. Lond. ap G. Iunys 174991r: Hume ("Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals").HType: reading notes from D. Hume's "Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals" (London 1751). Subjects: principles of actions. On 1r, notes from sections 1-3 of the Hume's Enquiry. On 1v, notes from section 3. On 2r, notes from section 3-4. On 2v, notes from sections 5-7. Lower hald of the page, blank. On 3r, "Observations". 2131/3/I/23bSect 1 Those who refuse the Reality of Moral Distinctions may be reckoned Disingenuous Disputants.While the Regions of the Human Mind are so ill defined and so indistinctly terminate I conceive Questions of this kind can hardly be determined to general Satisfaction. But if on the other hand without medling with this Question we should Examine accurately the real Qualities of our Moral Perception & endeavour by Seaprating them from which Education Example or other Accidents have Associated with [text interrupted]See title: "May 1752".UMay 1752 Read an Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals by D. Hume Esq Lond 1751UHenry Home, Lord Kames ("Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion").Type: reading note from Henry Home, Lord Kames' "Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion" (Edinburgh 1751). Subjects: principles of action. Notes on essay 1 and 2 of Kames' work.Essay 1 Of our attachment to Objects in Distress Here the Author observes that our passions ans feelings may be distinguished into pleasant & Painfull.Our Conscience or Moral Sense is not a Principle of Action but onely a Guide & Leader of our Actions. Nothing can be a duty but what we are drawn to by ssome Natural Principle.]May 1752 Read Essays on the Principles of Morality & Natural Religion in two Parts Edinb 1751Priestley ("Experiments & Observations on different kinds of Air 1774"), "van Helmont", Boyle, "Dr Hales", Black, "Sir John Pringle", "Dr McBride", "Dr Brownrigg" [or Brownregg?], "Mr Cavendish", "Mr Lane".Type: reading note from Joseph Priestley's "Experiments & Observations on different kinds of Air" (1774). Subjects: natural philosophy (chemistry). History of the discoveries concerning fixed air and inflammable air. [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/24What I call an Ounce Measure of Air, is the Space occupied by an Ounce weight of Water which is equal to 480 grains & therefore is almost two cubic inches; for a cubic inch weighs 254 grains.Mr Lane discovered that Water impregnated with fixed Air will dissolve a Considerable Quantity of Iron & thereby become a Strong [last word illegible]R1r, left margin: "[illegible]ber 1781" [According to AUL Catalogue September 1781]IFrom Priestlies Experiments & Observations on different kinds of Air 17741r: J. Priestley ("Institutes of Natural & Revealed Religion. Vol 1 containing the Elements of Natural Religion by Joseph Priestly LLD. F.R.S. J. Johnson. 1772").bType: reading note from the"Institutes of Natural & Revealed Religion. Vol 1 containing the Elements of Natural Religion by Joseph Priestly LLD. F.R.S. J. Johnson. 1772". Subjects; philosophy (materialism, natural and revealed religion). Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 127-128. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/25zIn ch 1 it is mentioned as a probable opinion that as all finite things require a Cause, infinites admit of none {page 8}.Common Sense can onely be compared to a Judge; but what can a judge do without Evidence and proper Materials from which to form a Judgment.See title: "18 June 1774".18 June 1774 Read Institutes of Natural & Revealed Religion. Vol 1 containing the Elements of Natural Religion by Joseph Priestly LLD. F.R.S. J. Johnson. 17721r: Hartley, Gay, Law, King ("[...] a Dissertation of the Revd Mr Gray prefaced to Laws translation of A Bishop Kings Origin of Evil [...]). 2v: Bishop Wilkins 3r: Locke, Berkeley.3Type: reading notes from "Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, & his Expectat< ions in two Parts by David Hartley A. M. 2 Vol 80 1749". Subjects: philosophy (materialism, and perception). Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 128-132. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading]1v-3rThe Author employed on this Subject 18 years, led by a Dissertation of the Revd Mr Gay prefaced to Laws translation of A Bishop Kings Origin of Evil in which is maintened the possibility of deducing all our intellectual Pains & pleasures from association.`Our Passions or Affections can be no more than aggregates of simple Ideas united by Association.See title: "19 June 1774".19 June 1774 Read Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, & his Expectations in two Parts by David Hartley A. M. 2 Vol 80 1749q1r: Adam Smith ("The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith Pr of Moral Phil. Lond 1759 Millar 551 pages 8o").9Type: reading notes from A. Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" (London 1759). Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). Smith's theory of sympathy and of morals. See also other papers on Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments": 2/II/6 (with the additions enclosed in 3/I/28), 3/I/26, 3/I/29. [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/27[Part 1st of the Propriety of Action]del Compassion common to all Men. We place ourselves in the Situation of the Sufferer, thence form some Idea of his Sensation, & even feel some thing which though weaker in degree is not altogether unlike them.L[To be the cause of happiness even by accident seems to excite gratitude and to give merit as on the other hand to be the cause of misery or loss even without a fault is apt to raise some resentment, and if there is any fault however small it is greatly aggravated in our sentiment by the unhappy consequences that have followed itTop right corner: "1759".]The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith Pr of Moral Phil. Lond 1759 Millar 551 pages 8o1r: Adam Smith ("Remarks on Smith's Theory [...]"). 1v: Cicero ("his Second Book de Finibus"), Lord Shaftesbury, Bishop Butler, Hume. 2r: HumeType: reading notes and comments on Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" (London 1759). Additions to 2/II/6. Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). Criticism of A. Smith's theory of sympathy. Published transcription of this MS, along with 2/II/6 in Ch. Stewart-Robertson and D. F. Norton (eds.) "Thomas Reid on Adam Smith's Theory of Morals", Journal of the History of Ideas, 45 (1984), pp. 309-321. [Subject heading] 2131/3/I/28"That what has been said with regard to Dr Smiths Account of Sympathy may be the better understood I shall add some observations which I conceive may lead us to a right Understanding of this part of the human Constitution, and enable us to judge of Hypotheses that brought to account for it.That a thing cannot exist and not exist at the same time. That no conclusion can be drawn from two negative Propositions, these are abstract and necessary truths equally true in all times and places.9A 4 [on the left margin] Remarks on Smith's Theory page 41r: Daniel George Morhof ("Polyhistor Literarius, Philosophicus et Practicus"), Johann Frick, Johann Moller, Johann Albert Fabricius. Various authors and works mentioned.Type: reading notes on Daniel Morhof's "Polyhistor Literarius Philosophicus et Practicus" (4th edition, Lubecae 1747), a general bibliography. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 2131/3/II/01FA modest & sensible Preface by the Author. He had given lectures on this Subject to the Students under his care who had taken imperfect copies of them, & to prevent a spurious publication he was obliged to publish in a great hurry and the midst of avocations & bad health And intended it chiefly for the use of young Students.6 L. Annaeus Florus 7 Silvas [?] Italicus 8 Valerius Flaccus 9 Papirius Statius 10 Dec. Junius Juvenalis 11 Valer Martialis 12 Sulpitia Poetria [?] 13 C Suetonius Tranquillus Cap 14 Authores Ferrae Aetatis1r, top left corner: "1786".~1786 Danielis Georgii Morhofii Polyhistor, Literarius, Philosophicus & Practicus, cum Accessionibus Vir. Clariss. Joan Frickii & Joa Molleri Flenburgensis Edi< tio 4ta cui Prefationem, Notitiamque Diariorum Literariorum Europae praemisit Io Albertus Fabricius nunc auctam & continuatam ad An 1747 Lubecae Sumpt Petri Boecmanni 1747. Tom 1 1072 pag 2 704 cum Indicibus Autorum & Rerum1r: Moses Mendelssohn ("Phedon, ou entretiens sur la Spiritualite et l'Immortalite de l'Ame par {M} Moses Mendelssohn Juif a Berlin. Traduit de l'Allemand par M Junker de l'Academie de belles-Lettres a Gottingen. Nouv Edition Amsterdam 1773 8o pp. 207"), Lavater, Bonnet ("Examen des preuves sur lesquelles le Christianisme est fonde"), Plato ("Phaedo"), Plotinus, Descartes, Leibniz, Wolf, Baumgarten, Reimarus, Cooper ("to the Dialogues is prefixed a Life of Socrates based on Cooper's Life of Socrates Lond 1750"), Plotinus, Dr. Clarke.TType: reading notes on "Phedon, ou entretiens sur la Spiritualite et l'Immortalite de l'Ame par {M} Moses Mendelssohn Juif a Berlin. Traduit de l'Allemand par M Junker de l'Academie de belles-Lettres a Gottingen. Nouv Edition Amsterdam 1773 8o pp. 207". Subjects: philosophy. Immortality of the soul. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] 2131/3/II/02In an advertisement of the Translator, the Author of these Dialogues is said to be justly regarded as one of the most celebrated Authors who at this day do honour to Germany.In a Supplement to the three Dialogues the Author recapitulates the principles on which his Reasoning is built, and answers some objections that had been made to it."1r, top left corner: "March 1790".March 1790 [on top left corner] Read Phedon, ou entretiens sur la Spiritualite et l'Immortalite de l'Ame par {M} Moses Mendelssohn Juif a Berlin. Traduit de l'Allemand par M Junker de l'Academie de belles-Lettres a Gottingen. Nouv Edition Amsterdam 1773 8o pp. 207Various comments on D. Stewart, "Elements of The Philosophy of Human Mind". 1r (p. 1): Bacon, Leibniz, Newton, Locke. 1v (p. 2): Bacon, Newton, Locke, Socrates. 5r (p. 9): Locke.1v (p. 2): "In a Discourse upon the Will, which I read in our Society 1777 & which makes a part of my Essays upon the Active Powers, I take notice of some Operations of the Mind [...]"Type: draft of a letter to Dugald Stewart, including a review of his "Elements of the Philosophy of Human Mind" (London 1792). Subjects: philosophy. Comments and criticisms of Stewart's "Elements", concerning various topics in pneumatology (attention, sensation and perception, conception and imagination, memory, and belief). Headings: On 1r (p. 1): "First Discourse". On 1v (p. 2): "Discourse 2 Attention". On 3v (p. 6): "Of Conception". 2131/3/II/031r-6v, or pp. 1-12The onely thing in the Style I stick at is a phrase in the Essay on Imagination as connected with the Fine Arts page 6 from the End extremely possible ["extremely possible" underlined]. Possibility I think has no degrees & therefore no extremes.vAs I set my self to find faults and to make objections you will make allowance for this, & take it for granted that what I do not censure I cordially approve; and where I do censure I speak out all my Mind without disguise or flattery this I think friendship requires. If after all we should differ in Opinion I hope we know how to do it as becomes Philosophers and Friends.*Correspondence (Recipient: Dugald Stewart)[1792 or afterwards]BStewart ("Elements of the Philosophy of Human Mind" (London 1792). Type: brief notes on Stewart's "Elements of the Philosophy of Human Mind" (London 1792), and remarks to be included in a letter. Subjects: philosophy. Various topics in pneumatology (attention, sensation and perception, conception and imagination, memory, and belief).9roTrains of thinking and Volition in the Mind so quick that we have not the least remebrance of them next Moment.You speak often of habits of Association,as in the Punster, the Rhymer, the Wit, the Poet in this I agree with you, & understand you to mean Associations acquired by Habit&Correspondence (Recipient: D. Stewart)1r: Epictetus.|Type: reading notes on Epictetus' "Enchiridion". Subjects: philosophy (morals, principles of action). History of philosophy. 2131/3/II/04C< hap 1 &c to 7. Your Actions Desires & Aversions Your Opinions and Aversions are the onely things in your Power. But your bodies Estate Reputations preferements & all other things are not in your power.Z37 Your Father perhaps is Rigorous or Unnatural. It may be so but he his [sic] still your Father. Your Brother hath done you an injury. But he is still your Brother. And you ought to do what becomes you in that relation. Not to imitate what Misbecame him. Besides you are not a whit the worse for what he does to you unless you think yourself so.;[New Machar: see item 2, on 2r, with the date "Septr 1750"]I[September 1750 or before: see item 2, on 2r, with the date "Septr 1750"]Abstract of Epictetus Morals-Xenophontes ("Memorabilium Lib 5"), Socrates.Type: reading notes from Xenophontes' Memorabilia. Subjects: history of philosophy. Socrates (whether he believed in Athenian Gods; his use of divination limited to events not amenable to reason).aSocrates was accused of esteeming them no Gods whom the city worshipped and introducing New Gods.So far as reason can direct us he reckoned it wrong to seek any other Guide but in things whose event is uncertain he desired his Friends to consult the Oracles.See title: "Septr 1750"..Septr 1750 Read Xenophontes Memorabilium Lib 5E. de Vattel ("The Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the Conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns by M. de Vattel Translated from the French Lond 1760 Newberg &c 2 Vol. 4o 1 Vol 254 pages 2d 170")3Type: reading notes from E. de Vattel's "The Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the Conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns" (translation in 2 vols., London 1760). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 269-70. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record]Septr 1766 Read The Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the Conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns by M. de Vattel Translated from the French Lond 1760 Newberg &c 2 Vol. 4o 1 Vol 254 pages 2d 1703Type: reading notes from E. de Vattel's "The Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the Conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns" (translation in 2 vols., London 1760). Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 272-76. [Check bibliography] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record]R[September 1766 or after: see item 2]. On bottom of 2v, left margin: "3 May 1770".5Additions to the Extracts from Vattels Law of NationsJ1r: Jonathan Edwards ("A carefull & strict Enquiry into the Modern prevailing Notions of that Freedom of Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, Virtue & Vice, Reward & punishment, Praise & Blame by Jonathan Edwards. A. M. Pastor of the Church in Stockbridge Boston N. E. 1754") 1v: Edwards, Locke, Hobbes, Lebniz.hType: reading note on "A carefull & strict Enquiry into the Modern prevailing Notions of that Freedom of Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, Virtue & Vice, Reward & punishment, Praise & Blame by Jonathan Edwards. A. M. Pastor of the Church in Stockbridge Boston N. E. 1754". Subjects: philosophy (active power/causation, principles of action). On 1r, notes on Preface, Part 1 (Section 1-5), and Part 2 (Section 1). On 1v, notes on Part 2 (Section 1-5). On 2r, notes on Part 2 (Section 6-12), and Part 3 (Section 1-7). On 2v, notes on Part 3 (section 7), and Part 4 (Section 1-6), plus "Addenda". 2131/3/II/06 In the preface the Author treats with good Sense & Moderation this Question, How far Christians that differ in Opinion ought to give to each other the Appellations of Arminian Calvinist Socinian & the like; and makes an Apology for his giving the Appellation of Arminians to those whom he opposes in this Book, although he acknowledges that a Man who holds the Doctrine which he opposes may not be an Arminian although in that Doctrine he agrees with Arminians, and departs from the current & general Opinion of Calvinists.nAddenda The Will is that by which the Mind chuses any thing. It can never be contrary to desire. Nor can it be distin< guished from the Act of the Understanding judging an Action to be foor the present best for us. We allways follow the greatest apparent good. Nothing can determined the Will but a Motive, & a Motive must be something that is apprehended by the Mind.[1754 or afterwards]Read. A carefull & strict Enquiry into the Modern prevailing Notions of that Freedom of Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, Virtue & Vice, Reward & punishment, Praise & Blame by Jonathan Edwards. A. M. Pastor of the Church in Stockbridge Boston N. E. 1754X1r: Leibniz, Clarke, Newton. 2r: Leibniz ("Acta Eruditorum ad An 1686"), Clarke, Newton.'Type: reading notes on "A Collection of Papers, which passed between the late Learned Mr Leibnitz and Dr Clarke, in the Years 1715 and 1716 Relating to the Principles of Natural Philosophy and Religion, etc." (see volume IV of "The Works of Samuel Clarke, D.D. late Rector of St. James's" (London 1738), p. 575sqq.). Subjects: natural philosophy (Newton, vis viva), philosophy (freedom of the will, active power/causation, and materialism). On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 44 (note 31, pp. 407-408): "Eight pages of notes taken from this correspondence in Reid's early hand survive, covering such issues as Newton's concept of space, whether God acts in nature according to natural laws or supernaturally, and, significantly, Leibniz's doctrine of the conservation of force". [Check bibliography] 2131/3/II/07zLeib I. 3 [on the left margin] Sir Isaac Newton says that Space is an organ, which God makes use of to perceive things by.That things could not be at first produced by Mechanism is expressly allowed: And when this is once granted, why, after that, so great Concern should be shown, to exclude God's actual Government of the World, & to allow his Providence to act no further, than barely in concurring (as the Phrase is) to let all things do onely what they would do of themselves by mere Mechanism; and why it should be thought that God is under any obligation or confinement either in Nature orr Wisdom, never to bring about any thing in the Universe, but what is possible for a corporeal Machine to accomplish by Mere Mechanical Laws, after it is once set agoing; I can no way conceive.[1738?]hSome Passages Extracted from the Papers that passed between Leibnitz & Dr Clark in the years 1715 & 1716 Aristotle.(Philosophy) History of LogicType: notes on Aristotle's Categories. Subjects: philosophy (logic, history of logic). P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 9, pp. 461-462. 2131/3/II/09^1 The same name may be [applied]del predicate of different things Equivocally or Analogically.|Habit as a Category is what any thing may be said to have as to be clothed to be armed. Time and Place need no illustration.[Before 1759: see item 3]From Aristotles CategoriesType: brief note between the set of notes on Aristotle's Categories (see item 1), and the excerpt from the Graduation Oration of 1759 (see item 3). Most likely, it is a quotation. [Subject heading] [Type heading]r[All text transcribed] Ref. A Philosopher should Understand Metaphisicks for the same Reason that a Merchant ought to understand the tricks of false Dealers and the Ways of Sophisticating Commodities that he may not be imposed upon by them. It is necessary for the same reason that Lawier should understand the Arts of Pettyfoggers lest he be drawn into a snare by them.[Before 1759: see items 3]E1r: Descartes, Malebranche, Norris, Aristotle, "Schoolmen", Berkeley.Type: short reading note of Arthur Collier, "Clavis Universalis" (London 1713). Subjects: philosophy, history of philosophy [Subject heading] 2131/3/II/10The Author quotes Des Cartes Malebranche & Mr Norris often. Aristotle & the Schoolmen not unfrequently. But it does not appear from his Book that he ever heard of Locke or Berkeley.As God himself hath used this Style in the H. Scriptures he hath sanctified it, and to the pure of all things all things are pure. He conceives however his opinion to be of great Use especially in Religion.See title: "Feb 1771".Feb 21 1771 Read Clavis Un< iversalis: Or, a New Inquiry after Truth, Being a Demonstration of the Non Existence or Impossibility of an External World. By Arth. Collier, Rector of Langford Magna, near Sarum London printed by Robert Gosling 1713.A. de Haen ("Ratio medendi in Nosocomio practico Vindobonensi Lugd Bat 1761"), "Lucae Mislaei", Tournefort ("Inst Tab 370"), Linnaeus ("Linn Spec Plant Tab 1 395 No 4"), "Jo Baichin [or Bauhin?] Hist Plant universalis T. 1 Lib 5 cap 8 p. 523", Galen ("Galeni descriptio").Type: reading notes from A. de Haen "Ratio medendi in nosocomio practico Vindobonensi" (Lugduni Batavorum, 1761). Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history, in particular botany and medicine). [Check bibliography] 2131/3/II/11 Uva Ursina affirmare oportet optimum remedium esse in renum [or venum?], vesciquae morbis, dum calculus aut adesse noscitur aut sin saltem suspicionem facit. Nonnullus mitigat tormenta morbi, allis omnia symptomata aufert [?] Lucae [?] Mislaei [?] Uva Ursina descriptioUvae Ursi bacae non nisi quinque habent semina vaccinium sive vitis idea saepe viginte. Ita distinguendae sunt hae plantes aliquim valde similes.[1761 or afterwards]Antony de Haen Ratio medendi in Nosocomio practico Vindobonensi Lugd Bat 1761 Cap 21. De mira variorum Medicamentorum efficacia.Rene' Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur ("Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire des Insects. Par M. de Reaumur de l'Acad. R. des Sciences Tom 1re sur les Chenilles & sur les Papillons Par. 1734 4to").Type: reading notes on Rene's Antoine de Reaumur, "Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire des Insects" (Paris, 1734). Most likely, material to be used in the courses on natural history in Aberdeen. Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). For reference to this MS see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 70 (note 129, p. 417), and "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 3 (note 6, p. 57). Headings: On 5r: " Reaumur Mem pour l'Histoire des Insects". "Mem 3 continued". "Mem 4". On 5v: "Mem 5". 2131/3/II/12We have not yet sufficient Materials for a Just History of Insects. Their Number is prodigious. There are about twelve or thirteen thousand plants known by expert Botanists. Yet there is not perhaps one of these that has not some Insect peculiar to it.The two side canals serve for breathing the middle one for sucking floowers. And the animal through this middle canal spews out a fine watery fluid which serve to dilute or dissolve what it afterwards sucks up by it.W[According to P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", note 6, p. 57: "dated 1753"] [Check]Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire des Insects. Par M. de Reaumur de l'Acad. R. des Sciences Tom 1re sur les Chenilles & sur les Papillons Par. 1734 4to1r: Buffon, Daubenton ("Histoire Naturelle Generale & Particuliere avec la Description Du Cabinet du Roi Tom 1. 2d Edition a Paris 1750 par M. Buffon Intendant de Jardin Royale de plantes & M Daubenton. Garde & Demonstrateur de Cabinet d'Histoire Naturelle"), Aristotle, Linnaeus, Cotes. 2r: W. Whiston, T. Burnet, J. Woodward, L. Bourguet ("A Memoir of M Bourguet printed Amsterdam 1729 with his Philosophical Letters"), Leibniz ("Protogea Act Leips 1683"), J. Scheutzer ("Memoir Acc Reg 1708"), Stenon ("Dissert de Solido intra Solidum"), J. Ray, R. A. de Reaumur ("A Memoir of Reaumur presented to the Accad Royal 1720"). 2v: Buffon, W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, A. Vallisneri, R. de Graaf, A. van Leeuwenhoeck.|Type: reading notes on volumes 1 and 2 of Buffon's "Histoire Naturelle Generale & Particuliere" (Paris 1750). Most likely, material used in the courses on natural history in Aberdeen. Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 83-87 (Eplanatory Notes on pp. 245-47). On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 288 (note 6, p. 476), and "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 6. Headings: 1r, see Incipit: "1 Discourse of the Manner of Studying Natural Historie pages 62". 1v: "Discourse 2d The Theorie of the Earth to pag 168". 2v: "Vol 2 Of the Generation of Animals". 2131/3/II/141 Discourse of the Manner of Studying Natural Historie pa< ges 62. Buffon. In this Discourse he disparages our Modern Systems much as being almost wholly employed in Classing Dividing & Subdividing Natural Bodies; and neglecting the full & distinct Narration of Facts which he represents as the onely valuable part of Natural Historie in this the Ancient particularly Aristotle have vastly excelled the Moderns.Chap 5 The Systems concerning Generation Explained The Chief of the Modern ones are that of the Ova advanced by Harvey Supported by Malpighi Valisniere DeGraaf &c & that of the Animalcula in Semina Masculene by Lewenhock.[1750s]Histoire Naturelle Generale & Particuliere avec la Description Du Cabinet du Roi Tom 1. 2d Edition a Paris 1750 par M. Buffon Intendant de Jardin Royale de plantes & M Daubenton. Garde & Demonstrateur de Cabinet d'Histoire NaturelledJoseph Pitton de Tournefort ("Botanical Institutions translated with large Additions &c Lond 1719").kType: reading notes from J. P. de Tournefort's "Botanical Institutions" (translation, London 1719). Most likely, material to be used in the courses on natural history in Aberdeen. Subjects: natural philosophy (natural history). For reference to this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 70 (note 129, p. 417), and "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 2-3 (note 6, p. 57). 2131/3/II/15Plants are best Classed by {the form} [of][missing] their Flowers each Class subdivided by the form of the Seed Vessel into Genera & each Genus according to the Colour of the flower the Colour & shape & size of the Root leaves & Stem subdivided into its Species,Sect 4 Pointal changes into one Single Seed.[Abstract of Tourneforts Botanical Institutions translated with large Additions &c Lond 1719$1r (p. 1): Kames. 3r (p. 5): Hobbes.9Type: draft of a letter to Henry Home, Lord Kames, from 1772. Subjects: philosophy (freedom of the will, active power/causation, principles of action). Published transcription in Reid, Works, Hamilton ed., Vol. I, pp. 50-52 (Letter I, "On the doctrine of necessity in relation to morals", dated 3 December 1772). 2131/3/III/041r-3r (pp. 1-5)My Lord I am very glad to understand by yours of the 9th that you got safe home in such dreadfull rainy weather. I got to Mr Clows in a very short time & continued there till his family came to Glasgow.[End of passage marked "A", on 3r (p. 5) at the end of the MS, to be inserted on 2r (p. 3)] And the onely way to reconcile the seeming Contradiction is in my Apprrehension this that in the last Case I took it for granted that the Action was not irresistible because the Common Sense of Mankind dictates that no Action is irresistible which is done Voluntarily & with Intention by a Man who is compos Mentis [?][In Reid, Works, Hamilton ed., Vol. I, pp. 50-52: "3d Dec 1772"; according to handwritten corrections in AUL Catalogue: "Written between 10 Nov/3 Dec 1772"]1r: Price, Anderson, Hume, Descartes, Priestley. 2r: Priestley "his late Examination", "Lon Chronicle Nover 3 1774". 2v: Priestley, Hartley.1Type: original draft of a letter to Richard Price. Subjects: he introduces his colleague Mr. Anderson to R. Price. He then explains why conception is not a test of possibility. He finally comments on Priestley's "Examination". See on 1r, left margin, the annotation: "Copy to Dr Price / Conception not the Test of Possibility / Reasons for not answering Dr Priestley". Published transcription in "Price Correspondence", Peach and Thomas eds., Vol. I, pp. 195-98 (the letter, in the Bodleian Library, is dated 10 April 1775; see "Price Correspondence, pp. 192-195). For references to this letter, see P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 35, (referred to in the published version, notes 130-131, p. 69), and p. 38 (note 138 p. 70), and Ph.D thesis, p 144 (note 348, p. 436). [Subject heading] [Check bibliography] 2131/3/III/05Dear Sir I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance my good Friend and Colleague Mr Anderson Professor of Natural Philosophy here, whom you will find an ingenious Man in his Profession and of much publick Spirit.[...] I should differ from him almost in everything except in the<  Esteem he Expresses for the Author of the Review; from whom & from Dr Hartley his Paragon had been much his advantage if he had taken a lesson of Meekness good Manners and Candour.e[The letter, in the Bodleian Library, is dated 10 April 1775: see "Price Correspondence", I, pp. 192]Type: draft of a letter to one of the managers of "Dr Williams Benefaction", recommending John Holden, a student at Glasgow College, and son of the deceased John Holden, teacher of music and mathematics in Glasgow. [Subject heading]Dr Sir I give you this trouble to Sollicit your Favour as one of the Managers of Dr Williams Benefaction to this College, in [favour]del behalf of a Young Man who I hope will [make a proper etc.]del be found {not} undeserving of it.The father died two years ago and left his family in straitned Circumstances the Son entered to the College the beginning of this Session and is a boy of very goood hopes.ICorrespondence (Recipient: "one the Managers of Dr Williams Benefaction")Type: draft of a letter to an unidentified correspondent in London. He mentions his visit to London of "a year and half ago", and introduces Mr David Fordyce, who is to spend some time there. He mentions a conversation on the "frame of human nature and the Origin of its Passion and Affections", and adds some reflections on the topic. Subjects: philosophy (principles of action). On this letter, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 51-52 (notes 62-63, p. 411). 2131/3/III/07D. Sr 'Tis with great Pleasure we reflect upon the aggreable hours we past in your Company at London and at Chelsea about a year and a half ago.We incline to think that Nature has in laid the Seeds of them in our Minds and but that the growth or improvement depends almost entirely upon practice and [interruption],[1737: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 51-52]Type: draft of a letter to a Roman Catholic ("Among the other Wonders of our Day, let the pure Wine of Rome & Geneva mix, leaving the Dregs behind!"), 1791. He mentions plans for a meeting in celebration of the anniversary of the French Revolution. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 83-84. On this MS, see also P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 181-182 (notes 462 and 464, p. 445). [Subject heading] 2131/3/III/08Dear Sir I have been in your Debt as a correspondent since Christmas. You then rejoiced in the Return of that Anniversary, & in the great Events which had happened in our Neighbouring Kingdom both Civil & Ecclesiastical.But I have within this four and twenty hours received an Anonymous letter in a feigned hand professing friendship, and great Surprize that my name should appear at the bottom of an Advertisment calling together a sect of political Madmen and Blackguards; and acquainting me that {the time is fast approaching when} I and some of my brethren will repent the steps we have taken. Whether do you think more odd tha an old deaf Dolard should be announced as a Stewart of such a Meeting, or that it should give any Man such offence@Correspondence (Recipient: according to Wood, a Catholic Bishop)[According to Wood, written before 14 July 1791: there are references to King Louis XVI elopment, and plans for a meeting to celebrate the anniversary of the Revolution on 14 July 1789]1r: W. West, J. Row (Mathematics. With eleven Copperplates. By the late Revd Mr Will West of Exteter. Revised by John Row 3d in boards Richardson.), Wrigth, Mercator, Bouguer, Condamine. 2v: West, Mercator.Type: readong notes on "Mathematics. With eleven Copperplates. By the late Revd Mr Will West of Exteter. Revised by John Row 3d in boards Richardson". Subjects: practical mathematics (navigation/mapping). End of 1r: "These we may call the first & last Longitude, & the first & last latitude. These four, together with the length bearing of the Hypotenuse make six things, which are all the Data and Quaesita in the resolution of the Nautical Triangle. And in all Nautical Problems three of these must be given, and from these, any of the other three may be found, & by this every nautical Problem may be solved." [Subject heading] [Check bibliog< raphy]Q. In what respect does the Nautical Charts of West differ from that of Wright & Mercator? Has the first ever been used in Navigation or had tables adapted to it? Aug 14 In Wests projection, the Rhumb is not, as he attempts to porve a right line, & therefore probably his projection has not been muded [?]. Quaere How may it be proved that In Mercators Projection the Rhumb lines are straight Lines, & that in Wests they are not.[1792? See date of item 3]}Mathematics. With eleven Copperplates. By the late Revd Mr Will West of Exteter. Revised by John Row 3d in boards Richardson.Various authors mentioned: "Vol 1 M. Pico Jan 1761. The genuine Letters of Baron Fabricius Becket &c [?] 2 The Life of John Carterel Pilkington [?] written by himself 2 Vol. Griffith --Story of Patrick the Projector --Story of the Earl of Ross Dean Madden [?] & earl of K--e [?] 3 Modern Universal Hist. Tradition among Blacks 4 Select Fables of Esop & other Fabulists 8o 8s Dodsley 5 Keates Account of Geneva 12o 3s Dodsley --When a Man has outlived his Follies, he cannot procuree them Christian Burial 6 Giorgio Antoniello [or Antonietto?] , L'Arte Armonica Translated 2 vol. Fol Johnson Vol 2 Haylyn's Theological Lectures, & Interpretation of the N.T. 4o 2 Vol Jonson --No appetite so strong as that which was never satisfied 7 Hunters Medical Commentaries 4o 45"<Type: list of books. [Subject heading] [Check bibliography][All text] Vol 1 M. Pico Jan 1761. The genuine Letters of Baron Fabricius Becket &c [?] 2 The Life of John Carterel Pilkington [?] written by himself 2 Vol. Griffith --Story of Patrick the Projector --Story of the Earl of Ross Dean Madden [?] & earl of K--e [?] 3 Modern Universal Hist. Tradition among Blacks 4 Select Fables of Esop & other Fabulists 8o 8s Dodsley 5 Keates Account of Geneva 12o 3s Dodsley --When a Man has outlived his Follies, he cannot procuree them Christian Burial 6 Giorgio Antoniello [or Antonietto?], L'Arte Armonica Translated 2 vol. Fol Johnson Vol 2 Haylyn's Theological Lectures, & Interpretation of the N.T. 4o 2 Vol Jonson --No appetite so strong as that which was never satisfied 7 Hunters Medical Commentaries 4o 45Type: letter from Archibald Arthur, library keeper of Glasgow College, 28 October 1777. Reference to this letter in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 329, p. 434. [Subject heading]=Unto Doctor Thomas Reid President and the other members of the Committee appointed for managing the Rooms in the College, the Representation of Archibald Arthur Library-Keeper, Sheweth, That by act of Faculty he has been entitled to a room in the College for more than three years, and has at present occasion for it:He begs that the Committee will put him in possession of the Room, and order the proper repairs, which will lay him under great obligations Arch. Arthur Glasgow College Octr 28th 1777)Correspondence (Sender: Archibald Arthur)"Octr 28th 1777".Type: letter from Robert Douglas [?] ans William Graham. They invite Reid to patronize the publication of an "Astronomical and Geographical Grammar". [Subject heading][All text trnascribed] Sir We presume to send you a Copy of our Proposals for publishing an Astronomical and Geographical Grammar, and at the same time, with the utmost deference, solicite your Interest and Friendship to patronize a Work, which we flatter ourselves will do Honour to the Authors, and of Consequence become a real Benefit to Mankind. Whatever Success you meet with in supporting us in this expensive, though useful Undertaking, please transmit us at your convenience, and the Copies when published shall be sent according to orders. We are, with the utmost Respect, Sir Your obliged humble Servants Rob Douglas [?] & Willm Gordon.:Correspondence (Sender: Robert Douglas and William Gordon)BCharles Hutton ("Mathematical Tables"). Various authors mentioned. Type: reading notes from the introduction to Charles Hutton's "Mathematical Tables" (London 1785). Subjects: mathematics (trigonometry, logarithms). History of the various methods of constructing logarithms and trigonometric tables. [Incomplete recor< d: check names] 2131/3/I/01Theon in his Commentary on Ptolomy's Almagest, mentions a work of Hypparchus written about 150 years before Christ consisting of 12 Books on circular. Menelaus in the first century wrote three books on spherical Trigonometry which are extant , & six Books on Chords which are lost.He shews that these high powers of two may be had by four multiplications for each decad of the index & that it is sufficient to have the fice or six first figures of the product in or to know the number of places in the whole.1r, left margin: "1786".a1786 [on the left margin] From the Introduction to Cha. Huttons Mathematical Tables 8o Lond. 1785David Stewart Earl of Buchan, Walter Minto, John Napier ("an Account of the Life, Writings, & Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston by David Stewart E. of Buchan and Walter Minto LLD Perth 1787 4o 134 Pages Plates").9Type: reading notes and comments on David Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and Walter Minto, "An Account of the Life Writings, & Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston" (Perth & London 1787). Subjects: mathematics (trigonometry, logarithms). Napier's methods of constructing logarithms. [Incomplete record: check names]gThe first Method of constructing Logarithms proposed by Napier in his posthumous Work is the following.See title: "May 1787".May 1787 [on the left margin] From an Account of the Life, Writings, & Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston by David Stewart E. of Buchan and Walter Minto LLD Perth 1787 4o 134 Pages Plates1r: "Extracts from the The Figure of the Earth determined from Observations made by order of the French King at the Polar Circle By Messrs De Maupertuis Camus Clairaut Le Monnier Members of the Royal Academie of Sciences The Abbe Outhier Correspondent of the Academy & Mr Celsius Professor of Astronomy at Upsal Translated from the french of M. de Maupertuis Lond 1738". 4v: Fernel, Snellius, Riccioli [?], Desaguliers, Graham, Newton..+Type: reading notes on the translation of de Maupertuis' "The Figure of the Earth" (London 1738). Subjects: natural philosophy (astronomy). Figure of the earth. He considers de Maupertuis' report of the Academy of Science expedition to Sweden to measure the length of a degree of the terrestrial meridian at the Polar Circle. Compare with 3/I/07 (notes on the book describing the Academy of Science expedition to Peru). Reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 54 (note 71, p. 411). [Subject heading: surveying?] [Incomplete record: check names] 2131/3/I/02Pref. [on the left margin] Fernel Snellius & Riccioli [?] have given us the length of a Degree of the Meridian, but when you compare them together you will find Differences that rise to 8000 toises Paris measure that is about the Seventh part of a degree.N.B. According to Desaguliers Account of Graham Experiments at London. The Length of a Second Pendulum there is 39, 129 inches English by as Medium of the Standards kept in Guilhall & the Exchange whence the french foot must be 12.762 inch English.41r, top left corner: "Incept 8 Cal [?] Novemb 1739".lExtracts from the The Figure of the Earth determined from Observations made by order of the French King at the Polar Circle By Messrs De Maupertuis Camus Clairaut Le Monnier Members of the Royal Academie of Sciences The Abbe Outhier Correspondent of the Academy & Mr Celsius Professor of Astronomy at Upsal Translated from the french of M. de Maupertuis Lond 1738.DRobert Blair ("Experiments on the unequal refrangibility of Light").Type: reading notes on Robert Blair "Experiments on the unequal refrangibility of Light". Subjects: natural philosophy (optics). [Check bibliography] 2131/3/I/03M1 In the Refraction between every known Medium & a Vacuum Rays of different colours are unequally refracted the read always least & the violet most, but the difference of refrangibility of the red & violet is not the same in all mediums. The Mediums in which the dispersion is greatest are called dispersive, the others indispersive.+Remark. As the muriatic & nitrous Acids are dispersive mediums of a very different kind fr< om Flint Glass metallic Solutions & essential Oyls, it were to be wished that the author had told us, whether in metallic Solutions he includes or excludes the Solutions made by the muriatic and nitrous Acids.!1r, top left corner: "Novr 1792".Read Experiments on the unequal refrangibility of Light By Robert Blair M.D. read [Apr 3]del Jan 3 and April 179 [the last number of the date is illegible]3Cicero ("De Oratore Lib 1 [...] Cap 8 [...] C. 25")VType: reading notes from Cicero's "De Oratore". [Incomplete record] [Subject heading][All text transcribed] De Oratore Lib 1 Cap 8 Crassus Speech in Praise of Eloquence, & to stir up Sulpitius & Calla to proceed in the Study of it C. 25 The Natural Talents required in an Orator ibid the Modesty.#Type: some mathematical operations.UType: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: improvement of the power of judgment, common sense. Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 145-146. 2131/4/I/03Having now finished what I [thought proper]del have to offer with regard to the improvement of the external Senses the Memory and that Power which we have of barely conceiving thing<s> or imagining them. Having likewise Considered that Train of thoughts which constantly occupies the Human Mind while we are awake, both in its spontaneous Motions & its more Regular & Studied exertions. I shall now proceed to consider what culture the Powers of Judgment & Reasoning are capable of and what are the Proper Means of their Improvement.It is considered as a power by which we judge in the most important Matters as well as in in[repeated] the common affairs of Life, & as a power without which no Man is thought capable of judging at all in the concerns of Men..1r, top left corner: "Jan 29 1770 12 o' clock"0Type: introductory lecture on Politics, May 5 1766, Glasgow. Subjects: Politics as an art and as a science; principles of Politics founded on the knowledge of human nature. First principles of Politics. 3 parts. 1) On 1r-3r. Politics as an art and as a science. As a science Politics must be founded on first principles or axioms. The first principles of Politics must be taken from the knowledge of mankind. Every political body may be conceived as a vast machine made up of a great number of parts: the motion of the whole is made up of the motion of the parts. If we know how human creatures will act, when place in certain circumstances, we will know the effects with regard to the whole body which result from the united motion of all parts. Objection: if human actions are free, they are unpredictable. Answers to the objection. Commerce has been made a subject of inquiry only recently. On 1r, indications for additions: "Substitute A", "add B", "x C". Additions "A", "B", and "C" are on 5r. 2) On 5r-v. On 5r, addition "A": Politics as an art. On 5r, addition "B": Politics not to be confounded with morals. On 5r, addition "C": "The Nature of Political Body compared to Natural" (only the heading is present). On 5r-v: axioms of Politics no. 1-4. 3) On 6v. Axiom of Politics no. 9. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/03tPoliticks like most branches of knowledge that relate to practice may be conceived either as an Art or as a Science.Ax 9 when wee consider the Nature of Political Government, there is something in it that may seem at first view strange and difficult to be accounted for. In all Governments a few govern the Many the greater part are led & there is perhaps not above one hundred part of the whole that can be said to direct and govern in matter that concern the whole Body, the Multitude are swayed by the Judgment of a few.1r, left margin: "May 5 1766". PoliticksType: it appears to be an excerpt from a draft of the Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (see the reference to "Ch. 22 Book I", IP, E II, Ch. XXII "Of the Fallacy of the Senses"). [Incomplete record: check text on CD] [Type heading] {Sub< ject heading][All text transcribed] Most of the Errors commonly called deceptions of Sense are rash judgments grounded on Analogy. This is sufficiently evident from what we have said of the [Deceptions]del Fallacy of the Senses Ch. 22 Book I."Lectures concerning Oratory delivered in Trinity College Dublin by Jo Lawson DD. Lecturer in Oratory & History on the foundation of Erasmus Smith Esquire London 1759"OType: crossed out beginning of a reading note, on top of 2r. [Subject heading]2r (top of the page)[All text transcribed] [Lectures concerning Oratory delivered in Trinity College Dublin by Jo Lawson DD. Lecturer in Oratory & History on the foundation of Erasmus Smith Esquire London 1759]del2r: "Schoolmen". 2v: Locke. Type: most likely, a continuation of the lecture on the Culture of the Mind on 1r (see item 1), dealing with common sense. It can also be part of the lectures on Pneumatology. Subjects: philosophy (common sense). [Incomplete record: check text on CD] [Type heading]rThe province we assign to common sense is allways something that implys judgment either of Actions or of Opinions.He resolves all the Notions of the human Mind intwo two sources to wit Sensation & Reflexion, and in accomodating things to this System has been led into many mistakes, which his Successors in this branch of Philosophy have been so far from correcting that they have multiplied them, and partly by distorting some of our Notions to make them tally with this System, partly by [text interrupted]Type: part of a preliminary draft of the Essays on the Intellectual Powers, Essay V "Of Abstraction". See, on 3v, the reference to a previous chapter: "To sum up what has been said in this and the preceding Chapter". Two parts, with headings: "Of Composition", on 1r-5r. "Of the Essence of Universals", on 5v-6r. [Incomplete record: check correspondeces with IP, and references to authors] 2131/4/I/04Of Composition As the Mind has the powers of distinguishing in the same Object things that are different, and by that means of forming many Notions more Simple than those Which nature presents to us by our Senses or by our Consciousness. So we have also a Power of combining those simple Notions into complex ones and of giving a Name to such a combination and considering it one thing.Our simplest Conceptions are not those that are suggested by our Senses or by consciousness of the Operations of our Minds. These are always complex but for the most part indistinct and ill-defined.Type: draft of the essays on the Intellectual Powers, Essay V "Of Abstraction". See on 4v, reference to other part of the Essays: "This was before Observed with regard to Bodies Lib 1 Ch. 19 to which we refer". 6 parts, some of them with headings. 1) "Of General Words or Terms", on 1r-3v. 2) "Of General Conceptions", on 3v-6v. 3) On abstraction, and on generalization or composition, on 7r-8r. 4) "The Power of Abstraction The Use of abstract & General Conceptions", on 8v-9v. 5) "Of the Opinions of Philosophers about General Conceptions", 9v-17r. 6) On proper and common names, on 17v. [Incomplete record: insert names referred to] [Check correspondences with IP] 2131/4/I/051r-17vlOf General Words or Terms [The Words we Use in Language are of two kinds, General Words and Proper Names]delThus when I apply the Name of Son or Brother to several persons this signifies and affirms that this Attribute is common to all of them.71r: Descartes. 1v: Locke, Bacon ("de Aug Scientiarum").mType: outline of lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subject: of the improvement of memory (including a method of keeping a commonplace book, and commercial book keeping). Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 140-141. On 1v: "Lockes Method of keeping a Common Place Book. Abstracts of books we read very Usefull how made A Method of keeping a Commonplace Book digested into the Order of things. Bacon de Aug Scientiarum". "Of < Book keeping". 2131/4/I/072Memory is an immediate Perception of what is past.y2 Every Transaction is twice set down in the Ledger once in the Creditor Side and once on the Debtor Side 3 Hence when the Books are Completed & before they are ballanced the Sum of the Debt Sides in all the Accounts taken together will be equal to the Sum of the Credit Sides in all Accounts taken together. And if these Sums are not equal there is some Error in the Accounts. Of Memorym1r: Locke. 1v: Locke. 3v: Hume. 4r: Descartes, Hume. 4v: Descartesd,Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Clarke, Hutcheson.Type: notes for four lectures on the Culture of Mind, delivered on January 2, 7, 13 and 15, 1765, in Glasgow. Subjects: improvement of rational powers, and, in particular, of the power of judgment. Published transcription of excepts from fols.1v-4r in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 148-49 (in Stewart-Robertson, fols. 1v-4r are referred to as fols. 2-3). Four parts. 1) On 1r, lecture, "Jan 2". Heading: "General Rules for directing us in the investigation of Truth". Incipit: see above. End: "This makes a just Account of the Powers of the human Mind of so great importance in the investigation of truth. How many Errors hath that Opinion of Mr Locke produced that all our Notions are got by Sensation or Reflexion". Subjects: means of making apprehension clear and distinct. 2) On 1v-3r, lecture, "1765 Jan 7". Beginning, on 1v: "In treating of the Improvement or Culture of our Rational Powers after observing some General Defects or Disorders of the human Understanding which lead men astray in the pursuit of truth or obstruct their progress. I came to give some more particular directions for the Conduct of the Understanding". Lower half of 1v, blank. Beginning, on 2r: "We have now done with what relates to our Apprehension of things which are the Objects of Reasoning and shall next consider By what means we may be best enabled to form right judgments concerning them". "various kinds of natural & original Judgments [...]" End, on 3r: "4 We have also original and Natural Judgments in matters of Taste. All Beauty an Induction of Art, of Utility, of Imitation, or of agreable or estimable Qualities. 5 in Morals". Subjects: various kinds of natural and original judgments (judgments about existence, and judgments about relations). The beginning of the lecture, on 1v, is a summary of the lecture of January 2, on 1r. 3) On 3v-4r, lecture, "Jan 13 1765". Beginning, on 3v: "Nothing is of more importance in the Culture of our Rational Powers, than to distinguish the Judgments of Nature which are the necessary result of our Constitution from opinions which we acquire from habit from Education from Reasoning". End, on 4r: "Since therefore there are undoubtedly certain first principles of Belief which are the foundation of all our Reasoning it is of the last importance that men be agreed with regard to these and that they be not confounded with derived principles or opinions which are proper objects of scrutiny and examination. for if we build our Reasoning upon first principles that are not really such, that are indistinct or false or uncertain all the conclusion built upon them must partake of the debility and uncertainty and obscurity of the principles from which they are drawn". Subjects: natural judgments. They are at the beginning of synthetical reasoning, and at the end of analytical reasoning. 4) On 4r-v, lecture, "Jan 15". Beginning, on 4r: "The Philosophy which has prevailed since Des Cartes times leads to Scepticism by denying that there are any such Natural Judgments and by paying no Regard to the dictates of Common Sense farther that they can be demonstrated by comparing Ideas & and perceiving their Agreements and Disagreements". End, on 4v: see Explict above. Subjects: opinions of philosophers, since Descartes, on the natural and original judgments of existence (the existence of the objects consciousness, of sense-perception, of memory; the c< ontinuance of the course of nature; the existence of the objects of testimony) and on original judgments concening the relations of things (mathematical axioms, the relation between a subject and its qualities, cause and effect, taste, moral perceptions). 2131/4/I/08General Rules for directing us in the investigation of Truth. 1 To have a distinct and clear Apprehension of what we Judge or Reason about.The Structure of Languages as it points out the Common Notions of Mankind deserves the attention of Philosophers. Parts of Speech Analogies in flexion & Construction Cases. Sintax.r1r, top left corner: "Jan 2". 1v, top left corner: "1765 Jan 7". 3v, top left corner: "Jan 13 1765". 4r: "Jan 15". 1r: Newton, Boyle, Hales, Black.Type: notes for lectures on the Culture of the Mind, delivered on February 6, 13, 18, 20, 25, and 27 1765, in Glasgow. Subjects: culture of the understanding (reasoning by induction, and by analogy). Culture of the active powers. Mind-body relation. 6 parts. 1) On 1r, lecture, "Feb 6 1765". Beginning: see Incipit, above. End: "The art of Reasoning by induction must consist in selecting such particular facts or propositions as are instances of the general Proposition to be proved; the More numerous the Instances, the more various the less dubious or Ambiguous the more the conclusion is ascertained. This kind as well as other kinds to be learned better by Examples than by any Rules hitherto laid down. The best Examples Newton Boyle Hales Black." Subjects: summary of a previous lecture on inductive reasoning. Limits of inductive reasoning ("General Propositions proved by such induction may admit particular Exceptions"). 2) On 1r-v. Heading: "Reasoning by Analogy & Examples". Beginning, on 1r: "How far Ridicule is to be held as a test of Truth". End, on 1v: "To conclude if a Man will learn to reason well he must reason much & review his Reasonings when he is in a different temper 2 Be acquainted with those writers who have been the greatest masters in reasoning and that in various Subjects 3 Study Mathematicks 4 He must be well acquainted with the powers of the Human Understanding their Nature Extent & limits". Subjects: reasoning by analogy. Conclusion of the part on the culture of the understanding. 3) On 1v-2r. A line separates this part of the MS, from the top of 1v. Beginning, on 1v: "Having finished what I intend to say with regard to the Culture of the Understanding I proceed to make some Observations with regard to our Active powers". The dates of lectures are on the margin of 1v: "Feb 13", "Feb 18". On 1v: "The Causes upon which Mens Characters depend are 1 Such as operate immediately upon the Mind, or 2 Such as operate upon the Mind by means of the Body. Of the First kind Example. Habit. Opinion. Mutual Attraction among Passions. Feb 13 [on the left margin] Of the Second Class are Climate [...]". On 1v: "Feb 18 [on the left margin] 2 The Rules by which we may [...] in a great measure form our own Character by the proper Culture Regulation and Direction of our Active Power". End, on 2r: "4 Avoiding bad Company and associating with the wise and the Good 5 Maintaining constant Serenity good humour". Subjects: of the culture of the active powers. 4) On 2r, after horizontal line. Beginning, on 2r: "The Account which I have given of that culture and improvement which the human Mind is capable of both in its Intellectual and Active faculties may satisfy us of the great Extent of human Power Every man hath in a certain Sphere of Powers assigned him by the Author of his being [...], this is the talent committed to him for the improvement of which he is accountable to the great Lord of all". End, on 2r: "Is there any enjoyment in Life whether more or less valuable which a man may not deprive himself of by folly by caprice by vice". Subjects: conclusion of the section on the improvement of human powers of the course on the Culture of the Mind. 5) On 2r. "Feb 20" [on the left margin] "Of the Connections of Body & Mind and their mutual influences on each other 1 Of the Effects of Body & Mind on each o< ther" "25" [on the left margin] "2 Of the Indications of Mind [from]del which may be drawn from body or its properties and affections. The State of human Nature in this World is such that in the first period of Life the Notices we have of things are brought us by the Senses". End, on 2r: "Without Mind there could be no such thing as Regularity Order {fitness} harmony Beauty. These qualities are easily understood when applied to Mind {and I conceive have always some reference to Mind}. But they are often suggested to us by what we observe in body". Subjects: of the connection between body and mind. 6) On 2v. "Feb 27" [on the left margin] "I have endeavoured to shew that there are certain connections and analogies between body and Mind between things sensible and things purely spiritual and intelligible by which the former express the later and body bears a kind of Signature and Image of Mind. I have endeavoured to shew that the chief beauty in all the fine Arts arises <from> that Expression of Mind or some Quality of Mind which they exhibit by means of sensible forms. I shall endeavour at this time to shew that the onely way in which all the fine Arts can be brought to their highest perfection the onely way in which they can be reduced to principles and thereby acquire the dignity and perfection of Science; is by an accurate attention to those connexions between body and mind whereby sensible objects become expressive of those that Spiritual and Intellectual. This will appear from some General Reflexions upon those Arts which have been commonly called elegant or fine Arts". Subjects: conclusion of the section on the body-mind relation, and beginning of the part on fine arts of the course on the Culture of the Mind. 2131/4/I/09Of Inductive Reasoning We have considered at some length Inductive Reasoning the onely kind of reasoning we can use in investigating the Laws of Nature.wThis will appear from some General Reflexions upon those Arts which have commonly been called the elegant or fine Arts.P1r: "Feb 6 1765". 1v: "Feb 13 1765", "Feb 18". 2r: "Feb 20", "25". 2v: "Feb 27". 2r: Rosseau.Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: the sources of the culture of the human mind (nature, society, education); the culture of nature. Published transcription of excepts of this MS, in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 124 (1r) and p. 137 (1r, margin). Marginalia: 1r, left, vertical. [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/10p3 Lect [on top left corner]We are now to take a general View of the Means by which this {Favourite Child of Nature} the Human Nature is gradually reared from the weak and infant State in which it appears at first, untill its faculties [and Power]del are full blown, and its Powers expanded to that Size in which they appear in the most disitnguished of the human Race.5 Constant Fear & Dread without any Enjoyment but that of gratifying the Natural Appetites of Hunger & thirst The Ridicolous Notions of Rosseau of the perfection of this state.Locke, Newton, Linnaeus.Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: of the improvement of the external senses. Means by which they can be improved. 2131/4/I/12Lockes Observation of keeping the Ears of Children tied close to their Heads by which they lose the Muscles that move the Ears.Linnaeus Attempt to distinguish poisonous Plants by their Appearance Discovery of Mens tempers by their Countenance Manner and Gesture Remarkable in Savages, Lovers, Men conversant in Courts and in Men of Nice breeding.Culture of the Senses Head 1 1v: Hume.Type: beginning of the course on the Culture of the Mind. Summary of the contents of the course on Pneumatology, delivered "in the publick class last Session". [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/13The objects of human knowledge are reducible to two general Heads, Body & Mind. About these, or things pertaining to them, all Arts {are employed} and all Sciences treat nor can the utmost fli< ght of human Imagination carry us beyond them.As an Appendix to this Account of the Powers of the human Mind, I considered how far we may discover by our Reason the Immateriality of the human Mind, and what ground we have from Reason to expect a future existence in another State. There are other Points respecting the human Mind very worthy to bbe considered which as they could not be overtaken in the Publick Class without encroaching too much on the time alloted for other Subjects were reserved for this Class..Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subject: of the improvement of imagination (train of thoughts, fancy). Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 144-45. "How far the Mind has a power of Directing its own Thoughts." "Inquire 1 What Power we have in directing the Course of our Thoughts." [etc.] "2 Inquire how far that Train of thought which arises from internal Causes is of importance to us in Life, & deserves our Attention to regulate it in the best manner in our power." [etc.] "3 Inquire What Regulation of our Thoughts and Phancy is most conducive to the Improvement of our Faculties and Enlargement of Our Knowledge." [etc.] [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/14[We may be certain from Experience that the Mind has so]del We may distinguish the Causes or Occasions of human Thought into external & internal.X3 By a proper Choice in our Company. 4 By a proper Choice in our Reading and Amusements.*top left corner: "Decr 6 1768 12 o' Clock"FancyType: most likely, part a draft of the "Discourse on the train of thought in the human mind", delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society on 13 February 1767. Subjects: imagination (train of thought).We are now to consider Imagination as it signifies that successive train of thoughts and Sentiments which spontaneously presents itself to the mind of a person that is awake.This continued Succession of thoughts & Sentiments which arises not from the impulse of external Objects upon our Senses but from the mind itself or from Causes unknown is what in compliance with the stile of Modern Philosophers we shall call Imagination & we shall consider first the ingredients or materials of it 2 The Laws by which these ingredients are connected by which each of them introduces that which follows 3 The Effects that are produced by this train of thought in the human Mind [interruption]2 Disc. on Imagination1v: Hobbes, Hume.Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: of the improvement of the imagination (on attention); of the train of thought. Published transcription of part of fol. 1r, in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 143. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-v. See title: "Of the Improvement of the faculty of Imagination". Beginning: see Incipit, above. End, on 1v: "Some Notions direct some Relative Primary Qualities an instance of the first. Secondary Qualities Bodily Disease {Substance Body Mind} Powers of Bodies. Distinction between Relations and Relative Notions". 2) On 1v-2r. Heading: "Of the Train of Thought in the Mind". Beginning: "Every Man is conscious of a constant Succession of thoughts that pass in his Mind while he is awake, eveen when they are not excited by [the impressions of]del external Objects [upon his Senses]del". End: see Explicit, above. 2131/4/I/151r-|1 As it Signifies the Faculty of conceiving things without any judgment about them. Our conceptions may be clear or obscure.To pass from the Name and consider the thing; We may observe that the trains of thought in the Human Mind are of two kinds. They are either such [interruption]/1r, top left corner: "12 of Clock Jan 16 1769".0Of the Improvement of the faculty of Imagination%Origen; Henry More; "Hutchinsonians".Type: outline of a lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow Subject: prejudices: idola theatri; reasoning, demonstrative and<  probable; inductive reasoning. [Type heading: this MS might the outline of lecture on Pneumatology] 2131/4/I/17Idola Theatri. Besides the more famous Sects which in different Ages have followed different Methods of Philosophizing, there are some Others that Might have been Mentioned.DA great Part of our knowledge consists in inferring general Conclusions from particular, which is contrary to the Rules of Sillog. This kind of Reasoning called Induction. This Reasoning necessary in Common Life. In Testimony, in Politicks. In Nat Phil. Chiefly Induction compared to the Reducing a Language to Grammar RulesType: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: on the culture of the powers of judgment and reasoning; evidence and reasoning: demonstraive and probable reasoning. [Type heading: this MS might be part of the lectures on Pneumatolgy] 2131/4/I/19Evidence is of two kinds Probable and Demonstrative 1 Demonstrative Here Consider 1 To what Subjects Demonstrative Evidence is Competent 2 What are its various Kinds 3 What are its RulesYThe Writers in Logick and Retorick have enumerated the Various Topicks from which Arguments may be drawn and laid down Axioms which relate to those topicks and which may frequently be applied in Reasoning Examples Cause & Effect Characters and Actions More easy to give topicks in a Particular branch of Science Analitical Method in Mathematics.Type: lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: on the cutlure of the active powers (difference between temperament and moral character, differences of moral charactes); sciences distinguished by their objects: body, mind, or their relation. 2 parts: 1) On 1r-v. On the culture of active powers; difference between temperament & moral character; while temperament is due to involuntary causes, character is determined by the will; differences of moral character. Published trascription of righ marginal addendum on fol. 1v in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 153. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "Means of improving mens Moral Character are either such as may be used by others or by themselves. 1 By others Example. Its powerfull Influence. What Examples are most attractive. The great, those we love & reverence, those whose virtues are least shadded by bad humour, pride, moroseness". 2) On 2r. Beginning of the second part of the course on the Culture of the Mind. Difference between the sciences is due to their obiect: body, mind, or their relation. Fine Arts: why they can be called a Science. Definition of Arts and Science. Beginning: "Body and Mind are the two great Objects of human knowledge And all the Sciences respect one or the Other {of these} or the Connection that is between them". End: see Explicit above. 2131/4/I/20We ought here to distinguish between [those Emotions]del Temperament and Character. The first includes what is involuntary in a Mans Active Powers the second what depends upon determinations of his own MindBy an Art we mean a System of Rules or Precepts by which any Effect of human Power may be produced. By a Science we mean a System of Principles relating to any Object of human knowledge. Hence it is Evident that the Arts and Sciences in general are nearly connected; for when the Rules of any Art are deduced from Principles, then it becomes Science. The Arts that are reduced to scientific Principles may justly be called Sciences and commonly are so.%1r: Hooker, S. Clarke, Balguy, Price.Type: outlines of lectures on the Culture of the Mind. Subjects: of the improvement of the powers of judgment and reasoning. 3 parts. 1) On top of 1r. On the improvement of the powers of judgment and reasoning. On systems that make virtue acting according to reason. See Incipit above for the whole text. 2) On 1r-v. On the improvement of the powers of judgment and reasoning. On probable reasoning; various kinds of probable reasoning; the difference between authority and testimony. Heading, on 1r: < "Of Probable Reasoning". Beginning: "Though it seems to be impossible to reduce all the different kinds of probable Reasoning to fixed Rules, {in the same manner} as Logicians have reduced Demonstrative Reasoning to the rules of Syllogism. Yet it is of Some Use to observe the various Topicks of probable Reasoning, & to reduce at least the Chief of them to certain heads each of which will afford some Observations peculiar to itself". On 1r: "Testimony Authority" On 1v: "Feb 29 1768 Of Testimony". End: "March 2 1768. The Extent of the Knowledge we have by Testimony Antiquities, History, Facts in Natural History & all Parts of Physics In the administration of Justice and Punishment of Crimes Many of the Sciences grounded upon Facts attested by Testimony". 3) On 1v. On the improvement of the powers of judgment and reasoning. On induction. Beginning: "Another Species of Probable Reasoning is Called induction, wherein a general conclusion is drawn from particular Premises". End: see Explicit, above. 2131/4/I/21Feb 22 1768 [on top left corner] Hooker Dr S. Clark Balguy Price their System. That Virtue consists in acting aggreably [sic] to Reason, to the Reason of things, the Nature of things, the fiitness congruities and Relations of things, the truth of things.]The Premises in Inductive Reasoning are facts, known either by Observations or by Experiment.UOn 1r: "Feb 22 1768", "1768 Feb 28 12 o'clock". On 1v: "Feb 29 1768", "March 2 1768".Type: lectures on Pneumatology? Original note on phillosophy? Place of origin: Aberdeen. Subject: relations, contrariety. Heading on 2r: "Queries". See IP, Essay IV, Ch. IV "Of the Train of Thought in the Mind". [Type heading] [Subject heading]1 Hot, Cold; wet, dry; Sweet, Bitter; {Excess Defect}; agreeable disagreeable; beautiful deformed; Acute Grave; soft, hard; smooth, rough; high, low; East, West; Riches, Debt.sContrariety is of such things as may be thought into one Same Value or Amount & equal degrees or quantities of the Contraries amount to Nothing Heat & Cold Pleasure & Pain Beauty & Deformity Riches Debt Forces or Motions in Contrary Directions Virtue & Vice Approbation & Disapprobation Esteem & Contempt Negative & Affirmative Judgment in a Court Time Past & Time FutureOf Contrariety 1v: Bacon.4Type: lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: on the culture of the powers of judgment and reasoning (inductive reasoning); on the culture of active powers. Date: on 1r, reference to the transit of Venus of 1769. "An astronomer fortells that there will be a transit of Venus over the Sun Disc [the 3d of]del {in} June 1769 and describes the Circumstances of it". 2 parts. 1) On 1r-v. On the culture of the powers of judgment and reasoning: distinction between inductive reasoning and mathematical reasoning in physics, elements of inductive reasoning. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "I observe likewise that in all Physical Reasoning the sign as well as the thing signified must be reflected upon and made an object of thought. We recollect that in past Experience it hath been [interruption]". 2) On 2r. On the culture of the active powers; difference between intellectual and active powers. Our purpose in the culture or improvement of intellectual powers is to strengthen them. The improvement of active powers does not always consist in strengthening them, but, on the contrary, it often amounts to restraining them (in the case of passions, appetites, affections). We take for granted that we have a self-determining power (liberty) whereby the impetus given to the mind by appetites can be resisted. Published trascription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 151-152. Heading: "Of the Culture of our Active Powers". Incipit: "This is an important as well as a curious subject. When we apply the Words culture or improvement to our active powers I must be understood in a sense somewhat different form that in which they are applied to the powers of Understanding". End: s< ee Explicit above. 2131/4/I/23A Physician finds in his patients the Symptoms which have been accurately described by {the} learned of his faculty as the diagnosticks of a certain distemper.1If the {natural} Strength of every appetite passion and affection is so fixed by Constitution of our Nature or other causes which are not in our power as that nothing we can do either <to> increase or diminish their force, in that case they must be incapable of culture. And altho a man may [interruption]Type: outline a lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow, 11 December 1768. Subjects: culture of the active powers. On 1r, improvement of moral perception, means of improving moral perception. On 1v, improvement of moral character, means of improving moral character. Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 149-151. 2131/4/I/24MThe Moral Faculty like all the rest of our Faculties is improved by Exercise.The Means we may Use for [our own]del the Improvement of our own Moral Character are either such as tend to rectify our Judgment with regard to our Conduct or such as may dispose us on all occasions to act according to that Judgment.01r, top left corner: "Decr 11 1768 12 o' clock".Improvement of Moral PerceptionType: outline of a lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow, 14 March 1770. Subjects: the culture of active powers. Difference between temperament and character. Causes that influence temperament and character. Means of improving character. Published trascription of 2r in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 152.Man is intended more for Action than for Speculation. His merit consists more in Probity & right Conduct than Extent of Knowledge.Influence of the Benevolent affections on one another & of the Malevolent. Good Humour. General Reflections upon the Culture of our active Powers.%2r, top left corner: "14 March 1770".#Of the Culture of our Active Powers Type: lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow, December 1766--February 1767. Subjects: sources of the improvement of the mind: third source, education; of the improvement of the senses; of the improvement of memory; of the improvement of taste and genius; of the improvement of judgement and reasoning: impediments to the discovery of truth, prejudices; demonstrative and probable reasoning. 4 parts. 1) On 1r. "Decr 19", sources of the Culture of the Mind. Third source: education. Of the improvement of the external senses. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "4 By discovering the latent properties of bodies by means of their sensible qualities". 2) On 1v. "Decr 24". Heading: "Of the Improvement of Memory". Beginning: "Men naturally have this faculty in very different degrees". End: "4 Conversing upon Subjects in literary Clubs and Societies or with men of Science". 3) On 1v-2v. "Decr 26". Heading: "Of the Improvement of Taste & Genius". Published trascription of fols. 1v-2v, in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 153-154. Beginning: "1 By an intimate acquaintance with the most excellent performances in the fine Arts". End: "Philosophy can neither support its dignity nor transmit its discoveries, nor [have its] spread its influence and Utility if disjoyned from Taste". 4) On 2v. "Feb 16 1767". In different pen from the previous parts. Beginning: "Having considered the Impediments to the Discovery of Truth and the Prejudices lead<ing> Men into Error, which arise either from the Constitution of human Nature in General, Idola Tribus, or from the Peculiarities of Some Tempers Idola Species Or from the Abuse and Imperfection of Language Idola Fori Or from the Systems and various Methods of Philosophizing that have obtained among Men Idola Theatri I shall now point out some of those things which < have a tendency to the Improvement of human knowledge and to the further discovery of the truth". End: "Apparatus for a Compleat Natural History. Division of the Labour. A Compleat Hist of the Mind and its Operations Deductions will come of themselves ought not to be precipitated. Hypotheses had in just contempt. Every Science grounded upon Axioms or first Principles." 5) On 2v. "Feb 18 1767". Same pen as previous part. Beginning: "The Various ways of drawing Conclusions from first Principles I shall consider are reduceable to these two General Heads Demonstration and Probable Reasoning". End: see Explicit above. 2131/4/I/26 Decr 19 [on the left margin] I come now to the third Source of Culture to wit Education by which I understand the means that may be used either by Parents Tutors and others about us when we are Young or by ourselves in riper years on purpose to improve our faculties.Demonstration is chiefly used in Mathematical Conclusions and these indeed are peculiarly adapted to Reasoning of this kind. Demonstration must be built upon Definitions and Axioms. Demonstrations of Various Kinds in Mathematics. Direct. leading to an Absurdity. by {a perfect} Induction. An imperfect induction Sometimes used in Mathematicks. Instance from properties of multiples of three.J1r: "Decr 19"; 1v: "Decr 24", "Decr 26"; 2v: "Feb 16 1767", "Feb 18 1767".Type: introductory lecture to the course on the Culture of the Mind, or to the course on Pneumatology. Subject: on the objects of human knowledge; body, mind, and their relation. Part on fol. 1r, crossed out, is a first draft of the text on 1v. Published transcription of 1v in Haakonssen, pp. 103-104 (Textual Notes on pp. 449-450, with transcription of crossed out part on 1r). According to Haakonssen this MS has been detached from 7/V/04. See for comparison also 4/I/13 and 4/I/20. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check Haakonssen] 2131/4/I/27A [on the left margin] [crossed out part] All the Objects of Human knowledge may be comprehended under two General Heads Body & Mind. Things material & things intellectual.nIt may therefore be asked, What are the thinking Beings of which we may attain any knowledge? 1 Our own Minds.1r: Addison ("his Papers on Pleasures of Imagination"), Hutcheson ("his Inquiry"), Akenside ("his Poems on the Pleasures of Imagination"), Gerard ("his Essay on Taste"), Voltaire, D'Alambert, Montesquieu, Hogarth ("Analysis of Beauty"), Spencer (?), Longinus, Henry Home (Lord Kames, "his Elements of Criticism"), Abbe Du Bos ("his Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting"). 2r: Locke, HumeType: part of the lectures on Pneumatology? Aberdeen? Subjects: taste, judgment and belief. 1) On 1r. See Incipit above. On mixed modes. 2) On 1r-v. On taste. Beginning: "Of the Perception of Harmony Beauty Grandeur Novelty Wit, Humour. Why these are called Secondary perceptions and Reflex Senses by Dr. Hutcheson." On 1r: "Whether there is any Standard of taste". End: "Beauty is a quality in the Object not a sensation onely in the Mind of the perceiver. Everything which appears beautifull to a good taste will be found to indicate some perfection in the Object or in the Maker of it". 3) On 1v-2v. On judgment and belief. Heading: "Judgment". Beginning: "This is a most important faculty of the human mind without which all other would be of little Use. The Name Judgment whiihc we give to it is evidently analogical taken from the Sentence of a Judge in a cause that comes before him". [etc.] Blank space. 2r: "Judgment implys simple apprehension but not viceversa". [etc.] Blank space. 2r: "Examination of Mr Humes Definition of Belief". [etc.] 2v: "Judging is not a Power distinct from all those we have before Mentioned, on the Contrary it is implyed in all of them except in Conception or Imagination". [etc.] End: see Explicit above. [Type heading] [Incomplete record] 2131/4/I/28[It continues from another document] of Mixed Modes are equally Creatures of the Mind. But the combination is not arbitrary but such as use or necessity leads us to form.For what is Sentiment but an Opin< ion which by the Constitution produces a correspondent Feeling & emotion & which therefore is not indifferent & cold but interesting.&14r (p. 11): Aristotle, Bacon, Newton.Type: second lecture of the course on the Culture of Mind, Glasgow. 10r-v (pp. 3-4): "I would therefore lay this before you as a Law of Nature That it is the Will of God that Human Minds should grow up from a small an<d> imperceptible beginning passing through various successive States of Existence, each of which is preparatory to that which follows; & that their improvement {both in intellectual & moral Endowments} in those states which fall under our Notice depends in a great Measure upon the Culture they receive; that this Culture depends partly upon themselves partly upon those who are connected with them, and partly upon {the} circumstances of their lot in the World which are neither in their own power nor that of their Connexions. In order to illustrate a little this Law of Nature I shall first Point out some things in other parts of Nature that are analogous to it. And Secondly consider the General facts relating to Man that confirm it". [etc.] 13v (p. 10): "Thus it appears by a General Survey both of the inanimate and of the animal Creation that God has made every thing capable of being improved by Culture. That Man therefore should be capable of a high degree of Improvement in this way is perfectly Analogous to all that we can observe of the constitution of Nature. And this is made evident by the General History of the human Species". [etc.] 14r (p. 11): "The prodigious difference we find betwe<e>n one Nation or tribe of Men and another, in Respect of Knowledge Arts and Manners as well as in colour and features have led some to think that they cannot all be of the same Species. But even laying aside the Authority of Revelation I can see no differences among the various tribes of Men but such as we [certainly]del know to be found among things which are certainly to be of the Same Species". [etc.] 14v (p. 12): "Man of all Animals is most capable of training & Culture, and of all Animals the greatest change may be produced in him by the Means of culture. We may observe in the same Nation what a prodigious difference is made between one Man and another by the different way in which they are trained and the difference of the Society which they keep". [etc.] [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/309r-15r (pp. 1-13)@2 Lect [on the left margin] It is a law of the human Constitution that we Receive {at first [immediately]del} from the hand of Nature onely the Seeds as it were of those Faculties which distinguish us from Brute Animals; That those Seeds by proper Culture may grow up so as to produce the Noble fruits of Wisdom & Virtue and every human Excellence; on the other hand by neglect & want of Culture may be checked in their growth or totally destroyed; nay by bad Culture they may produce Monsters of the human Species more odious & more mischieving than the worst of Wild beasts.|From all that has been said upon this Subject I think it is sufficiently Evident, that Nature has implanted in Men onely the seeds as itwere of those Powers which distinguish Men so above the brutes. And that these Seeds by proper Culture may be raised so as to produce the Noble fruits of Wisdom and Virtue, or by Neglect and Want of Culture may be checked and totally destroyed.+4v-6r (pp. 4v-6r): Rosseau ("prize Essay").Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind. Subjects: sources of the Culture of the Mind; the culture of nature. Published trascription of fols. 1r-4v in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 125-129. Published transcription of fols. 4v-6r (the criticism of Rosseau) in C. Stewart-Robertson, "Reid's anatomy of culture: a Scottish response to the eloquent Jean-Jacques", Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, vol. 205 (1982), 154-157. 1r-2r (pp. 1-3). Effects of the culture of nature. 2v-3r (pp. 4-5). "the Principles of human nature by which Man i< s qualified for acquiring even those low degrees of improvement which we have mentioned": the power of acquiring habits; activity; curiosity; experience. 3v-4v (pp. 6-8). Defects of the culture of nature: "1 It is evident that the Man who lives without Society can have no Language". [etc.] "2 This is the second Defect I notice in this Culture of Nature. That Man without any Society of his fellow Men would never acquire the exercise of his Rational powers". [etc.] "3. The Solitary Man could have no Religion". [etc.] "4 As little could there be any Exercise of his Moral Powers or any Notion of Duty". [etc.] "5 The last Defect I shall Mention in this state is that the Man must be in constant fear and dread without any enjoyment but that of gratifying the cravings of his natural Appetites" [etc.] 4v-6r (pp. 8-11): criticism of Rosseau. [Subject heading]<1 In speaking of this Culture of Nature, I shall first take notice of the Effects it may reasonably be supposed to produce; or the improvements which may be expected from it. Secondly of the Principles of Human Nature by which we are fitted to receive those Improvements and Thirdly of its Defects and Disadvantages.A to be inserted page 9 Although he does not ascribe any higher degree of knowledge and Understanding or Art to Man in what he calls his natural State than I have allowed, yet there is one thing wherein I cannot help differing from him. He thinks this wild Man would alwise easily procure his food and other necessaries from the fertility of the Earth, which he thinks would be much greater if it was not cultivated. So that the man would live in ease & without care. & have much leisure upon his hand.Culture of Nature 3 Lecture7r (p. 13): Rosseau, J. Burnet Lord Monboddo ("Another very learned Author in his Account of the Origin and Progress of Language")Type: lecture on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow. Subjects: sources of the Culture of the Mind; the culture of society. Published trascription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 133-135. 6v (p. 12). "1 To Society we owe the Ability of communicating our Thoughts and Sentiments to each other by Language". 7r (p. 13). On the origin of language. 7v (p. 14). "2 A Necessary Consequence of Language in Society is the tradition of Facts and Inventions from one Generation to another". 8r (p. 15): see Explicit above. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check Monboddo for date]6v-8r (pp. 12-15)I proceed to consider more particularly 1 The Effects of this Culture of Society, or the Acquisitions we make by it And Secondly the Principles of our Nature by which we are fitted for Improvement by it.4 Society among Men produces the various social Connexions and in consequence of this the various social Affections which make the chief happiness of Life 5 Some Notions of Virtue and Excellence in human Characters.[1773 or afterwards: see reference to Lord Monboddo's treatise Of the Origin and Progress of Language; the first volume of this treatise was published in 1773] 4 Lecture3v: Plato, Xenophon ("Zenophon"), Quintilian, Milton, Locke, Turnbull, Fordyce, Rosseau, Berkeley (Rev. Simon Berington's "Adventures of Gaudentio", mistakently attributed to Berkeley), Sheridan. 4v: Seneca, the Rhetor; other authors mentioned.Type: outlines of lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow, December 1765-January 1766. Subjects: introduction to the course; sources of the culture of the mind (nature, society, education); culture of the external senses; culture of memory; culture of imagination. 7 parts. 1) On 1r-3r. On top left corner: "1/Decr 16 1765". Introduction to the course on the Culture of the Mind. Possibility of the culture of the mind, demonstrated from analogy with others works of nature and from the "general history" of the human species. The culture of nature. Published transcription of fols. 1r-v in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mi< nd", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 117-119. Beginning; see Incipit above. 1r: "When we are capable of acquiring by means of Culture many noble Powers which the brutes are not capable of acquiring by the same means, this shows an original and Specifick difference between the brute and the Man, no less than if those Powers had been born with us in their full perfection". [etc.] 1v: "I propose first to prove in general that the faculties of the human Mind are capable of growing up or being raised by proper Culture to a very great degree of Perfection beyond what they have at first". [etc.] 1v: "[...] from the Analogy which appears throughout the Works of nature we may conclude with a great degree of Probability, That the human Species which is furnished by Nature with far more Noble faculties than any other Animal we know is most of all improvable by proper training and Culture. But we may still with more certainty collect this Conclusion from Fact & from the General History of the human Species". [etc.] End, on 3v: "Culture arises from three sources 1 Nature 2 Society 3 Education Effects of Culture of Nature 1) improvement in external senses 2) great agility 3) patience enduring pain, etc. 4) constant watchfullness". 2) On 3r. On the left margin: "2/Dec 18". "Defects of this Culture of Nature". [etc.] "II The Culture of human Society". [etc.] Means of the culture of society. "Effects of this Culture". [etc.] 3) On 3v. On the left margin: "3/Decr 23 1765". The third source of the culture of the mind: education. Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 135-137. Beginning: "I come now to the third Sourse of Culture to wit Education, by which I understand the Means that may be used by Parents Tutors & others about us when we are young or by our Selves in Riper Years on purpose to improve our faculties". End: "The Gradual Improvement of Arts and Sciences entirely owing to Education. It is impossible to say to what Length Arts and Sciences may be carried if they are duly cultivated". 4) On 4r. On the left margin: "[4]del 5". Heading: "Of the Culture of the external Senses". Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 137-138. Beginning: "Having thus pointed out the General Sources or Means of Human Culture, I shall now consider more particularly with regard to the several Faculties of the Mind how far they are improvable & by what Means". End: "But we know in General from Experience that there is a Sound and a Morbid State in all the Organs of Sense, they have their diseases & their health as other parts of the body have. And we know in general that moderate Exercise of every Faculty is one good mean of preserving it. Nor is it difficult to find many things that are apt to hurt our organs of Sensation". 5) On 4v. On the left margin: "5 & 6". Heading: Of the Culture of Memory". Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), p. 139. Beginning: "It is beyond all doubt that Nature has given this faculty to Men in very different degrees. Some have naturally a weak Memory, others a remarkably strong and retentive one. There are even some rare instances of Persons whose Memory seemed to need no improvement as they never found any difficulty in remembring whatever they chose to commit to their Memory". 6) On 5v-6r. On the left margin: "7/[Jan 28]del Jan 27 1766. Heading: "Of the Culture of Imagination". Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 141-142. Beginning: "1 As it signifies the Faculty of conceiving things without forming any Judgment concerning them". End: "3 < To observe as far as we are able the Origin of Our Notions & Conceptions of Things, to analyze them and reduce them to their simple principles. The advantages of a just analysis of our Notions & Conceptions. The mischiefs attending a false one". 7) On 6r. On the left margin: "8/Jan 29 1766". Published transcription in C. Stewart-Robertson, ""Georgica Animi": A Compendium of Thomas Reid's Lectures on the Culture of the Mind", Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 1 (1990), pp. 143-144. Beginning: "Of the Culture of Imagination as it signifies that Train of thoughts, Reflections Emotions and passions which arises spontaneously in the Mind while we are awake". End: see Explicit above. [Subject heading] 2131/4/I/311r-4v and 5v-6r=1/Decr 16 1765 [on top left corner] I intend in these Lectures to treat first of the Culture of the human Mind. Secondly of the Connection between Mind and Body and their mutual Influence on one another, which will make way for some observations on the fine Arts and Chiefly on Eloquence with which we shall conclude.IA man constantly Employed about low Objects will probably have low Ideas.b1r: "Decr 16 1765"; 3r: "Dec 18"; 3v: "Decr 23"; 5v: "[Jan 28]del Jan 27 1766"; 6r: "Jan 29 1766".p. 22: Democritus, Epicurus, Hobbes; p. 29: Descartes, Newton, Samuel Clarke, Leibniz; p. 30: Descartes, Locke, Newton; p. 31: Locke; pp. 52-53: Malebranche; p. 55: Arnauld; p. 56 (fol. 29v): Arnauld, Berkeley; fol. 30v (after fol. 30r or p. 58): Alcinous ("his Introduction to Plato's Philosophy Chap 9"), Malebranche, Norris ("Entretiens {sur la} Metaphysique p. 12 quoted by Norris P. II ch 8 #4"); pp. 57-68: Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Malebranche.Type: lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow, 1765-1768. Subjects: introduction to the course on Pneumatology; perception, materialism; theory of ideas. See IP, Essay II for comparison. 9 parts. 1) On 1v-7r (pp. 1-12). Introduction to the course on Pneumatology. Pneumatology is preliminary to the study of Ethics and Politics (pp. 1-3). Divisions of Pneumatology (p. 3). Definition of Mind (pp. 4-5). Method of Pneumatology: neither conjecture (pp. 6-7), nor analogy (pp. 7-9); examples of wrong analogy between mind and body: the theory of ideas, the doctrine of motives (pp. 8-9). Method of Pneumatology: reflection on what passes in our our minds; difficulty of attending to the operations of our own minds (pp. 10-12). Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "For the first principles of almost all the Sciences, particularly of Logic of Retorick and of all the fine Arts as well as of morals & politicks are to be found in the Science of Human Nature. And without understanding it they cannot be understood scientifically". 2) On 7r-8r (pp. 12-14). On the external senses, and firstly, of the sense of smell. Beginning: "The Powers of the Human Mind are so {many & so} various, and yet so connected and completed together, that there has never been any division of them proposed, which mayy not with reason be objected to". End: "We shall therefore consider them in this Order Smelling Tasting hearing Touch & last of all Sight Of Smell All the five Senses agree in this that they are exercised by means of Bodily Organs". 3) On 8r (p. 14). Date: "1768" (this part is separated from the previous one by a horizontal line, and is in a different pen). The order to be followed in the study of the external senses. Beginning: "Although the perception of Objects by our Senses may be a Subject that presents nothing curious or interesting to a vulgar Eye Yet to a Philosophical Eye it will appear both curious and interesting". End: "I shall therefore in order to give as much light as I can to the Powers of Perception First consider those Impressions upon the Organs of Sense the Nerves {& Brain} which allways accompany perception, and the false Notions that have been entertained concerning them or drawn from them. And Secondly I shall consider the Several Operations of mind that are exerted in Perception. and lastly the Object of Perception and the various things that are brought to our knowledge by me< ans of it". 4) On 8v-19r (pp. 15-35). Heading: "Of the external Senses". It is a law of our nature that we have no perception without an impressions made upon the sense organs and brain. Various hypotheses on the nature of the impressions made upon the organs of senses: there is no evidence of the truth of any of them. Even if they are true, none of them is a sufficient account for our perceiving objects by the impression made upon sense organs. The materialistic theory of mind. The hypothesis of ideas, or impressions made upon the mind. Theories of Locke, Descartes, Newton. Beginning: "Prop 1 [...] It is a law of our Nature that {we perceive no external Objects but by means of} certain bodily organs which God hath given us for that Purpose". End: "Although some Modern Philosophers express Perception by the Name of an Impression upon the Mind I conceive this is not sufficient Authority for using it in that Sense. It takes its origin from Notions of the Mind that are gross & false and naturally leads to them. Besides that it is very ambiguous when applyed to perception being used in such a Manner that it is impossible to discern whether [by]del we are to understand this impression upon the Mind to be the cause of our perceiving Objects or the Act of Perception it self or the Object perceived". 5) 20r-29v (pp. 37-56). Laws governing perception. Theories of Malebranche, Arnauld, Berkeley Beginning: "Having already discoursed of the external Accompaniments of Perception to wit the Impressions made upon the Organs Nerves and Brain, & {having also} considered the false theories with regard to these advanced by some Philosophers; I proceed now to consider that Operation of Mind which we call Perception and those other Operations of Mind which by the laws of our Nature accompany it". "He gives very solid Reasons for rejecting the common System with Regard to Ideas, and it seemed to him that if the common System was overturned his was the onely one left. Therefore as the Principle which led him to this System is common to it and that of other Philosophers which we are next to consider we shall say no more of the Former". After p. 56 (fol. 29r), there is not page 57; fol. 30r has page number 58. 6) On 30r (p. 58). Heading: "A Note belonging to Page 12th". Beginning: "Anatomists have divided the human Body in teo different ways. First into Similar & Secondly into Dissimilar Parts. This double Method of Division was I think introduced by Galen & as it is founded in Nature has been followed and found very usefull in explaining the Structure of the human Body". End: "As the Similar Parts are scattered as it were through all the Dissimilar, So we find both Apprehension & Judgment in most of the dissimilar Operations of the Understanding". 7) On 30v (no page number). Lower half of the page, blank. "The Platonick Notion of Ideas seems to be more distinctly explained by Alcinous than by any Author I have met with. See his Introduction to Plato's Philosophy Chap 9. The whole of this little Tract is well worth the perusal. Malebranche Entretiens {sur la} Metaphysique p. 12 quoted by Norris P. II ch 8 #4 I think upon a Number, a Circle, a House, therefore those things exist, at least while I think of them. Assuredly when I think upon a Circle &, I perceive Realities. For if the Circle which I perceive were nothing, then in thinking upon it I should think upon Nothing". 8) 31r-35v (pp. 57-66). The theory of ideas: Aristotle and Descartes. Beginning: "We come next to the common Theorie concerning our Perception of external Objects, which is that we perceive such objects not immediately, but by means of certain images of the things which are formed in the mind itself that perceives them {or in that part of the brain which they call the Sensorium where the mind is supposed to have its residence}". End: "He [Descartes] appears to have given more attention to the Operations of his own Mind than all that went before him. And gave an Example of writing with perspicuity upon this Subject which has <been> imitated {by a few} but not excelled by any Succeedin< g Writer on this Subject". 9) 36r-v (pp. 67-68). The theory of ideas: Locke. Beginning: "Mr Locke has a just Title to that distinguished rank which he holds among the Authors on this Subject, on account of his Judgment & Candor, his freedom of thought, and his great Care to avoid the Snares of ambiguous Words & of received Hypotheses yet he fell into the same snare with Des Cartes in admitting that all the immediate objects of thought are Ideas in our own Minds". End: see Explicit above. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check names; check content of parts 1, 4, and 5; parts 8 and 9 could be united] 2131/4/II/011r-19r and 20r-36vNovr 5 1765 [on the left margin] My Design in these Prelections is to handle these three branches of Philosophy Pneumatology, Ethicks, & Politicks.The same Distinction of the Qualities of Body had been made by Des Cartes & was distinctly understood by him. But Mr Locke explained it more fully, & gave them those Names of Primary and Secondary Qualities, which have upon his Authority been kept ever since.-1v (p. 1): "Novr 5 1765". 8r (p. 14): "1768".Pneumatology BType: introductory lectures to the course on Pneumatology, Glasgow, 1768. Subject: introductory remarks to the course, including explication of words. Summary of the first bundle (fols. 1r-23v: pp. [1]-45). It is not possible to give logical definitions of all the words used in any science or art; it is possible, however, to give explications of these words (pp. [1]-6). Explication of terms and expressions used in Pneumatology: 1) mind or spirit (p. 7); 2) operations of the mind (pp. 8-10); 3) power and faculty (p. 10); 4) the distinction between things in the mind and things external (pp. 11-14); 5) perception and object of perception, consciousness, conception and imagination (pp. 14-21); 6) most operations of the mind have an object towards which they are directed (pp. 21-23); 7) idea; remarks on the theory of ideas (pp. 23-29). 8) sensation and feeling (pp. 29-34). Necessity of avoiding the ambiguity of words (p. 34). First principles in Pneumatology: As there are words common to vulgars and philosophers, so there are first principles common to them that need not be proved (pp. 35-38); 1) the belief in the existence of the objects of consciouness: "First then I take for granted that I think, that I see & hear, that I remember & that I really perform all those operations of which I am conscious. [...] Every man in his wits finds himself under a necessity of believing what consciousness testifies" (pp. 38-39); 2) the belief in the existence of a subject of the operations of the mind: "Secondly; I take it for granted, that all the thoughts I am conscious of, or remember to have been conscious of are the Operations of one and the same thinking Principle, which I call my self or my Mind. Every man has an immediate conviction of his continued Existence and Identity as far back as he can remember" (pp. 39-40); 3) the belief in the existence of a subject of qualities or attributes, called substance: "Thirdly, I take it for granted, that there are some things which cannot exist of themselves, without something else to which they belong as Qualities, or attributes of that thing. [...] Things which may exist of themselves, and do not suppose the Existence of any thing else, are called Substances; & wiith Relation to the Qualities or Attributes that belong to them, they are called subjects of such Qualities or attributes" (pp. 40-42); 4) the belief in the distinction between the objects of the mind's operations and the operations themselves: "Fourthly; We take it for granted; that in most operations of Mind, there must be an Object, distinct from the operation itself" (pp. 42-43); 5) "We ought likewise to take for granted as first Principles things wherein we find an universal agreement among the learned and unlearned in the different Nations and Ages of the World": the belief in the existence of a material world; the belief in the existence of a cause of eveything that begins to exist or of every change that happens; the belief t< hat there is a right and wrong in human conduct (pp. 43-45). Second bundle (fols. 41r-59v). Beginning, on fol. 41r (p. 1): "This Schedule [sic] follows page 45 of Pneumatology A 1769. Having premised such Definitions and Axioms as I thought necessary. I shall next explain what kind of Evidence we must rest upon in this branch of Philosophy and what we ought to reject". "Every Branch of Human Knowledge hath its proper Principles, its proper Foundation, and method of Reasoning". Conjectures or Hypotheses of no use in Pneumatology. p. 5: "Let us therefore lay down this as a Foundamental Principle in our Enquiries into the Structure of the Mind and its operations, that no regard is due to the Conjectures or Hypotheses of Philosophers, however Ancient". [Incomplete record: check other folios after fol. 40] 2131/4/II/02UHe who undertakes to explain any Art or Science, will have occasion to use many Words, that are common to all who understand the Language: He will likewise have occasion to use words, that are peculiar to that Art or Science, & which do not occur in [the]del ordinary conversation [of Men altogether ingorant off {it} that Art or Science]delHence Men are apt to conclude that other Operations of Mind take their Origin from similar Causes, that is, from some Impression made upon the Mind by the Object.1r, top right corner: "1768"A [left margin] Pneumatology$2r: Hume. 2v: Locke, Berkeley, Hume.Type: lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow. Subjects language (natural language and signs), sensations, primary and secondary qualities. 4 parts. 1) On 1r (lower half of page, blank). The natural signs of the passions . Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "That politeness and refinement of manners which prevails among civilized Nations obliges us to suppress our {more vulgar} passions and even when we cannot altogether suppress them, to suppress the Natural signs of them, to maintain a constant [del] srenity of countenance and tranquillity of voice". 2) On 1v-2r. 1r, left margin: "Novr 20". On sensation. Beginning: "Recap. In order that we may have a more distinct Notion of the Sensations which we have by means of our external Senses we have considered these Sensations in various lights". End: "The Mind not meerly passive even in Sensation Cor. 1 In these operations of the Senses which we have considered we see no appearance of any image of external things in the Mind. 2 The Notion of Sensation being got by reflecting upon our Sensations of which we are conscious, we may see how improperly all our Notions or Ideas are said to be ideas of Sensation or of Reflection". 3) On 2r. On the left margin: "Novr 21". Natural and artificial language. Beginning: "Some Natural Language must have preceeded all Artificial Language so much at least as to enable men to agree that certain Signs were to be used to signify certain things". End: "The Signs of Natural Language still retained in rude Nations to supply the defects of their artificial Language". 4). On 2v (lower half of page, blank). On the left margin: "Nov 23". Primary and secondary qualities. Beginning: "That Hardness and Softness are Qualities of Bodies whereof we have a clear and distinct Notion". End: see Explicit above. 2131/4/II/05The tone of the voice is as various as the passions of the Soul and every passion hath its proportion by which it is expressed.1 Are Sensation extended in length breadth and thickness Can a Sensation fill a bushel or weigh a Stone. Are Sensations distinguished by being black blue or green are their [sic] Spherical cubical and piramidical Sensations 2 [interruption]+1v: "Novr 20"; 2r: "Novr 21"; 2v: "Nov 23".ZType: additions to MS "Pneumatology" (4/II/02, first bundle), with indication of the page where they are to be inserted. Subjects: language, meaning of words used in Pneumatology. "p 1 A": see above Incipit. "5 B": "Some Names that seem Generical are not properly generical but rather collective. The Genus is defined not by anything intrinsick to the Nature of the thing but rather by some Relation or external circumstance". Examples: colour (ob< ject of sight); furniture of the house. "14 C": "There is also a figurative meaning of things being in the Mind". [etc.] "D p. 17": see Explicit above. 2131/4/II/06p 1 A Definitions and Axioms are the foundation of all Science and in order to our proceeding more distinctly in this <part> of Pneumatology it will be proper to premise some Observations with regard to both.D p. 17 [on the right margin] It deserves likewise to be observed that although many instances may be given of things not distinguished in {the construction of} common Language which are really different & ought to be distinguished by a Philosopher, yet there cannot be a single Instance given (as far as I know) of things distinguished in all Languages and throughout all ages that have no real difference in their Nature. 1r: Locke.Type: draft of Question no. 35 "Whether it is proper to educate children without instilling principles into them of any kind whatsoever?", discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on 1 April 1760. See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 250. Other draft of Question no. 35: 2/II/01. [Subject heading] [Type heading: this MS might be part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind] 2131/4/I/25[Some Philosophers observing]del {It [being]del is universally acknowledged} that one great Cause of Error in Judgment among Mankind is, that established Errors, especially in Religion and Politics are transmitted by Inheritance from one Generation to another.When Children judge the moon to be about the Size of a Plater they judge Right because this is the most natural Conclusion from the premises they are furnished with. But we learn afterwards to correct that Judgment by finding new Evidence [that did not]del {which we had not} before. 1r-v: Locke. 1v: Hume. 2v: Hume.ZType: lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow, December 1765. Folios 1 and 2 to be inserted between folios 1 and 2 of 4/II/12. Subjects: space, time, personal identity; memory; imagination: conception; imagination: train of thoughts (laws of association). 5 parts. 1) On 1r, upper half of the page. Space, time, personal identity. See Incipit above. 2) On 1r-v. On 1r, left margin: "24/Decr 8". Memory. On the objects of thought: Locke's division of the objects of thought into ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection. Beginning: "An accurate Attention to this one faculty of Memory is sufficient to convince us that many of those Opinions {concerning the Operations of the Mind} that have been very generally received {even} by modern Philosophers and those of the greatest Reputation have not been sufficiently weighed and examined". End: "Perhaps Mr Locke meant to include under Ideas of Sensation all the things perceived by the External Senses. I believe he did so, but we have shewn that, neither the primary nor the secondary qualities of Body are [images of]del like to our Sensations". 2) On 2r-v. Imagination (simple apprehension, or conception). Errors of logicians concerning simple apprehension: firstly, they make the objects of simple apprehension only the terms of a proposition and never propositions themselves; secondly, their distinction of three kinds of simple apprehension (sensation, imagination, pure intellection) is unjustified; thirdly, they make simple apprehension the first operation of the understanding about its objects. The term "imagination" applied to things which have colour and extension, the term "conception" applied to those that don't have these qualities. Sometimes, the word "imagination" is used to singnify the eminent degree of this faculty (poets, orators). Whether, in the exercise of the faculty of imagination, any image is formed of the object which is imagined. Beginning: "Imagination. Because this word has been used in various Senses it is necessary to point out the Sense in which we here use it and to observe the different Senses that have been put upon it. We use it here to express what Logicians mean by simple Apprehension that is the bare conception of a thing without any Judgment or opinion about it". End: "Distinction between Perception< , Memory & Imagination. Mr Humes account of this Distinction, with remarks taken from my Remarks on his Treatise of human Nature". 4) On 2v. On the left margin: "25/Decr 10". The train of thoughts. The constituents of this train of thoughts a objects of imagination, that is, conception, and of memory. Laws by which our thoughts are tied together in thaat chain.More laws of association than the three mentioned by Hume. Beginning: "The train of thoughts that passes in ones Mind described. This made up of things we remember and things we imagine". End: "Thoughts of various things Suggest various passions and are favourable to various Dispositions. Entertainments of the Stage History & Romance Poetry & Musick". 5) On 2v. On the left margin: "26/Dec 11 1765". "Of the Influence which the various degrees of Strength in these Laws of Association may have in forming the Character Strength of Reason [Judgment] and Genius. In treating of this Subject for the future it may not be amiss to ground the 25 Lect upon a Meaning of the Word Imagination different from those before mentioned. It is used to signify that whole train of Thoughts, Remembrances Conceptions Emotions & Passions which spontaneously rises in the Mind when it awake & is neither Employed in the perception of external [Actions]del Objects or in Actions which produce any external Effect". 2131/4/II/07The parts of space all Simultaneous. No two parts of [time]del {duration} can be so. We can conceive of Immensity onely as filling all Space and of Eternity as unlimited duration. [blank break] Of Personal Identity [blank break]In treating of this Subject for the future it may not be amiss to ground the 25 Lect upon a Meaning of the Word Imagination different from those before mentioned. It is used to signify that whole train of Thoughts, Remembrances Conceptions Emotions & Passions which spontaneously rises in the Mind when it awake & is neither Employed in the perception of external [Actions]del Objects or in Actions which produce any external Effect".,1r: "Decr 8"; 2v: "Decr 10", "Decr 11 1765". 3v: Hume.Type: lectures on Pneumatology, December 1764. Subjects: imagination: conception; imagination: train of thoughts; active power/causation (causation between mind and body, active power in bodies). 1) On 3r. "1764 Decr 13". Imagination: conception. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "What is meant by Imagination in Poets and Orators. It is nothing else but the art of describing things so as to make the hearer or reader have a strong and lively conception of them. Which is done partly by making a proper choise of the most affecting circumstances of what is described. Partly by apt similitudes metaphorical expressions aand allegories, by which things abstract and more difficult to be conceived may be made more intelligible and more affecting". 2) On 3v (upper half of the page, blank). Imagination: train of thoughts. Indication for an insertion on the left margin: "a next page". "To the three Laws which Mr Hume hath mentioned by which the train of thought in the human Mind is regulated we may add 1 Contrariety 2 Genus & Species Whole & parts Premises and Conclusion, Subject & qualities. Means & End. Decr 14 [on the left margin] These laws of the Association of Ideas are stronger in some Minds weaker in others in the same mind they are stronger at one time than at another, in one mind one chiefly prevails in another mind another". 3) On 4r, in different pen from the previous parts. Active power/causation: causation between mind and body; active power in bodies. Beginning: "Of the Effects {& Consequences} of our Volitions. The Acts of the human Mind immanent or transient that is such as have some Effect without us". End: see Explicit above.The next Power of the human understanding which I shall consider is that by which we imagine or conceive things without believing or disbelieving anything about them. This is what the Logicians call by the Name of simple Apprehension.This disposition to conceive the Sun and Stars the Sea Air & Earth Rivers Woods Grottos & Volcanos Animate and<  Active beings has probably give rise {in part at least} to the Heathen Idolatry. It gives a poetical Credibility to the fictions of Poets and [Apostrophes]del bold figures of Retoricians when they give life and [living Characters]del Epithets which imply life to inanimate things."3r: "1764 Decr 13". 3v: "Decr 14".52r: Derham ("Physico Theology"). 2v: Descartes, Hume.WType: lectures on Pneumatology, Aberdeen. Subjects: division of the powers and operations of the mind; definition and division of the power of understanding; perception (the five external senses); memory; duration and personal identity. This MS is to be inserted between folios 1 and 2 of 4/II/11. Various annotations on margins. Headings. On 1r: division of the power and operations of the mind (axiom 6), definition and division of the powers of understanding, "Sight" (propositions 1-8). On 1v: "Touch" (propositions 9-10). On 2r: "Hearing" (proposition 16-20), "Taste & Smell". On 2v: "Memory". 2131/4/II/08=Part 1 [on the left margin] Lect 2 [on the right margin] Ax 5 The Knowledge of the Powers and Operations of Mind or Spirit must be drawn chiefly from an accurate observation of what passes in our own Minds and partly from an Observation of those Indications which we have of like Powers and Operations in other Minds.a11 Neither could we have any Idea of Motion or tangible Space without the Perception of Duration.jType: lectures on Pneumatology, Aberdeen. MS 4/II/08 must be inserted between folios 1 and 2. Subjects: 1r: definition of mind; certainty of its existence; its superiority in relation to body; consciousness of what passes in our minds and indications of what passes in others' minds as means of acquiring knowledge of mind's operations; definition of pneumatology. 1v (the text continues on 4/II/08, 1r): division of pneumatology: 1) physiology of mind; 2) culture of mind; 3) mind-body connection; 4) nature, attributes and government of the supreme mind; sciences depending on pneumatology (logic, fine arts, ethics, politics). 2r (the text continues from 4/II/08, 2v): imagination (train of thoughts). 2v: pleasure and pain; three types of pleasure and pain (sensible, intellectual, moral); sensible pleasure. Annnotations on margin, especially on 1r. [Subject heading] 2131/4/II/11TDef 1. Every thing that thinks perceives Remembers or Wills I call a Mind or Spirit.FThe Brutes have probably as great Enjoyment of Bodily Pleasures as we. PneumatologyT1v: Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 2r: Locke, Hume ("T of H N pag 172"), Aristotle. 2v: HumeOn 1v, at the end of lecture 21: "The Discourse on Memory makes up the rest of this Lecture as well as the 22. The last part of that discourse concerning the theories of Locke Berkeley & Hume about Duration makes the first part of Lect 23".Type: lectures on Pneumatology, December 1765. MS 4/II/07 must be inserted between folios 1 and 2. Subjects: perception by external senses; memory, space and duration; abstraction; judgment; reasoning (probable and demonstrative reasoning). On 1r, lecture 20, December 2 1765. Crossed out passage: the powers by which we gain mathematical knowledge are different from the powers by which we gain knowledge of real existences. After crossed out part: "NB This Lecture was read from the Enquiry. As well as that conceiving the manner in which we learn to perceive the distance of objects from the Eye. And in no other Lecture was the book opened this Session". On 1r-v, lecture 21, December 3 1765. End of the series of lectures on the external senses. Importance of insisting on this part of the course. Other powers called senses by analogy. Memory. On 1v, lectures 22 and 23, December 4 and 5 1765. Memory, space and duration (this text continues on fol. 1r of 4/II/07). On 2r, lecture 27, December 12 1765. Of dividing and classing things, and of composition (abstraction). On 2r, lecture 28, December 13 1765. Of judgment. On 2r, lecture 29, December 14 1765. Of reasoning. On 2v, lecture 30, December 17 1765. Difference between probable and demonstrative reasoning. On 2v, addition "A" (to be inserted on 2r< ): "Since a Proposition may be simply apprehended as has been shewn, and one proposition may be contrary to another, Quaere Does it not follow that one simple Apprehension may be contrary to another?". Indications for insertions, on the margins: On 1r, "here insert a" On 2r, "See A next page" (reference to addition "A" on 2v). [Incomplete record: check if there is MS of the Discourse on Memory, referred to on 2v] 2131/4/II/121765 20/Decr 2d [on the left margin] Although the object of human Knowleddge be innumerable, yet the channels by which it is conveyed to the Mind are probably but few.iIs it not reasonable to think, that without the faculty of Judging we could never have apprehended a Proposition, as if we had never seen a Colour we could never have imagined one. We distinguish between the meaning of a Proposition {& its truth} by a kind of Abstraction similar to that by which we distinguish between the Essence of a thing and its Existence.h1r: "1765 [...] Decr. 2d"; "Dr 3". 1v: "Decr 4-5". 2r: "Decr. 12"; "Decr 13", "Decr 14". 2v: "Decr 17".L1v: Hutcheson. 3v: Hutcheson, Locke (reference to Essay "II. 21. 30"), Hume.Type: lectures on Pneumatology, December 1765. Two leaves (pp. 7-10) are missing between fols. 3v (p. 6) and 4r (p. 11) 4 parts. 1) On 1r-v, lecture "34/Decr 23 1765". Distinction between active and intellectual powers. Intellectual powers are subservient to active powers. A limited sphere of power given to man by the author of nature. Distinction between the will and other active powers (desire and aversion): errors of philosophers concering this distinction (Hutcheson). Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "3 A Man who is suddenly seized with Palsy; before he knows that he [...]" (interruption). On 1v, left margin, indications for insertions: "Insert A & B" (addition "A" is on fols. 2r-3v). 2) On 2r-3v. The notions of "action" and of "active power". Distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions. Action of will or volition. Errors of philosophers concerning volition (Hutcheson's reduction of will to desire and aversion, joy and grief; errors of Hume). Locke's warning against the reduction of will. Beginning, after cancelled part: "Since this part of Pneumatology is employed about the Active Powers of the Mind It will be proper first of all to explain Distinctly what is meant by action & by active power, what do we mean by Action and what is the Origin of the distinction between {Action & Passion} [things that Act and things that are acted upon]del between things that Act and things that are acted upon". End: "5 No Notion of Causation but that of constant Conjunction". On 2v, right margin, indication for an insertion: "Insert B pag 8 & 9". 3) On 4r-v. Praise and blame confined to voluntary actions. In the popular sense of the word "free" (meaning "voluntary"), the will cannot be said to be free. Liberty expresses the relation between will and action. In what sense the will can be called the cause of action. Beginning: "This distinction is the more important because all Praise or blame, all Merit or demerit on account of a mans Actions is confined to his Voluntary Actions or those which are in his Power". End: see Explicit above. 2131/4/II/1334/Decr 23 1765 [on the left margin] Having now explained as distinctly as I am able the several Operations of the Understanding. We shall next proceed to explain those of the Will.For {tho'} it must be acknowledged that motion must have its beginning from Mind and not from body, yet at the same time it is beyond our comprehension how mind act upon bodys.1r: "34/Decr 23 1765".1r: Newton, Descartes. 1v: Bacon ("Novum Organum"); Locke ("his posthumous tract on the Conduct of Understanding); Leibniz (on margin: "Leibnizian Scheme"); Descartes (on margin); Aristotle, Gilbert, Hutcheson. 2r: Bacon. 2v: Wallis; Locke. 3r: Descartes ("De Methodo Medicina Mentis"); Locke ("Essay and Thoughts on the Conduct of Understanding"); Malebranche ("De Inquirenda Veritatis"), Bacon ("Novum Organum & De Augmentis Scientiarum"). 4v: Bacon, John Craige ("An Eminent Mathematician")< . 5r: H. More. Type: lectures on Pneumatology, or lectures on the Culture of the Mind, Glasgow, January 1765 and March 1766. Subjects: Fols. 1r-2r (top of 2r), lower half of 2v, 3r-v (addition "A"), and 4r-5r (addition "a"), on the prejudices which cause of wrong judgments (material that appears in IP, Essay VI, Ch. VIII). Fol. 2r-v, on inductive reasoning (compare with IP, Essay VII, Ch. III "Of Probable Reasoning"). 5 parts. 1) On 1r-2r, lecture "1765 Jan 21". On judgment: general prejudices which affect judgments (idola tribus, idola specus, idola fori). Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "Whatever misleads a man in the Search of Truth, whatever leads him into Error or keeps him in it is what Bacon calls an Idol. The Understanding naturally and in the best State of the Mind pays its homage to Truth onely. The Causes of Error are by him conceived as so many false Deities who receive that tribute & homage which is due onely to Truth". On 1r, indication for addition "A" (on 3r-v): "Turn to A next leaf". 2) On 2r-v. lectures on inductive reasoning, March 1766. On 2r, heading: "Inductive Reasoning". Beginning: "[Inductive reasoning] Founded partly on Facts observed by ourselves or by other person of Credit partly on Certain Maxims of common Sense by which we reason from such Facts". On 2r, left margin: "Mar 3 1766. On 2r: "Thus we have Considered how the Mind is furnished with those Facts from which all inductive reasoning is drawn. It is next to be considered how we are to use these particular facts in order to draw some general Conclusions from them". On 2v, left margin: "Mar 5 1766". On 2v: "General Observations on Reasoning by Induction". 3) Lower half of 2v: "Idola Fori". Beginning: "These and many other Imperfections in Language must have been observed the Remedies that were most obvious are such as are offered either by Grammar or Logic". End: "6 Particles especially Prepositions This Subject largely handled by Mr Locke book 3d of his Essay". 4) On 3r-v, addition "A". Idola tribus; idola specus; idola fori. Beginning: "The Powers of Understanding originally different in different men". On 3v, heading: "General Defects or faults in the Rational Powers which <are> to be guarded against". End: "7 Many words borrowed from one thing to expresss another those apt to deceive and mislead the Understanding. From Body to Spirit". 5) On 4r-5r. "Idola Tribus" (4r), "Idola Specus" (4v-5r). On 4v, on top left corner: "a". Heading: "Idola Tribus". Beginning: "1 [The being]del {We are apt to be} led in our Opinions by Imitation Custom Fashion & Company" Lower half of 4r, blank. On 4v, " Idola Specus". End: see Explicit above. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/II/141r-5v1765 Jan 21 [left margin] We have endeavoured to point out the most important of those intuitive judgments of things which are natural and constitutional to the human mind and reduce them to certain classes and heads.As the Meer Mathematician is apt to reduce every thing to calculation So the meer Chemist will explain all Mysterys even the Mysterys of Religion as well as those of Nature by Sal<t> Sulphur and Mercury. The Astrologer. Musician. Metaphysician. Dr Henry More61r: "1765 Jan 21". 2r: "Mar 3 1766". 2v: "Mar 5 1766".1r (p. 1): Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 1v-2r (pp. 2-3): Locke. 2v (p. 4): Berkeley, Hume ("his Essay of the Accademical or Sceptical Philosophy. page 169. Vol 2"). 3r (p. 5): Hume. 4r (p. 7): Leibniz, Newton, Samuel Clarke. 4v (p. 8): Clarke, Wolff, Leibniz. 5r (p. 9): Wolff, Leibniz. 5v (p. 10): Lebniz. 6r (p. 11): Des Maizeaux ("in a Collection in two Volumes of Diverse Pieces of Leibnitz Clarke Newton & other celebrated Authors"). 7r-v (pp. 13-14): Aristotle, Leibniz, Malebranche. 9v (p. 18): "Peripateticks", Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 11r (p. 21): Democritus, Epicurus, Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley. 13r (p. 25): Newton. 14r (p. 27): Locke. 15v (p. 30): Saunderson. 17r (p. 33): Locke.fType: lectures on Pneumatology. 11 Lectures from November-December 1768; on 17r, lecture from October 17< 73. Subjects: perception by the external senses; theory of ideas. Compare with Inquiry and IP, Essay II. 13 parts. 1) On 1r-3v (pp. 1-6). Lower half of 3v (p. 6), blank. Lectures of November 17-18 1768. Perception by the external senses; theory of ideas; objections to the theory of ideas. On 1r, left margin: "Nov 17 1768". On 1v, right margin: "Nov 18 1768". Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "2 When we suppose ideas in the Mind, this does not make the manner of our perceiving external Objects more intelligible than it is without them as we shall afterward shew". 2) On 4r-8r (pp. 7-15). Lectures of November 21-22 1768. Perception by the external senses; Leibniz's theory of monads and preestablished harmony. Objections to Leibniz's theories. On 4r (p. 7): "Novr 21". Beginning: "There is another System with regard to Perception which I shall mention on Account of the Fame of its Author". On 6v (p. 12), right margin: "Novr 22". End: "I consider the Perception of external objects as an Original Power of the Mind of which we can give no other Account but that God has made us so". 3) On 8r-9v (pp. 15-18). Lower half of 9v (p. 18), blank. End of lecture of November 22 1768, and beginning of lecture of November 23 1768. Sensation; mistakes of philosophers concerning sensation. Beginning: "Having therefore finished what I intend to say of Perception I proceed to consider another Operation of Mind which is always by the Costitution of our Nature conjoyned with Perception, that is Sensation". On 9v (p. 18), right margin: "Novr 23". End: "Des Cartes Locke &c that some of our Sensations are resemblances of External things. Berkeley & Hume free from their Error. These false Notions sprung from the Theorie of Ideas". 4) On 10r-v (pp. 19-20). End of lecture of November 23 1768, and lecture of November 24 1768. On 10r (p. 19), heading: "Of the Objects of Perception". Taste, hearing, smell, touch (heat and cold, hardness and softness, roughness and smothness, motion, solidity, figure, extension). On 10r, left margin: "Nov 24". Lower half of 10r (p. 19), blank. On 10v (p. 20): perception of the disorders of the body. "Objects of Sight" (colour, visible figure). Beginning: "Three of our Senses are more Simple & their objects Simple by Hearing we perceive Sound & nothing Else. By Smelling & Taste we perceive onely those Qualities of Bodies which we call their Smell & their Taste". End: "Having now given a general View of the Objects more immediately perceived by means of our Senses it may be proper to class their {various qualities qualities of Bodies} under certain heads, and to take Notice of those perceptions that are not immediate and original but acquired & the fruit of Experience and of the fallacies which we are said to be laid [sic] into by our Senses and last of all of some laws of Nature regarding particular Senses". 5) On 11r (p. 21). Lecture of November 25 1768. Heading: "Of the Distinction of Primary & Secondary Qualities". Beginning: "First explain how these are really distinguished 2dly Give Some Account of the Different Systems of Philosophers with Regard to this Distinction". End: "The Aristotelian System had no tendency to produced [sic] Scepticism because two Errors it maintained served mutually to correct each other". 6) On 11v-12v (pp. 22-24). Lecture of November 28 1768. Beginning: "Another Class of objects perceived by us is various disorders or diseases of our Bodies which are perceived by means of certain Sensations annexed to them". End: "We know {often} that the disorder is in such a part of the Body & that it is the occasion of such a painfull Sensation. But this is al that our Sense [informs us]del testifies; the {nature & cure of the disorder} is left to be discovered by Observation and Experience". 7) On 12v-14r (pp. 24-27). Continuation of the lecture of November 28 1768. Perception by the external senses of powers. Examples: Vis Inertiae, gravity, magnetism, electricity, corpuscular attraction, chemical powers, medical powers, vegetative and animal powers. Distinction between manifest and occult qualities. Begi< nning: "There is still another kind of Perceptions which we have by our Senses, of certain Attributes of Bodies which we call Powers". End: "The Occult Qualities contain {several} different Classes 1 Secondary Qualities {2 Disorders of our own Bodies} 3 Mechanical Powers or Forces, which are the chief Subject of Nat Philosophy. 4 Chemical Powers 5 Medical Powers or Virtues. Perhaps a [fifth]del {sixth & seventh} Class migth be added of Vegetativee & Animal Powers". 8) On 14r-15r (pp. 27-29). Lecture of November 29 1768. Recapitulation of the previous lectures on perception by the external senses. Original and acquired perceptions. On 14r (p. 27), left margin: "Nov 29". On 15r (p. 29), heading: "Of original & acquired Perception". Beginning: "As the Perception of our Senses is the onely Mean by which Nature gives us the knowledge of external Objects: As this Power of the Mind is of all others the most familiar & seems to be best understood; And as Philosophers have conceived a very great Analogy between the external Senses and other Powers of the Mind which they call internal & Reflex Senses; and have been led into Errors concerning the later from false Notions which they entertained concerning the former. I have therefore insisted at greater length upon Perception; being perswaded that clear & just Notions of this power of the Mind will be <of> great use to lead us to a more distinct understanding of others". End: "It will be proper before I leave this Subject of the Objects of Sense or the things perceived by their Means, to make some Observations which may prevent our ascribing to those Powers of the Mind which we call the external Senses, & which we have in common with the brutes; what does not in strict propriety of Speech belong to them, but ought properly to be referred to powers of a higher order which are not to be found either in brutes or even in Men till they come to ripeness of Understanding". 9) On 15v (p. 30). Lecture of December 1 1768. Acquired perceptions. Theory of vision. On 15v (p. 30), right margin: "Decr 30". Beginning: "The last mean by which we learn to perceive the Distance of an Object by our Eyesight is by means of intervening or contiguous Objects whose distance is otherwise known". End: "Simple Perception common Understanding & Philosophy run into each other So that it is difficult to fix their limits accurately". 10) On 16r-v (pp. 31-32). Lower half of 16v (p. 32), blank.Lecture of December 2 1768. Laws governing vision. On 16r, right margin: "Decr 2". Heading: "Laws of Nature relating to the Particular Senses" Beginning: "1 Several Motions of the two Eyes are performed in Concert". End: "Objects [seen]del whose Images fall upon correspondent points of the two Retinae are seen in one and the Same place And if the pictures of one and the same object fall upon points that do not correspond that object is seen in two places that is it is seen double". 11) On 17r (p. 33). Fallacies of the senses. Beginning: "I shall conclude what I have to say upon Perception with some Observations upon the fallacies of the Senses". End: "Eclipses which filled Nations with the Dread that Nature was at her last Gasp [gave]del roused Philosophers to investigate the Causes of those dreadfull Phaenomena & gave birth to Astronomy". 12) On 17r (p. 33), bottom of the page. Lecture of October 23 1773. Relative notions On 17r (p. 33), left margin: "Oct 23 1773". Beginning: "The Notions we have of Body or of Material Substance. Relative". End: "Of Space. Its unlimited Nature. We cannot say whether it <is> a Substance a Mode or a Relation". 13) On 18v. Lower half of page, blank. Relative notions. Beginning: "Are not our Notions Relative beside these [...]" End: see Explicit above. [Incomplete record: check spelling, and subjects of various parts] 2131/4/II/161r-17r and 18vNov 17 1768 [on the left margin] The System of our perceiving external Objects by means of Phantasms or Ideas off them in the Mind Common to aristotelian Cartesian to the followers of Locke Berkeley & Hume.He knows that Colour is a Quality of Body which af< fects the Eye in a certain Manner in those who see, as different Sounds affect the Ear differently in those who Ear.1r: "Nov 17 1768". 1v: "Nov 18 '68". 4r: "Nov 21 '68". 6v: "Nov 22 '68". 9v: "Nov 23 '68". 10r: "Nov 24 '68"; 11r: "Nov 25 '68". 11v: "Nov 28". 14r: "Nov 29". 15v: "Decr 1". 16r: "Decr 2". 17r: "Oct 23 1773".QPlato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Norris ("Theory of the Ideal World, Part I").Type: addition to lecture on Pneumatology, or to a draft of IP (see indication for insertion on top left corner: "page 2 line 27"). Subjects: perception by the external senses; theory of ideas.19r-v (pp. 3-4)page 2 line 27 [top left corner] The Theory of Ideas seems to be built upon some reasoning of this kind. No attribute can exist unless the Subject to which it belongs does exist.The first thought may introduce the second, but when the second is introduced it is as immediately in the Mind as the first was before, and its object as immediately the object of the second thought as the object of the first was, when the first was in the Mind.1r: Democritus, Epicurus, Aristotle, Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Robert Smith. 1v: Kepler, Descartes, Berkeley, Robert Smith, 2r: Scheiner, Kepler, Descartes. 2v: Gassendi, Baptista Porta, Galen, Rohault, Briggs, Newton, Berkeley, Robert Smith, Porterfield. 3v: Berkeley, Smith, Portefield, Briggs. 4v: Locke, Malebranche, Leibniz, "Peripateticks", "Epicureans".9Type: lectures on Pneumatology, November-December 1765, Glasgow. Lectures no. 12-19. Subjects: perception by the external senses; theory of vision. This MS precedes MS 4/II/12. On 1r, lecture 12, November 20 1765. Distinction between primary and secondary qualities; theory of ideas; scepticism. Heading: "Of Visible figure" End of lecture 12 and beginning of lecture 13, on 1r: "That there is some resemblance and a necessary connexion between the visible and real figure of bodies Q 1 What visible figure Is it a Sensation? 2 Is there any Sensation which suggests it? 13/Novr 21 [on left margin] 3 What is the cause of that difficulty which we find in attending to it? 4 Is it visible or real figure and Extension which is the object of Geometry". On 1r-v, lecture 13, November 21 1765. Theory of vision: visible figure, geometry of visibles, similitude between visible and tangible figure. On 1v-2v, lecture 14, November 24 1765. Inverted image; Descartes' solution to the problem of inverted image; criticism of Descartes' solution; law of vision; experiments of Scheiner (limits of distinct vision). Heading, on 1v: "Of seeing objects erect by inverted images". On 2v-3r, lecture 15, November 25 1765. Single vision. Heading, on 2v: "Of seeing Objects Single with two Eyes". On 3r, lecture 16, November 26 1765. Single vision. On 3r-v, lecture 17, November 27 1765. Acquired perceptions. Signs by which we judge of the distance of objects from the eyes. Annotation on the left margin of 3v, on Porterfield's theory of single vision, transcribed in Inquiry, Brookes ed., p. 231. On 4r, lecture 18, November 28 1765. Distance plus visible magnitude, sign of real magnitude. Distance plus visible figure, sign of real figure. The appearance of colour means either different degrees of light or a different colour. Ambiguities of these signs: account of the fallacies of the senses. Recapitulation of the lectures on perception and sensation. On 4v, lecture 19, December 1 1765. Operations which are carried on in the process of perception. Heading: "Perception, common Understanding Science". 2131/4/II/1712/Novr 20 [left margin] The Opinion of Democritus and Epicurus about Secondary Qualities that they are Illusions of Sense but the primary real Qualities owing to their confounding the Sensation with the Quality.nThere may be beings meerly sensitive who may have a great variety of sensations without any perception at all.[November-December 1765]. 1r: "Nov 20", "Novr 21". 1v: "Novr 24". 2v: "Novr 25". 3r: "Novr 26", "Novr 27". 4r: "Novr 28". 4v: "Decr 1"._1r (p. 69): Locke. 1v (p. 70): Isaac Watt, le Clerc, Berkeley, Locke, Descartes, < Malebranche, Arnauld, Gassendi, Fenelon. 2r-v (pp. 71-72): Locke, Berkeley. 3r (p. 73) : Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley. 3v (p. 74): Berkeley, Collier, Hume. 4r (p. 75): Hume, Locke, Berkeley. 4v (p. 76): Aristotle, Locke (quotations), Hume, Berkeley.Type: lecture on Pneumatology, Glasgow? Subjects: theories of perception, based on the hypothesis of ideas: Locke (1r-v); Berkeley (1v-3v); Hume (3v-4v). Examination of the theory of ideas. Its consequences: scepticism. Marginalia on 1v, 2r, 3v, 4v. On 3v, evidence for lecture: "Thus when I see the College Steeple, I have in Mr Humes Style, an Impression of the Steeple". [Type heading] 2131/4/II/18[...] compounded of the Ideas of Sensation or Reflexion must be a word without any meaning. For according to this Author Words are the Signs of Ideas and Ideas are the onely immediate objects of thought.How shall the Mind, when it perceives nothing but its own Ideas, know that they agree with things themselves? This tho' it seems not to want Difficulty, yet I think there be two sorts of Ideas, that we may be assured agree with things.^Type: lecture on Pneumatology, April 1772, Glasgow. Subjects: imagination (train of thoughts). 2131/4/II/20We have endeavoured in the last Lecture to explain the Phenomena of that train of thought which is constantly passing in the Human Mind when awake & which used to be called the Phancy or Phantasie but of late has commonly got the Name of Imagination.Laws of Association of thought could no more produce a Regular train of thought than laws of attraction in Words and particles could arange them into a well composed Discourse."1r, top left corner: "Apr 6 1772".2r: Harrington ("Oceana").Type: on 1r-v, lecture on Politics (forms of government). On 2r, outlines of the courses on Politics, including part on the forms of government and part on police (political economy). Subjects: On 1r, introduction to the course on Politics. 12 principles of political reasoning. On 2v, politics (forms of government): despotism. On 2r, outlines of the courses on on Politics (theory of the forms of government) and Police (political economy). End of 1v: "Turkey the most perfect Model of Despotism". 2131/4/III/01Political is the Art of [forming]del Modelling & Governing Politickal Societys {of Men} so as to answer the End proposed by them.14 Revenue. Crown Lands. Customs, Excise, Land Tax, Taxes on the Necessaries of Life on Luxury. Poll Taxes Census, Lotteries National Debt.1r: Epicurus. 1v: Lord Moleswoth ("his Account of Denmark, p. 75"), 2r: Montesquieu. 2v: Lord Littleton ("Hist of Hen 2 Vol 3d"), Harrington ("Oceana")."Type: lectures on Politics, forms of government, April 1765, Glasgow. Subjects: politics, forms of government (dispotism, aristocracy, and mixed forms) On 1r-2r, lecture of April 17 1765. The disadvantages of the dispotic form of government. On 2r-v, lecture of April 18 1765. Lower half of 2v, blank. Aristocracy: two main types of aristocracy (ancient and gothic). Examples of aristocratic governments: Venice and Poland (3 corollaries). Democracy, a mixed kind of government. Mixed kinds of government: the republican system, pure monarchy, limited monarchy, Gothic system (English government at the time of Henry II). On 3r, heading of lecture of April 23 1765: see Explicit above. The lecture of April 17 seems to correspond to lecture 3 of the outline of the course on Politics in 4/III/1, 2r ("3 The natural Consequences of Dispotick Government with Reflexions"). The lecture of April 18 seems to correspond to lecture 4 of the outline of the course on Politics in 4/III/1, 2r ("4 The Gothic Aristocracy Poland the Ancient Aristocracy Venice"). 2131/4/III/05April 17 1765 [on left margin] We have explained as briefly as we could the Nature of Dispotick Government; the Principles upon which alone it can stand firm; and the natural Consequences of it with regard to the Commerce learning Morals and happiness of a Nation that is thus governed.&April 23 The Essays of Youth. 26 Order21r: "April 17 1765". 2r: "Apr. 18". 3r: "Apr. 23".C1< r-2r, and 4r-v: Harrington ("Oceana"). 1v: Thomas More ("Utopia").Type: lectures on Politics, forms of government, Glasgow. Subjects: politics, forms of government: Harrington's Oceana. 1r-v. Harrington's Oceana: sources of the submission of the governed. Duration of such government. Honours, education, distinction between citizens and servants. 1v, bottom of the page: colonies, Utopia of Thomas More. List of topics in demography and economics. 2r. Election of Parish and Hundred. 4r. Praise of Harrington's Oceana. Remarks: 1) The agrarian law of Harrington is not a sufficient security against undue accumulation of wealth. 4v: 2) Harrington's model might not have enough provisions for the preservation of morals and public virtue. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/061r-2r, and 4r-vEvery part of this plan is admirable yet there are some things Necessary both to the Establishment and Duration of such Government, that this excellent Political writer has not addressed [?] to2 It may be doubted whether there is in this Model sufficient provision for preserving that degree of Morals and publick Virtue which is necessary in a Commonwealth.Of Harington OceanaHarrington ("Ocena").Type: lectures on Politics, forms of government, Glasgow. Date: April 1765? This MS might be part of the lectures on Politics from April 1765, in 4/III/5: in this case, it is to be inserted between fol. 2v (after lecture of "April 18") and fol. 3r of 4/III/5 (before "April 23"). Subjects: politics, forms of government: Harrington's Oceana. On 1r, lecture of April 19. Heading: "The Principles of a Commonwealth". The constitution of a commonwealth: Harrington's Oceana. Parish election. On 1r-v, lecture of April 22. Hundred and tribe election. On 1v, lecture of April 23. Senate and popular assembly. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/07April 19 [on left margin] The Principles of a Commonwealth. An Agrarian which is the foundation or [Ground]del {bottom} upon which the Grand Machine must be supported.\Annual Officers two tribunes of the horse & two of the foot Provincial Knights and Deputies.9[1765?] On 1r: "April 19"; "April 22". On 1v: "April 23".2v: Montesquieu.Type: lectures on Politics, 6-7 May 1765, Glasgow. According to my notes: On 1r-2r, lecture on Practical Ethics (Political Jurisprudence), originally part of the lectures on Politics. See fol. 2r, top of the page: "All that is marked in the Margin in the two preceeding pages by a line drawn from top to bottom belongs to Political Jurisprudence". On 2r-3r: lecture on Politics (Police). Lecture of May 6 1765. 1r-2r: essentials of government; 1) governement of laws as opposed to government of men; 2) government must promote the good and happiness of the governed. 2r: population as a subordinate end of government; means of promoting population. Lecture of May 7 1765. 2v-3r: virtue as a subordinate end of government; means of promoting virtue 3r: learning and arts; riches. The text on 2r corresponds to lecture 1 ("Of Population") in the outlines of the course on Politics (part on Police), in 4/III/1. The text on 2v-3r corresponds to lecture 2 ("Of National Virtue") in the outlines of the course on Politics (part on Police), in 4/III/1. The text on 3r corresponds to lectures 3 and 4 ("Of Learning", "Of National Riches") in the outlines of the course on Politics (part on Police), in 4/III/1. [Type heading] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check Haakonssen] 2131/4/III/09May 6 1765 [on left margin] The primary Object of the Science of Politicks is the Constitution of a State, and the natural Effects and consequences of that Constitution and this capital part of the Political Science may be reduced to these two Problems.F1 What is to be called Riches in a Nation? 2 Food and Payment Houses Furniture Lands How far Riches 3 The Riches of the Whole is the Sum of the Riches of Individuals 4 As Every Mans Riches is the Balance between his Goods & his Debt so it is in a Nation What things have influence on the Price of Commodities of Labour & skill#1r: "May 6 1765". 2v: "May<  7 1765".Type: lectures on Politics (police), May 13-17 1765, Glasgow. On 1r-v, lecture of May 13 1765. On 1r: recapitulation of previous lectures on the ends of government (population, virtue, learning, riches). Distinct notion of riches ("All alienable property which contributes to the convenience and accomodation of Life"). Everything we call riches is produced by human labour; what are the causes of the difference of price, given the equality of labour; difference between the natural and the market price of commodities. Money: refutation of many false notions on the subject of money. On 1v: natural and artificial traffic. The steps by which artificial traffic or the profession of merchants is introduced into society: 1) division of labour, 2) market and fairs, 3) merchants who buy at one market and sell at another, 4) manufacturers who hire artificers to work for them (this state, the most favourable to commerce). Effects of traffic. On 1v-2r, lecture of May 14 1765. Paper credit; different meanings of the word "credit"; difference between paper credit and common credit; difference between paper credit and money. On 2r, list of topics for lectures of May 15-16-17 1765. May 15 1765: "Whether Banks are a benefit to a trading nation or destructive". Other topics listed: luxury, foreign trade, the balance of trade, exchange. List of things that tend to enrich a nation. May 16 1765: effects of trade, arms and navies. May 17 1765: revenue, customs, excise, tax on luxury, poll tax, national debt, lotteries. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/10uMay 13 1765 [on left margin] we have divided the ends of Political Society into primary or secondary and subordinate.May 17 1765 [on left margin] Revenue Crown Lands Customs Excise Tax on Luxury {Land Tax, Taxes on the Necessarys of Life} Poll Tax {or Census}. National Debt. Lotteries.R1r: "May 13 1765". 1v: ""May 14". 2r: "May 15 1765"; "May 16 1765"; "May 17 1765".1r: Harrington ("Oceana").2Type: lectures on Politics (forms of government, and police or economics). Place of origin: Glasgow or Aberdeen. Subjects: On 1r-2v: forms of government. Three types of government (monarchy, aristocracy, republic). Constitution of Great Britain: description of three powers (judiciary, legislative, executive); defects of British constitution. On 2v, lower half of the page: list of varius topics in police (political economy), including taxes, banks, paper credit, trade, etc. 1r-2v, on British constitution corresponds to lectures 11, 12, 13 of the outline of the course on Politics (the part on the forms of government) in 4/III/1, fol. 2r. Lower half of 2v corresponds to lecturees 8, 9 and 14 of the outline of the course on Politics (the part on Police), in 4/III/1, fol. 2r. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/11Of Monarchy 1 The french Monarchy a Model of Pure Monarchy Aristocracies Poland. The United Provinces Venice Republick Harringtons Oceana.Of National Riches Agriculture Trade the Price of Commodities The Balance of Trade Exchange &c. Whether all Governments must have a period as Men have.QLecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Economics), Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Politics)[Glasgow or Aberdeen]4Jean Louis de Lolme ("The Constitution of England").Type: reading note on Jean Louis de Lolme, "The Constitution of England or, An account of the english government; in which it is compared with the republican form of government, and occasionally with the other monarchies of Europe", London 1775. From 4/III/13 and 4/III/23, it appears that Reid read the 1775 edition of de Lolme's treatise. Subjects: politics, forms of government, advantages of the British constitution. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/121 The placing of the Executive power in one & making it hereditary 1 This renders it sacred & inexpugnable. Check the Ambition of such as in Republicks from engrossing power have become tyrants, & prevents any Citizen from ever rising to a dangerous greatness.4 The people delegating their power to representatives The Qualification for voting for Members of Parliament < ought to be higher as it is in Scotland.*[1777 or afterwards: see date of 4/III/13]7Advantages of the british Constitution from Mr de LolmeJean Louis de Lolme ("The Constitution of England"). On margin: "History of the Colonization of the free States of Antiquity Cadel 1777 4to").gType: reading note on Jean Louis de Lolme "The Constitution of England or, An account of the english government; in which it is compared with the republican form of government, and occasionally with the other monarchies of Europe", London 1775. Subjects: politics, forms of government, advantages of the British contitution. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/13Oct 1777 Read the Constitution of England By J. L. De Lolme, Advocate, Citizen of Geneva 1775 Causes of the Liberty of the English Nation.yA King in a Commonwealth leaves no Room for the Nobles to engross the Power of the State or to overturn its Constitution. "Oct 1777".1r, and 2r: Montesquieu.Type: lecture on Politics, forms of government, Glasgow. Subjects: forms of government. On 1r-v: principles of each kind of government (fear in despotic governement, honour in monarchies, virtue in republic). Of pure monarchy; reflections on French monarchy. On 2r: function of the various principles of government in despotism and in republics. On 2v: principle of republics (honour). On 1r, heading: "Of Pure Monarchy". On 1r, left margin, indication for an insertion: "Add A" (see fol. 2r). On 1v, heading: "Reflexions on the French Monarchy". On 2r, addition "A". Fols. 2r-v, containing additions, in different ink. This MS corresponds to lecture 10 of the course on Poolitics (forms of government), as outlined in 4/III/1, fol. 2r. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/14TThere is a certain Character and Temper in the Subjects that suits every Government.In the Monarchical Government there is a Gradation of Rank from the Monarch down to the peasant and day labourer. This kind of Government encourages Ambition and every man as he aspires to a higher Rank emulates the Manners of those that are above him%3v, list of names: Montesquieu, Hume.Type: lecture on Politics (police or economics), Glasgow or Aberdeen. Subjects: various subjects in economics. Definitions of riches, consumption, commerce, commodity, and natural value; demand and offer as causes of the rise and fall of price; other causes of the rise and fall of price; money (gold and silver as common measure of value); labourers; causes of riches; commerce (domestic, foreign, and with colonies); the history of commerce; effects of commerce on manners, on morals, on peace and war, on arts and sciences, on liberty; false notions concerning money. This MS corresponds approximately to lectures 4-8 of outline of the course on Politics (Police) in 4/III/1. [Type heading] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: copy list of names on 3v] 2131/4/III/151 Def By Riches I mean the Possession & Property of alienable things by which human life is supported or its Pleasure or Happiness increased either really or in the Common opinion.4That Banks & Paper Credit is hurtfull to the Nation.(Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Economics)Of National Riches}Type: part of the lectures on Practical Ethics, March 1765, Glasgow, originally part of the lectures on Politics (police): see Haakonssen, Textual Notes, note to p. 162/40, pp. 454-55. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence (contracts). Published transcription of the part from Incipit to "[...] how it is measured", on 2v, in Haakonssen, pp. 158-162. This passage is located between 8/IV/7, fol. 2v and 4/III/17, 1r. On 1r, left margin: "Mar 22". Continuation of the discussion of obligations in speech. On 1r: "Of Oaths and Vows" On 1v, left margin: "Mar 25". On 1v, heading: "Of the Price of Things". Published transcription of passage on 2v, from "Profits of those who sell [...]" to the end of MS in Haakonssen, pp. 165-166. This passage is located between 4/III/17, fol. 3r and 8/IV/7, fol. 3r. Indication for addition on 2v: "Inser A". [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/04[...< ] of this Kind. And if giving the Lye be the most heighnous affront as it is in the judgment of all mankind, then making a Lye must be one of the basest and most dishonourable actions.The counterfiting coining clipping or washing the Coin highly Criminal or uttering false coin knowingly. Melting it down or exporting it made criminal in most nations.)[March 1765]. 1r: "Mar 22". 1v: "Mar 25".1v: John Milton.Type: lectures on Politics (Police), Glasgow. Excerpt "A" (to be added to 4/III/4, fol. 2v), on 1r-3r, originally part of the lectures on Politics (Police), belongs to the lectures on Practical Ethics. Subjects: police or economics, and natural jurisprudence: the price of things. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-3r, excerpt "A", originally part of the lectures on Politics (Police), then inserted in the lectures on Practical Ethics. On the price of things. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 162-65. Excerpt "A" is to inserted in 4/III/4, 2v, between "[...] how it is measured" and "Profits of those who sell may vary [...]": see Haakonssen, Textual Notes, note to page 162/40, p. 154-155. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "But when human Wit is at a stand in the invention of better ways of making any particular commodity then the price of it must rise as the expence of living of the people employed in it rises". On 3r, left margin: "A ends". 2) On 3r-v. After part "A". Lecture on Politcs (Police). On the price of grain and meat. Beginning: "It is a pretty strange Phenomenon that the {...} price of grain is so little advanced for an hundred years back, notwithstanding that Rents are raised taxes increased and the expense of living to the farmer perhaps at least doubled". End: see Explicit above. 2131/4/III/171r-2r and 3r-vA [on top left corner] As the natural Use of Commodities which are the Object of Commerce is to Supply Mens real or Imaginary Wants and to gratify their desires; their greater or less subserviency to this End, must be the Natural Measure of their Value.And from this it must follow either that Corn fields maintain more people than Grass fields or that the profits of the Grasier and Butcher are exorbitant compared with those of corn farmer.[1765]1r (p. 12): Hume, Hobbes, Plato ("book 2, 3, & 4 of the Republic"), Cicero ("Pro Sext l 42). 1v (p. 13): Hume, Cicero. 2r (p. 14): Hobbes, Hume.Type: excerpt from a draft of AP, Essay V, Ch. V "Whether Justice be a Natural or an Artificial Virtue", in Hamilton ed., pp. 656b-658b, or draft of Question no. 17, discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on November 22 1758. Compare with 6/I/9 and 7/V/12. To be inserted between folios 1 and 2 of 2131/1/I/1. Subjects: natural rights; whether Hume understood the four natural rights (life, family, liberty, reputation) as artificial; right to property. [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/18[...] called natural Rights of Men because they are grounded in the Nature of Man as a rational & moral Agent {& do not suppose any previous deed from which they are derived}.JThere are two instances of this provident Sagacity that seem peculiar to Man I mean the Invention of Utensils and Machines for facilitating Labour and the exchanging with his fellowmen commodities or labour by mutual consent. I apprehend there is no tribe of Men so rude as not to practice these expedients in [...] [interruption]1r: "the Charter of Cha 2d to William Penn Proprietary & Governor of Pensilvania 4th March 1681". 1r: "The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pensilvania in America Together with certain Laws agreed upon in England by the Governed and divers freemen of the afforesaid Province; to be further explained and continued there by the first Provincial that shall be held if they see meet 25 April 1682". 1v: Harrington ("This Frame of Government is perfectly Republican & Harringtonian [...]")pType: reading notes, Glasgow, August 1768. On 1r, reading note of "the Charter of Cha 2d to William Penn Proprietary & Governor of Pensilvania 4th March 1681". Subjects: taxes in Pennsylvania (impositions and customs). On 1r-v, reading note < of "The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pensilvania in America Together with certain Laws agreed upon in England by the Governed and divers freemen of the afforesaid Province; to be further explained and continued there by the first Provincial that shall be held if they see meet 25 April 1682". Subject: the constitution of Pennsylvania. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/19 August 27 1768 [on left margin] Read the Charter of Cha 2d to William Penn Proprietary & Governor of Pensilvania 4th March 1681 The Subordination of this Government to the English Empire and to the Parliament of England is reserved on the clearest & most express terms.JThe Assembly never exceed five hundred. An excellent Body of Laws follows."On 1r, left margin: "Aug 27 1768".N"Cardinal Contareni de Republica & Magistratibus Venetorum 12o Venetiis 1592".Type: reading note of "Cardinal Contareni de Republica & Magistratibus Venetorum 12o Venetiis 1592". Subjects: forms of government, aristocracy. The Great Council of Venice. [Type heading] [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check bibliography] 2131/4/III/20The Patrician Youth<s> who have compleated their 20 Year come to one of the Magistrates called Advocatorii, with their Father, or Mother if the Father be dead, or nearest kinsman if both Parents be dead.0Those who exceed 25 years of Age if not enrolled before must be enrolled in the same manner as the Youth, with this difference that they are intitled to sit as Members of the great Council by their being enrolled whereas onely one fifth part of those who are enrolled and are under 25 sit in that CouncilPFrom Cardinal Contareni de Republica & Magistratibus Venetorum 12o Venetiis 15921r: "The History of K. Henry 2d and of the Age in which he lived in 5 Books; to which is prefixed a History of the Revolutions of England from the Death of Edward the Confessor to the Birth of Henry 2d by George Lord Littleton 3d Ed. 8o Dodesly 1769", "William of Malmsbury", Montesquieu. 3r: various compilations of feudal law mentioned ("Pandects", "Gratian's Decretum", "Gerardus Niger & Obertus de Odo's Compilation of the feudal Laws 1170", "Towards the latter end of Hen 2 That Treatise of the laws and Customs of England commonly ascribed to Glanville was written. The Books of Scots called Regiam Majestatem are copied from Glanville"). 3v: Camden.Type: reading note on "The History of K. Henry 2d and of the Age in which he lived in 5 Books; to which is prefixed a History of the Revolutions of England from the Death of Edward the Confessor to the Birth of Henry 2d by George Lord Littleton 3d Ed. 8o Dodesly 1769". Subjects: history, and politics; the formation and constitution of national states: history of England. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record; check bibliography] 2131/4/III/21Henrys interposition in favour of Pope Alexander, who had fled to France and was supported by France & England in opposition to Victor who was supported by the Emperor.Book 3d Vol 4 This Vol continues the History of Henry from the Promotion of Becket to the See of Canterbury to the time of his Assassination that is from 1163 to 1170. The far greatest part is employed in tracing through all their intricate mazes the manouvres of Henry and Becket against each other. The Character of both as well as of Pope Alexander are strongly marked through the whole. The composition of the Work seems to me to be excellent. For there is nothing that leads one to reflect on the Author but upon the subject onely.1r, left margin: "Aug 1769".DAug 1769 [let margin] The History of K. Henry 2d and of the Age in which he lived in 5 Books; to which is prefixed a History of the Revolutions of England from the Death of Edward the Confessor to the Birth of Henry 2d by George Lord Littleton 3d Ed. 8o Dodesly 1769. Read Vol 2 which contains onely the last part of Book 2dB"A Table of English silver Coins & by Martin Folkes Esq. Pag 142".Type: a table showing the adulterations that have been made to English silver coin from 1300 to 1601, from a book by Martin Folkes. Subjects: economics or police< , money. [Incomplete record: check bibliography] 2131/4/III/22[Table from 1300 to 1601]* NB The Saxon or Tower Pound which was then the common Weight & continued to be the Money Weight till the 18 of Hen 8 was but 11 oz 5 d wt troy so that 20 Shill in Tale was then exaclty a pound in weight.Taken from A Table of English silver Coins & by Martin Folkes Esq. Pag 142 A Table shewing the several Adulterations that havee been made in the Standard of our Money, from the Norman Conquest:"The Constitution of England or an Account of the English Government by J. L. de Lolme Advocate Citizen of Geneva Lond 1775 8o Kearsley pag 448".Type: reading note on Jean Louis de Lolme, "The Constitution of England or, An account of the english government; in which it is compared with the republican form of government, and occasionally with the other monarchies of Europe", London 1775. See other reading notes on de Lolme' work: 4/III/12 and 4/III/13. Subjects: politics, forms of government; history of the English constitution from William the Conqueror to Henry IV; origin and development of parliamentary power. [Type heading] 2131/4/III/23The Ancient Government of England was according to this Author totally overturned by William the Conqueror. The Feudal system introduced at once, and the Lands divided among his friends and followers.The commission of the Judges do not cease at the Kings Death; they hold them Quamdiu se bene gesserint. But may be removed upon an Application from both Houses of Parliament. No amendment allowed to be made to a money Bill by the House of Lords."10 Jan 1776".10 Jan 1776 Read The Constitution of England or an Account of the English Government by J. L. de Lolme Advocate Citizen of Geneva Lond 1775 8o Kearsley pag 448 Adam Smith.Type: note on economics, Glasgow 1770. Subjects: economics; value of the production of textiles, and of the import of tobacco, in Glasgow, in one year. [Type heading]Dr Smith informed me that many Years ago Mr Glosford computed that in Glasgow there are 4000 Looms employed in Manufactures and 2000 in the Neighbourhood of Glasgow employed by Glasgow Merchants.nThe Tobacco imported from Virginia and Maryland into Brittain is above 90.000 Hds of which Glasgow has 36.000.,"This Year 1770 I have been informed [...]".c1Marie Huber ("The World unmasked, or the Philosopher the greatest Cheat, in twenty four Dialogues. To which is added the State of Souls separated from their Bodies, an Epistolary Treatise &c Translated from the French Lond 1736 Millar").JType; reading note on Marie Huber, "The World unmasked, or the Philosopher the greatest Cheat, in twenty four Dialogues. To which is added the State of Souls separated from their Bodies, an Epistolary Treatise &c Translated from the French Lond 1736 Millar". Subjects: principles of action, identity (personal identity), religion.mDial 1 [on left margin] The ambiguity of the words Pietist and Devotee. They admit of a good and a bas sense.The Dialogues are in general well wrote. The Epistolary Dissertation is intended to prove that the Doctrine of the Eternity of hell Torments is altogether inconsistent with the Attribute of God, and that is agreeable both to Scripture & Reason to expect an Universal Restoration. "Octr 1776".Octr 1776 Read The World unmasked, or the Philosopher the greatest Cheat, in twenty four Dialogues. To which is added the State of Souls separated from their Bodies, an Epistolary Treatise &c Translated from the French Lond 1736 Millarc2Vattel ("The Law of Nations").Type: reading notes from E. de Vattel's "The Law of Nations; or Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the Conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns" (translation in 2 vols., London 1760). See 3/II/5 for beginning of the note on Vattel. Published transcription in Haakonssen, 270-72, between 3/II/5, 1v and and 3/II/5, 2r (see Haakonssen, Textual Note, p. 463). Subjects: practical ethics or politics, law of nations. [Type heading] [Subject heading]All states are by Nature free and indipendent of one another. Yet there may be degrees of dependa< nce which leave to a State its Sovereignity .This performance is wrote with much spirit and good Sense, & breaths a warm concern for the good of Mankind, a generous sense of Liberty and disdain of Slavish principles. The principles illustrated with many good Examples most of them taken from Modern times.@[Between September 1766 and May 1770: see 3/II/5, items 2 and 3]3r: Newton. 3v: Leibniz.Type: draft of the Essay on Quantity, New Machar Subjects: quantity; mechanics; controversy on the visa viva between Leibniz and Newton. Indications for relocating various passages. Part on 1r, cancelled. On 1v, heading: "An Essay concerning the Object of Mathematics occasioned by reading a piece wherein Virtue is Measured by Simple and Compound Ratios". [Incomplete record: check disposition of leaves; check names] 2131/2/I/01c1 Mathematicks is justly said to be the Doctrine of Quantity, and Quantity is what may be measured.FTill it is defined and by that definition a measure of it assigned we fight in the dark about a vague Indeterminate Word And when such a definition is Given it is then indeed a proper Subject of Mathematical Reasoning but {we shall find} the Controversy then at an end and No person can be at a loss how to determine it See m.[1748 or before: see item 2]Essay concerning the Object of Mathematicks occasioned by reading a Piece wherein Virtue is measured by simple & Duplicate RatiosType: record of the observation of an eclipse of sun, New Machar. Date of the eclipse: 14 July 1748. See reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 54 (note 72, p. 411).3r (upper half of page)KBeginning 8h-56[minutes] Upper Vertical point of the suns limb covered 9-17All apparent time at Manse of New Machar being 7[minutes] of a degree of Latitude North from aberdeen & 3[minutes] of a Degree Longitude west of Sd place. Lat I take to be 57[degrees] 19[minutes] Lat west of Lond 1[degree] 49[minutes] east of Edinburgh 1[degree]-11[minutes].:[14 July 1748: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 72, p. 411]Type: notes on mathematics. Early draft of the text on 2/I/6 (dated February 23 1792). Subjects: arithmetics; numerical series. 2 parts. 1) On 1r-3v (pp. 1-6). Note on numerical series of odd Numbers. 6 propositions. Heading, see title above: "Of the Relation between the Series of odd Numbers, & the Powers & Products of whole Numbers". Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "Thus x[exponent: 10] will be equal to the Sum of one part of the Series, & to the Sums of four Parcels. x[exponent: 11] will be equal to each of the Sums of five Parcels". 2) On 3v-4v (pp. 6-8). Note on prime and compound numbers. Heading: "Of Prime & Composite Numbers". Beginning: "Def. A composite Number is that which has two Divisors different from itself and from Unity". End: see Explicit above. [Type heading] 2131/2/I/02The Arithmetical is the most simple kind of Series and of the Arithmetical kind, the Series of odd Numbers is one of the most simple. Since p+1 is a multiple of p, it will follow that the following quantities are also multiples of p to wit a-1, 2b+1, 6c-1, 24d+1, 120e-1, 720f+1, 5040g-1, &c. the coefficients of a, b, c, &c being the product of the Numbers viz 1, 1x2, 1x2x3, &c in the reverse order.'[Before February 23 1792: see MS 2/I/6][Of the Relation between the Series of odd Numbers, & the Powers & Products of whole Numbers2r (p. 3): Francis Bacon, Newton ("third book of Principia", "Opticks"), Black, Galileo, Torricelli, Huygens, Wallis, Christopher Wren. 2v (p. 4): Boscovich. 3r (p. 5): Newton.AType: beginning of an outline of a course on Natural Philosophy. Subjects: natural philosophy (mechanics, Newton). Among the topics discussed: the method and object of natural philosophy (induction, phenomena, laws of nature, etc.); properties of bodies (extension, density, motion, etc.). On 1r-v (pp. 1-2): the whole science of physics is comprehended under these two branches: 1) the knowledge of the phenomena of nature, 2) the knowledge of the conclusions that may be drawn by just reasoning from the phenomena. The knowledge of phenomena is acqui< red by 1) attentive observation 2) the use of instruments, 3) experiments, 4) the observations and experiments of other men in different ages and in different countries. From the phenomena of nature discovered by these means, it is possible to draw conclusions by just reasoning. Two kinds of reasoning: 1) induction, 2) mathematical reasoning. Induction is used to discover the laws of nature. Mathematical reasoning is used to trace all the consequences of a law of nature. The consequences of a law of nature either increase human knowledge or human power. "The Laws of Nature are general Rules according to which certain Phenomena alwise happen, and of which we can give no reason but the will of the Author of nature" (p. 2). On 2r (p. 3): induction. Example of application of induction: the third book of the Principia. The law of gravitation is founded on the three laws of motion and the observations of astronomers. On 2r-v (pp. 3-4): the laws of motion proved by their consequences; they are at first presented by the teacher of physics as first principles. On 2v-3v (pp. 4-6): properties of bodies. Extension of bodies and their divisibility; quantity of matter, density, magnitude; velocity, time, space, quantity of motion. [Type heading] [Incomplete record: check date, and Wood's thesis] 2131/2/I/05In ancient times all that we could discover of the works of Nature & of their Causes was comprehended under the Name of Physics, or the Philosophy of Nature.Therefore we cannot reason accurately about Density, Velocity, Quantity of Motion, without assigning a measure of them by which the Ratios they bear to other Quantitys of the same kind may be clearly conceived & distinctly expressed.2Idea of a Course of Physicks or Natural PhilosophyType: note on mathematics, Glasgow, 23 February 1792. Subject: numerical series. See 2/I/2 for an early fraft of this MS. [Type heading] 2131/2/I/06Of all the various kinds of Series the Arithmetical is the most simple; & of the Arithmetical kind the Series of odd Numbers is one of the most simple.Thus 10 is in the fourth place of the Series of triangular Numbers, therefore its square will be equal to the Sum of the first four cubes Numbers to wit 1.8.27.64$1r, top right corner: "Feb 23 1792".\Of the Relation between the Series of odd Numbers & the Products and Powers of whole Numbersh1v, 2r, 3v, 7v, 8r: Halley. 4v: "Mr Ferner Professor of Astronomy at Upsal [...] Maraldi & de la Lande".Type: question discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 14 July 1761, originally proposed by Robert Trail: "What are the proper methods of determining the sun's parallax by the transit of Venus over his disk in 1761?". It includes a record of the observation of the transit of Venus, on June 6 1761, with additional remarks from August 1761 and from 1764. On this part of the MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 93-94 (notes 202-206, p. 423). Subjects: astronomy. On 1v, heading: "Remarks". On 4r, diagram. On 4v, heading: "Addition. August". Text on 8r in different pen. Beginning of 8r: "By the Observations made at the Royal Observatory and at Sherburn house, and the calculations founded upon them taking a medium of the observations which agreed best; the middle of the transit at the Royal Observatory was 5h 20[minutes] 5[seconds]". [Incomplete record: check Minutes, Ulman ed.] 2131/2/I/07The Latitude of Kings College from several meridional Altitudes of the Sun taken at different times I make to be 57[degrees] 10[minutes] 48[seconds].>1764. As the parallax of the Sun from a medium of the observations of the late transit of Venus is found to be 8[seconds] 1/2 the error which is observed above in Halley's tables with regard to the place of the Node will be lessened one fifth and therefore will not be 2[minutes] 18[seconds] but 1[minute] 52[seconds].(See title, 1r: "Kings College Aberdeen".CSee title, 1r: "June 6th 1761". 4v: "Addition. August". 8r: "1764".TAn Observation of the Transit of Venus June 6th 1761 Made at Kings College Aberdeen"9v: Kepler, Regiomontanus, Halley.kType: reading note< , in Latin. Subjects: astronomy, Halley's comet. [Incomplete record: check bibliography]9r-10rsPeriodum Cometae 1682 75 1/2 annorum ponit Auctor inde Semiaxis major erit as Semiaxem Orbitae Telluris ut 75,5 2/3N.B. Quam d-v est positiva Anom vera a perihelio est numeranda, at quando d-v est negativa anomalia vera Numeranda est ab Aphelio.10v: de la Lande (see incipit: "Mr de la Lande in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy for 1757 has given a Memoir upon the Secular Equations of the heavenly bodies"), Kepler, Regiomontanus, Waltherus, Tycho Brahe, Ptolomy, Flamsteed ("Flamsteed in a Memoir upon the Conjunction of Jupiter & Saturn in 1682 Phil Trans no 149, 204, 218 [...]"), Halley ("Halley in his Tables 1719[...]"), Albategnius, Maraldi ("Maraldi in 1704 Memoir de l'Academie [...]"), Euler ("Euler in his Tables of the Sun [...]"), de la Caille. 11r: Halley, de la Lande, Albategnius, "the Prince of Cassel", Tycho Brahe ("Prolegomena to the Historia Caelestis of Tycho"), Flamsteed, Ptolomy. 11v: Halley, de la Lande, Euler ("Eulers Calculation Act Berlin Tom. 10"), Hipparchus.QType: reading notes. Subject: astronomy. [Incomplete record: check bibliography]10v-11vMr de la Lande in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy for 1757 has given a Memoir upon the Secular Equations of the heavenly bodies.Although La Land<e> thinks the Sidereal Year may have been always the Same yet he conceives there must necessarly have been some diminution of the tropical Year, because the precession of the Equinoxes arising from the Action of Jupiter and Saturn is not equable on account of the varying Situation of their Orbit, and by Eulers Calculation Act Berlin Tom. 10 the precession of the Equinoxes is greater in this Age than its mean Quantity since Hipparchus. The tropical Year must therefore be less.![1757 or afterwards: see Incipit] 13r: Flamsteed (see Incipit: "From Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich from 1765 to 1774 published at the publick Expence in Obedience to his Majesties 1776"), Halley, Graham, Bradley, John Bird, Shelton, Ja. Short. 13v: Dolland, NairnType: reading notes from the "Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich from 1765 to 1774 published at the publick Expence in Obedience to his Majesties 1776". Subjects: astronomy. [Incomplete record: check bibliography]13r-vFrom Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich from 1765 to 1774 published at the publick Expence in Obedience to his Majesties 1776. The greater and more valuable part of Flamstead's Observations were published Ao 1712 by the Bounty of Prince George of Denmark & after his Death by that of Queen Anne. Another Edition containing the whole of Flamstead's Observations was published in 1725 by his Executors in three volumes in Folio.With the Transits instrument are observed every day when the weather permits First the transits of all Planets. Secondly the Transits of above 30 fixed Stars, by which the Right ascensions of the Planets are ascertained and the going of the Clock.![1776 of afterwards: see Incipit]44v (p. 8): Epicurus, Cicero. 6r (p. 11): Adam Smith.Type: a discourse on the principles of action of the human mind, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It is subsequent to the discourse on 2/I/8, of 11 December 1778. Part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). Subjects: principles of action, animal principles, appetites, desires. See AP, Essay III, Part II, chapters 1 ("Of Appetites") and 2 ("Of Desires") for correspondences. 1r (p. 1): summary of the previous discourse. 1r, left margin, indication for an insertion: "prefix page 13" 1r-3v (pp. 1-6): of appetites (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 1). 3r (p. 5), indication for an insertion: "Here insert page 14". 3v-6v (pp. 6-12): of desires (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 2). On 7r (p. 13), heading: "2 Of the Principles of Action". Fol. 7r (p. 13) inc< ludes addition to fol. 1r (p. 1). Fols. 7v-8r (pp. 14-15) include additions to fol. 3r (p. 5). Marginalia: 1v (p. 2), right margin. 5v (p. 10), right margin. 7v (p. 14), right margin. On 3v (p. 6): "NL" (meaning "new line"). [Type heading] 2131/2/I/091r-8r (pp. 1-15)prefix page 13 [on left margin] In a former Discourse I divided the Principles of Action in the human Mind into three Classes: the Mechanical, the Animal and the Rational.vThe intention of them in the Constitution of our Nature is evident, & the Utility of them in human life is no less so. Prima CuraDiagram. [Incomplete record]17r(Descates, Peripatetics ("Perapeticorum")Type: Latin text corresponding to parts of the Graduation Oration of 1759: see "Philosophical Orations of Thomas Reid" (Aberdeen 1937), pp. 34-35). Subjects: philosophy (hypotheses, theory of ideas). [Subject heading] [Type heading]mRevera Naturae Phaenomena non ex Hipothesibus, sed ex Naturae legibus experientia Notis explicanda esse [...][the end of this item is not clearly legible] Ideae mentibus impressae nefallar eodem fundamenti nituntur & [cum]del Speciebus intellegibilibus stricte adeo adherent ut vel ambae {una} retinendaes [?] vel rejicend[a?] {una} [sint]del[1759]1v: Shaftesbury, Cicero. 3r: Ovid, Socrates, Zenophon ("Economick"). 5r: "Epicurean Principles", Cicero ("De Finubus"). 5v: Pope.>Type: a discourse on the principles of action of the human mind, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It is subsequent to the discourse on 2/I/9. Part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). Subjects: principles of action, animal principles, benevolent affections. See AP, Essay III, Part II, chapters 3 ("Of Benevolent Affection in General") and 4 ("Of the Particular Benevolent Affections") for correspondences. On 1r-2v: of benevolent affection in general (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 3). On 1v: "The Malevolent [affections] are reserved to another occasion" (see 2/I/11, for the question discussed at a meeting of the Glasgow Literary Society on malevolent affections). On 2v-6v: of particular benevolent affections (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 4). Marginalia: On 1v, right margin. On 2r, left margin. On 3v, right margin. On 5r, left margin. On 6r, left margin. On 6v, right margin. [Type heading] 2131/2/I/10[Cancelled paragraph] The Principles of Action which I treated of in two Discourses formerly read to this Society, have things for their Object not persons.In all cases therefore our Sympathy towards others arises from benevolent affection and in its degree is proportioned to the strength.1r (p. 1): Butler; Henry Home, Lord Kames ("the author of the Elements of Criticism"). 2r (p. 3): Locke. 4v (p. 8): Henry Home, Lord Kames ("Elements of Criticism")Type: draft of a question discussed at the Glasgow Literary Society. It is subsequent to 2/I/10. Subjects: principles of action, animal principles, malevolent affections. See AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 5, for correspondences. Two versions of the same draft. On 1r-3r (pp. 1-5), first version: resentment (sudden or instinctive resentment, cool or deliberate resentment); emulation and envy. Beginning of first version, on 1r (p. 1): see Incipit above. On 3r (p. 5): "Will it not be proper First to consider Emulation & then Resentment, including in the last Resentment for Injuries done to others as well as to ourselves. In treating of these first to point out their Nature, their Use, & their Abuse both as they influence our Opinion and produce bad affections". End of first version on 3r (p. 5): "To Men of Candor and Reflection, consciousness of the frailty of human Nature, & that we often need forgiveness, the Pleasure of renewing good Understanding when it has been interrupted. The inward Satisfaction of a generous and forgiving disposition, and even the uneasiness of Anger and Resentment, plead strongly against its excesses". Indications for editorial revision< s: On 2r (p. 3): "add A" On 2r (p. 3 ), parts "B", "L", "A". At the end of "L": "turn to C page 4". On bottom of the page: "Turn back to B". On 2v (p. 4): parts "A", "C". On 3r (p. 5): "See L Page 3". On 3v-4v (pp. 6-8), second version: emulation and envy, resentment. Beginning of second version on 3v (p. 6): "In some Discourses I have had the Honour to read to this Society upon the Principles of Action in the human Constitution, I divided them into three Classes, the Mechanical, the Animal, and the Rational". On 4v (p. 8), 2 versions of the final part on resentment (the second, on the lower half of the page, in smaller handwriting). Beginning of first version: "Resentment is next to be considered". End of first version: "Even a mouse will bite when it cannot run away". Beginning of second version: "Nature disposes us when hurt to resist and retaliate". End: see Explicit above. Marginalia: 2r (p. 3), left margin. 2v (p. 4), right margin. 3r (p. 5), left margin. [Type heading] 2131/2/I/114In a Discourse [I had the honour to]del read to this Society some time ago, I treated of the benevolent Affections which are common to Men; taking the Liberty to give the general Name of Affection to every principle of action which leads us immediately to desire either the good or the hurt of other persons./Even a mouse will bite when it cannot run away.WQ. Are there Malevolent Affections in the human Constitution? and what their Use & End?W2v: Hume. 3v: Cicero ("De Officiis"), Panaetius. 4r: Hume. 4v: Epicurus. 5r: "Stoicks".Type: a discourse on the principles of action of the human mind, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It is subsequent to the discourse on 2/I/12. Part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). Subjects: principles of action, rational principles, of regard to our good as a whole. See AP, Essay III, Part III, chapters 1-4, for correspondences. Approximate correspondences with AP. On 2r-v: there are rational principles of action in man (see AP, Essay III, Part III, chapter 1). On 3r-4v: of regard to our good as a whole (see AP, Essay III, Part III, chapter 2). On 4v-5v: the tendency of this principle (see AP, Essay III, Part III, chapter 3). On 5v-6v and 1r: defects of this principles (see AP, Essay III, Part III, chapter 4). [Type heading] [Foliation] 2131/2/I/13 1r and 2r-6vBy a Principle of Action I understand any Part of the Constitution of Man which moves or inclines him to certain Actions or Exertions.Thus I think it appears that although a regard to our Good upon the whole be a Rational Principle of Action in Man, yet if it were supposed to be the onely regulating Principle of our Conduct it would be a more uncertain Rule, it would give far less perfection to the human Character and far less happiness than when it is joyned with another Rational Principle to wit a Regard to our Duty. The Consideration of which may be the Subject of another Discourse.[After 11 December 1778]6Of the Rational Principles of Action in the Human Mind`1r: Abbe Raynal. 1v: Abbe Raynal, Esop. 2v: "Pythagorean School", Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz.Type: drafts of a question on human liberty or freedom. Subjects; active power, causation; liberty or freedom of the will; principles of action. Compare with AP, Essay I and Essay IV. 4 unfinished drafts. 1) On 1r, first draft. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "When we begin to speculate about external Objects we are led by a natural Prejudice to conceive them like ourselves endowed with Intelligence and active power and that they [are]del themselves are the Efficient Causes of the changes they undergo & of which we perceive no other Cause". 2) On 1v, second draft. Beginning: "A Notion of Efficient Causes, & a Belief that every thing [which]del {that} hath Beginning must be the work of some Efficient Cause, which hath Power to produce the Effect appear [so]del {very} early in the human Mind". End: "Children see nothing incre< dible in the Fables of Esop. They have that probability to them which we require in an Epick Poem. And when Poets clothe every object with {intellectual and [moral]del} [the Attributes]del". 3) On 2r-3v, third draft. Beginning: "The Power in which Mans Liberty consists, respects his voluntary Actions onely; for these onely can be the Object of Moral Obligation, and indeed nothing can be said to be in a Mans Power but [in as far as it]del {what} depends upon his Will". End: "The Words Cause, Effect, Power, Action, are mutually related. A Cause exerts its Power in Action & by that Action produces the Effect. When we extend or restrict the Signification of any one of those Words, the rest must undergo the same Extension or Restriction, in order to preserve their Relation which continues always the same". 4) On 4r-v, fourth draft. Beginning: "By Mans reasonable Liberty, I conceive, is understood The Liberty which is necessary to his being a Moral & Accountable Agent". End: see Explicit above. Marginalia: 1r, left margin. 1v, right margin. 4v, right margin. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/2/I/14Man [while]del in his rude State untaught & unpractised in Philosophical Inquiry has a full conviction that he is the Cause and Author of his Voluntary Actions.[There is therefore a certain Degree of Understanding and a certain Degree of Power, without which there can be no moral Obligation, without which Man would not be a Reasonable Accountable Being. The last of these is his Reasonable Liberty]delqWherein Consists Mans reasonable Liberty; and how is it most clearly Demonstrable that we are free acting Beings?r1v (p. 6): Pope. 6r (p. 11): Simon Brown, Tindal ("Christianity as Old as Creation"), "Johnston" ("his Ramblers").Type: part of a discourse on the principles of action of the human mind, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. It continues from 2/I/12, 4v (p. 8). Part of a series of discourses on the principles of action delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/I/8-10 and 2/I/12-13: see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 386, and Haakonssen, p. 25 (note 69). Subjects: principles of action, animal principles, passion, disposition, opinion. Compare with AP, Essay III, Part II, end of chapter 6, and chapters 7 and 8. On 5r (p. 9): passion (see the end of AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 6). On 5r-6v (pp. 9-12): disposition (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 7). On 6v-7v (pp. 12-14): opinion (see AP, Essay III, Part II, chapter 8). Marginalia: 5r (p. 9), left. 5v (p. 10), right.5r-8v (pp. 9-14)z[it continues from 2/I/12] [...] proper bounds give Life and Vigour to the whole Man. Without Passion Man would be a Slug.Every Man who maintains any consistent Character, be it good or bad, must sweat and toil and often struggle with his present inclinations.1r, 2r: Priestley. 2v: Newton.+Type: draft of the discourse on whether the soul is immaterial, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. Date: between 1787-1793. See P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 39-41, for the date of this MS and its relation to other MSS on Priestley, and pp. 51-52 for a description. Subjects: materialism, Priestley. Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 233-40. Indication for addition, on 1v: "add A". According to P. Wood ("Reid on Animate Creation", Textual Notes, p. 270), addition "A" is in 2131/2/III/13, C verso. 2131/2/I/15Some time ago I had the Honour to read to this Society Some Observations on the System of Materialism advanced and defended by the Revd Dr Priestley.SIt is now well known that animal and even vegetable Bodies when Life is gone are prone to be resolved into their principles & to have all organization destroyed. by various ways, by putrefaction, by fermentation, by digestion in the stomach of other Animals but that Life preserves the Organization from all these means of its destruction.K[Between 1787 and 1793: see P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 39-41]Type: the part on fol. 1v is a draft of Question no. 35 "Whether it is proper to educate children without instilling p< rinciples into them of any kind whatsoever?", discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on 1 April 1760. See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 250. Other draft of Question no. 35: 4/I/25. Texts on fols. 1r and 2r-v, might be notes for the lectures on Pneumatology (the section of the course on the Culture of the Mind) from Aberdeen. 4 parts. 1) On 1r: on the regulation of the active powers. Principles of action, animal principles; passion, opinion, and disposition; self-governement. See AP, Essay III, Part II, chapters 6-8, and especially chapter 8, for comparison. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "The Mind is indisposed to every kind gentle & benevolent affection & is prone to the Malevolent. Mysanthropy, Discontent, Despair, Bad Sentiments of the General Administration of things. Gelousy Suspicion Envy Disaffection to Friends Relations, & even to the Publick". 2) On 1v: draft of Question no. 35, Aberdeen Philosphical Society. Principles of action, animal principles; opinion. Beginning: "Q. How far it is allowable to principle Children with Opinions before they are capable of a Rational Enquiry into them". End: "What hath been said with regard to Children will hold equally with regard to grown people whose Understandings are so weak by Nature or have been so little Cultivated as that they are under a Necessity of Receiving their Opinions in a great Measure Upon Authority. which is probably the case of the greater part of Mankind". 3) On 2r: principles of action, animal principles; the influence of passion, appetite, and affection on belief; the influence of passions and affections on one another. Beginning: "The influence of the Passions Appetites & Affections upon belief Understood by all Mankind". End: "All Benevolent Affections are associated & Mutually dispose to each other The Charities of Father Friend and Brother. humanize the Mind. A Man brought up without any of these tender ties has often an unfeeling heart". 4) On 2v: principles of action, animal principles; opinion. Beginning: "Of the influence of our Opinions upon our Passions & principles of Actions". End: see Explicit above. 2131/2/II/01In regulating the Active Powers of our Nature it is of great Use 1 To understand rightly the end of those several Active Powers & to Check or cherish them so as that they may best answer the end for which they are planted in our Constitution.Opinions often have small Effect by the inat<t>ention to them but commonly produce their Effect when the Mind dwells upon them & keeps them habitually in its view, and binds [leads?] its attention towards them.[1 April 1760 or before]1v: Raynal, Hume ("Nat Hist of Religion Sect 3"), Johnson. 2r: Raynal, Hume. 2v: Hume, Newton, Francis Bacon. 3r: Hume ("Essays, Vol. 1"), Cudworth, Jean le Clerc. 3v: Bayle, "Peripateticks", Leibniz, Hume. 4r: Priestley.Type: undetermined. MS written after the publication of the Essays. It might be one of the discourses on Priestley's materialism, active power and freedom. Subjects: active power, or causation. Origin of the conception of power. The notion of power supposes will and understanding. Inanimate objects cannot have power. Difference between power and necessity. The notion that every event has a cause is innate. Physics is about the laws of nature and phenomena, and not about efficient causes. [Type heading] 2131/2/II/02CHow Men get the Conception of Power is question of some Difficulty.This distinction of the proper, & the vague or popular meaning of the Word Power is important in the intricate Question about Liberty & Necessity. The defenders of Necessity must maintain either that there is no such Distinction & that Power can have no meaning but that of constant conjunction of that which we call the Cause with the Effect, which is David Hume's Opinion; or if they admit that we can conceive a power which is really efficient, they must say that there neither is, nor can be any such Power in the Universe."1r, left margin: "March 13 1792".Of PowerE2r (p. 3): "Stoicks". 2v: Hume, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley. 3r: Hume.Type: draft<  of AP, Essay V, chapter 7 "That moral approbation implies a real judgment". Subject: principles of action; theory of morals; moral approbation and disapprobation, moral judgments. On 1v (p. 2): "In the 3d Essay Part 3 chap 7 I have endeavoured to delineate the affections & Feelings which accompany Moral Approbation and Disapprobation [...]". "The design of this chapter [...]". On 3r: "To prevent Repetition I must beg leave to refer the reader to what has been said in the 3d Essay on the Rational Principles of Action in Man & particularly on the moral Faculty or Conscience". Cancelled parts on 1r-2v, 3r-v, 4r. Marginalia: 2r, left margin. 2v, right margin. 3r, left margin. 3v, right margin. 4r, left margin. [Subject heading] 2131/2/II/03Moral Approbation & Disapprobation are operations of [the human]del Mind so familiar to every Man, that it is very strange there should be any dispute among Philosophers about their Nature.Nor do I think that any Language furnishes an Example of expressing our feelings in so very odd and unnatural a way. The Example before mentioned, would indeed [...] [MS ends][Between 1780 and 1788]EWhether moral Approbation [there be]del [imply]del be a real judgment1v (p. 10)-2v (p. 12): Hume (on 2v, "T of HN V3 p 25"). 3r (p. 13), left margin: Cicero ("de Fin 4. 13", "de Fin 4. 14"). 4v (p. 16): "Stoicks". 6v: Hume.mType: this MS includes the conclusion of the draft of the Question begun in 2/II/4, and a subsequent and shorter version of the same Question (most likely, the Question "Whether moral obligations are discerned by reason or sentiment?", discussed at the meeting of the Glasgow Literary Society on 3 March 1769, or a question subsequent to the one discussed in 1769). Consider also the related question discussed at the meetings of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 8 and 22 November 1763: "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good?" Subjects: principles of action; theory of morals; moral approbation and disapprobation, moral judgments. Compare with AP, Essay V, chapter 7. 6 parts. 1) On 1r-v (pp. 9-10). Continuation of the draft of the Question begun in 2/II/4. Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "I think, from this enumeration which might easily be vastly enlarged, it appears that there are not fewer axioms, admitted by all Men who understand them concerning what men ought or ought not to do than there are concerning the equality of Quantities, concerning Similitude or Contrariety or any other Relation whatsoever and next to our immediate perception of such Relations, this seems to be the strongest Evidence we can have both of the Existence of such Relations & of their being perceived and distinctly understood by all Mankind who have been in use to exercise their Moral faculties". 2) On 2r-v (pp. 11-12). Conclusion of the draft of the Question discussed in 2/II/4 and 2/II/5, 1r-v (pp. 1-2), including a criticism of Hume's position. On 1v (p. 10), bottom of the page, right margin "Mr Humes Arguments". Title, on 2r (p. 11): "Mr Humes Arguments to shew that the Discernment of Moral Distinctions cannot be ascribed to Reason". Beginning: "1 It is impossible, in any particular Instance that this [Hypothesis]del {Opinion} can so much as be rendered intelligible, whatever specious figure it may make in general Declamations or Discourses". End: "Moral Propositions from the very structure of them appear to express a certain Relation between the Agent and the Action. A Relation which can onely be discerned by those who have a Moral Faculty. And to expect it should be discernable by any other faculty or Power of the Mind is as foolish as if we should expect that we might discern colours by our Ears or sound by the Eye". 3) On 3r-5v (pp. 13-18). A subsequent and shorter version of the Question discussed in 2/II/4, and in the beginning of 2/II/5 (see parts 1 and 2 above, on fols. 1r-2v, pp. 9-12). Title on 3r (p. 13): "Whether our Moral Determinations are real Judgments which must be true or false, and whose Truth depend not upon the cons< titution of the Person who judges but upon the Nature of the things of which he judges?" Beginning: "Although those who ground Moral Obligation upon Reason, & those who ground it upon Sense or Sentiment differ from each other in the meaning <of> Words, yet I conceive the controversy is not wholly about words, but that there is a real difference in opinion". End: "In like Manner when I say you ought to wish well to your Enemy this is a moral Determination {in me} yet I am not the Subject of the Proposition and therefore it cannot signifie feeling in me but Judgment Add A pag 7" (reference to passage marked "A", in 2/II/4, 4r (p. 7)). 4) On 6r, upper half of the page. Notes: objections to Reid's paper? Beginning: "Moral Determinations depend more". End: "Our Judgment of the conduct of another arises from conceiving him like our selves & therefore reconciable to the sentimental System". 5) On 6r, lower half of the page, after line, in a different ink from the upper half of the page. Notes: Reid answers to the objections? Beginning: "Moral Determinations, what? Reducible to three Classes Judgment. Its properties. True or False Negative or Affirmative Sensations or Feelings. Agreeable or Disagreeable". End: "This cannot be understood to express a Feeling in me but by a most unnatural Construction, or Analysis. In the same way every Judgment might be resolved into Feeling". 6) On 6v, upper half of the page. Passage to be inserted at 4r (p. 15), replacing a cancelled passage. Beginning: "It is a questionn as Mr Hume observes extremely curious and Important". End: see Explicit above. On 6v, bottom: a diagram. Marginalia: 2r (p. 11), left margin. 3r (p. 13), left margin. 5r (p. 17), left margin. 2131/2/II/05Another way in which I satisfy myself that there is really a Relation between Quantities which is called Equality is because there <are> so many Maxims concerning Quantities that have this Relation, which appears self evident to all Mankind.I wish however to guard against the bigottry [sic] & zeal of a Convert. And as I expect to hear the objections against my present Opinion set in the strongest light in this meeting if I have the good fortune to be convinced by them. I shall not be ashamed to return to my first Faith.[Glagow]\1r-6v: Adam Smith. 1r (p. 1): Hume, Hutcheson. 2r (p. 3): Hutcheson, Butler. 6v: Hutcheson.Type: lecture on Speculative Ethics, Glasgow, containing a criticism of Adam Smith's theory of sympathy and morals. Subjects: principles of action; theory of morals; Adam Smith's theory of sympathy and of morals. Published transcription in J.C. Stewart-Robertson and D.F. Norton, "Thomas Reid on Adam Smith's Theory of Morals", Journal of the History of Ideas, 45 (1984), pp. 309-321. For the date of this MS, and its relation to other MSS on Adam Smith's theory of morals, see D.F. Norton and J.C. Stewart-Robertson, "Thomas Reid on Adam Smith's Theory of Morals", Journal of the History of Ideas, 41 (1980), pp. 381-398. See also Haakonssen, note 52, pp. 55-56. Indications for addenda (addenda are in MS 3/I/28): On 2r (p. 3), left margin,"Insert A"; On 2r (p. 3), "Add A". On 3v (p. 6), left margin, "Insert B". On 3v (p. 6), "See B". On 4r (p. 7), left margin, "See C". On 1r-2v (pp. 1-4): criticism of Adam Smith's notion of sympathy. On 2v-4r (pp. 4-7): criticism of Smith's theory that sympathy is the foundation of morals. On 4v-6v: exposition of the operations of the mind in which moral approbation and disapprobation can be analyzed (judgment, affection, feeeling). Marginalia: 3v (p. 6), left margin. 4r (p. 7), left margin. 5r, left margin. 2131/2/II/06I do not at all pretend in this Sketch of Dr. Smith's Theory to have given a full and adequate Account of his System far less of the Arguments and facts by which he has in a very ingenious manner Supported it.From the Account I have given I think it appears that tho' there are agreeable and uneasy feelings arising from Moral Approbation and Disapprobation, yet these are not the onely operations of the moral Faculty.4r (p. 7): Locke. 4v (p. 8): Berkeley, Hume. 5< r (p. 9): Locke. 5v (p. 10): Locke, Berkeley, Hume, "Pythagorean School", Plato. 6r (p. 11): Locke, Berkeley. 6v (p. 12): Locke. 7v (p. 14): Newton. 8v (p. 16): Descartes, Luther.Type: two lectures on Pneumatology, Glasgow, 15 and 17 December 1783. First lecture on 1r-8r (pp. 1-15). Recapitulation of the previous lectures on the intellectual powers of the human mind. On 1r-v (pp. 1-2): introduction (distinction between intellectual and active powers, errors due to the analogy between the operations of the mind and sensible objects). On 1v-3v (pp. 2-6): intellectual powers that we have by means of the external senses. We do not know how the nerves, brain, and the impressions of the objects on the external senses operate. Theory of ideas. Distinction between sensation and perception. On 3v-4r (pp. 6-7): memory, duration, personal identity. On 4r-v (pp. 7-8): conception. Conception is not a test of possibility. Train of thoughts. On 4v-6r (pp. 8-11): power of abstraction. On 6r-7r (pp. 11-13): judgment. On 7r-8r (pp. 13-15): the first principles of human knowledge. End of first lecture: "So far I procedeed last Session. I am now to give some historical Account of the Opinions of Philosophers Ancient and Modern with Respect to first Principles. And then treat briefly of the Causes of Error or wrong Judgment, and with this I shall conclude what I intend to say concerning Judgment". Second incomplete lecture on 8r-v (pp. 15-16). Historical account of the opinions of ancient and modern philosophers with respect to first principles: Descartes. Beginning: "In the Last Lecture I gave a Brief Recapitulation of the Principal Heads of what I had before delivered concerning our Intellectual Powers of Perception by our External Senses, of Memory, of Conception or Simple Apprehension, of Abstraction & of Judgment". End: see Explicit above. Marginalia: 1r (p. 1), left margin. 2131/2/II/071r-4v (pp. 1-16)PKnow thy self was an Oracle of ancient Wisdom said to have descended from HeavenThough he has supposed that all his faculties of Understanding might be fallacious, & given him by some Malicious Demon to impose upon him yet he could not but believe that he thought & reasoned & doubted, because he was conscious of these operations.41r (p. 1): "Dec 15 1783". 8r (p. 15): "Dec 17 1783".6(Philosophy) Language/Abstraction, (Philosophy) Memory 1r (p. 1): Cicero (quotation from "De Fato"). 5v (p. 6): Aesop, Raynal. 6r (p. 7): Raynal. 8v (p. 12): Spinoza. 15r (p. 25): Henry Home Lord Kames ("Some of the strongestt Advocates for Necessity [...]") 22v (p. 40): Augustine (quotation from "De Civitate Dei 5. 10").Type: a draft of AP, Essay IV, on liberty or freedom. Subject: active power, or causation (liberty or freedom); principles of action. On 2r-3r: addition to 1v (p. 2): "A page 2d Essay on Mans Reasonable Liberty". 2131/2/II/09 1r-3r, 4r-22v5Itaque non sine Causa intelligi debet, ut quod cuique antecedat, id et causa sit, sed quod cuique efficienter. Cic. De Fato [quotation from Cicero preceeding the title] [Rational]del Reasonable Liberty supposes Understanding & Will, and therefore respects those actions onely that are deliberate and voluntary{"[...] Illud ut bene credamus, hoc, ut bene Vivamus" Aug. De Civ Dei 5. 10. [quotation from Augustine at the end of the MS]nWherein Consists Mans Reasonable Liberty; & how is it most easily Demonstrable that we are Free acting Beings?>4v: Hume ("Remarks on D Hume Essay on the Original Contract").PType: part of the lectures on Practical Ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: political jurisprudence, social contract as implied contract. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 237-244 (Commentary on pp. 401-408; Textual Notes on pp. 461-462). On 4v: "Remarks on D Hume Essay on the Original Contract". [Incomplete record: Subject heading] 2131/2/II/10The common definition of a Contract is That it is the Consent of two or more parties in some one thing, given with a view to constitute or to dissolve some obligation; this Definition seems to include all that is meant by a Contract when the word is taken in its < utmost latitude.oContracts do not bind posterity Kingly Government not the first Some men formed to be Rulers some to be Slaves.Type: lecture on Pneumatology, Glasgow. Subjects: perception by the external senses, memory, conception. Recapitulation of the lectures on the intellectual powers preliminary to his lectures on active powers. See on 1v-2r (pp. 2-3): "I endeavoured in my Lectures last Session to give the best Account I was able of the Speculative Powers of the human Mind; and I intend this Session to Begin with the Active Powers, given a brief Recapitulation in a Lecture or two of the Heads of what I delivered with regard to our Speculative Powers especially in the points wherein I take the Liberty to differ from the Authors that have treated on this Subject". On 1r-2v (pp. 1-4): introduction. On 2r-v (pp. 3-4): division of the subject. He lists nine powers: 1) the powers we have by means of our external senses; 2) memory; 3) conception or simple apprehension; 4) the powers of analyzing objects that are complex by abstraction and of compounding those that are more simple; 5) judgment; 6) reasoning; 7) taste; 8) moral perception; 9) consciousness. 2v (p. 4): "This is not held forth as a perfect Division. All general Divisions may be expected to be imperfect untill the things to which they are applied be perfectly known". On 2v-3v (pp. 4-6): the powers we have by the external senses. On 3v-4r (pp. 6-7): memory. On 4r-v (pp. 7-8): conception. Marginalia: 3r (p. 5): left margin. 3v (p. 6): right margin. [Incomplete record: check MS for names] 2131/2/II/11Know thy self was a Precept of Ancient Wisdom and conceived to be of so great Importance that it was said to descend from Heaven E coelo descenditEven those Conceptions that are called Creatures of the Imagination such as the Don Quixote of Cervantes, the Ocean of Harrington, the Seasons of Thomson may have metaphysical Truth, when they correspond to the Intention fro which they were formed.Type: draft of Question 63 "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good?", discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 8 and 22 November 1763. It continues in 2131/7/V/19. See APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 251, for a list of various versions of this question (2131/6/I/8, 2131/6/I/25, 2131/7/V/17, 3107/2/6, AP, E V, Ch. 4, 7). On 1r-2v (pp. 1-4): arguments for the negative side of the question. On 2v-4v (pp. 4-8) arguments for the positive side of the question. The determination of the question rests on the notion we have of the nature of virtue and of the faculty called conscience. Criticism of the definition of virtue as "acting according nature". The consequences of the definition of virtue as "acting according nature" are 1) that brutes are virtuous; 2) that all actions are virtuous. Criticism of the definition of virtue as "good affection". Two notions of affection: 1) natural impulse (it does ot constitute virtue); 2) fixed habit of the will (permanent and habitual will and purpose). Transient volitions and consequent actions have small merit in comparison with a permanent and habitual will of acting virtuously. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check names] 2131/2/II/12[The Society being divided in their opinion upon the Question]del The substance of the reasoning fro the negative Side of the Question was this.These are notions got by this faculty in the same manner as the Nootions of light and Colours are got by Sight. Thirdly all our judgments concerning moral good and evil, merit and demerit must be ultimately referred to this faculty. Reason may [...] [the MS continues in 7/V/19].[Question discussed on 8 and 22 November 1763]sQuestion. Whether every Action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally goodpPart of a draft of APS, Question 63 "Whether every action deserving moral approbation must be done from a persuasion of its being morally good?", discussed on Novembe 8 and 22 1763. It continues from 2131/2/II/12. See APS Minutes, Ulman ed.,<  p. 251, for a list of various versions of this question (2131/6/I/8, 2131/6/I/25, 2131/7/V/17, 3107/2/6, AP, E V, Ch. 4, 7). 2131/7/V/19Reason may be of use to us in judging of colours because there are often allowances to be made for the distance of the object, the effect of light and shade, the nature of the light and of the medium, & for casual disorders of the Eye, yet still it may be truly said that [the ey]del it is ultimately by the eye that we must judge of colours. In like manner it <is> ultimately by Conscience that we form our Judgment of moral good and evil, and all moral approbation and diisapprobation are exertions of this faculty.Those who have attempted to analyze Judgment or Memory have given no light to the Subject but rather darkened & perplexed it and the Same thing has happened with regard to those who have attempted to analyze Moral Approbation & Disapprobation.1r: Hume. 4v: Pope.dType: abstract of Question n. 44 "Whether Moral Character consists in Affections wherein the will is not concerned; or in fixed habitual and constant purposes?", discussed a the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 15 April 1761 (see APS Minutes, Ulman ed., p. 192). See Ulman, pp. 250-51 for surviving records of this Question: MS 475: no. 11, pp. 124-37, DS Remarks (David Skene) MS 482: p. 283, DS Notes MS 2131/6/I/12 TR Notes MS 2131/2/II/13, TR Abstract AP, Essay II, Ch. 3. Glasgow Literary Society, Question discussed on May 9 1766, title: "Whether moral character in man consists in affections which are involuntary or in fixed determinations of will" (see, GLS minutes, in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 385). Subjects: principles of action; will, moral character. On 1r-v: difference between affections, dispositions as impulses and the fixed resolutions of the will. "The natural frame & texture of our Affections and Dispositions, which are the Organs of the Mind is no less the work of our maker, than that of the Eye or Ear. And if the work is well or ill done common sense dictates that the praise or blame is imputable onely to the Workman". Division of the operations of the will (deliberation, purpose or resolution, action). On 2r-v: deliberation about an action or a rule of action. On 2v-4v: purpose or resolution. On 4v: action. [Subject heading] 2131/2/II/13[Mr Hume]del There is no principle of Morality whatsoever more evident than this that a Man [ought not]del can neither deserve to be punished for what he could not help, nor to be rewarded for what he could not hinder.>What is the natural Affection of Benevolence? What is the virtue of Benevolence? The former is in brutes and Children without anything of the Latter but in Men, when moral faculty is ripe benevolent Actions will always be attended with the Approbation of our Conscience and so may in some degree be accounted virtuous.K[Question discussed on April 15 1761 in Aberdeen; on May 9 1766 in Glasgow]Q. Does Moral Character consist in Affections and Dispositions which are involuntary or in fixed Purposes & Determinations of the Will which influence the Conduct Type: draft of AP, Essay IV. It is subsequent to the draft in 2/II/9. Subjects: active power, causation (liberty or freedom); principles of action. Headings: On p. 1, "Sect 1". On p. 5, "Sect II". On p. 8, "Sect III". On p. 16, "Sect IV". On p. 23, "Sect V First Argument". On p. 31, "Sect VI Second Argument". On p. 36, "Sect VII Third Argument". On pp. 40-41, addenda. Addition "A" to be inserted at p. 26. Another addition marked "A" to be added to p. 37: "Addition to Note page 37 A". [Incomplete record: add names] 2131/2/II/151r-21r (pp. 1-41)Reasonable Liberty supposes Understanding & Will, and therefore respects those Actions onely that are deliberate and voluntary.If a lucky Concourse of Motives coould produce the Conduct of an Alexander or a Julius Caesar no Reason can be given why a lucky Concourse of Atoms might not produce the planetary System.kWherein consists Mens Reasonable Liberty, & how is most easily demonstrable that we are Free Acting Beings?bType: abstract of a Question n. 4< 0, discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 24 February 1761 (Question presented by D. Skene). See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 192 and 250. See the other unfinished abstract of the same Question on fols. 3r-v (item 3). Subjects: economics, paper credit. [Incomplete record: check Explicit, and names] 2131/2/II/16TAll Traffic or Bargaining among Men must be either upon Credit or for ready payment.The Policy of Nations in prohibiting the Exportation of Silver & Gold, of Coin & of Corn. In prohibiting the running down of the Coin. The prohibition of clipping debasing sweating false coining just and Necessary.([Question discussed on 24 February 1761]?Whether Paper Credit be a Benefit or a Disadvantage to a NationBible (Proverbs of Salomon).ZType: note. Subjects: principles of action; obscurity and ambiguity of salomon's proverbs.|The proverbs of Salomon contain a very great variety of matter not onely moral precepts and Instructions but various observations on the tempers the virtues and vices of men on the causes of their happiness & Misery on the ways of attaining riches honour quiet & contentment of mind of Making friends and preserving them and in a word everything that relates to life and Manners.|Nay perhaps after all many of them would still be unintelligible to us till we knew in what manner or to what subjects they were commonly applyed. It may therefore be expected to be much more so with the proverbs of a people so distant in time and place and so different from us in Language customs Manners Government and almost everything wherein one man can differ from another.OType: abstract of a Question n. 40, discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 24 February 1761 (Question presented by D. Skene). See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 192 and 250. It is another unfinished version of the Question on fols. 1r-2v (item 1). Subjects: economics, paper credit. [Incomplete record: check names]VTraffic and Bargaining in one Degree or Other is the necessary Consequence of Society.yTrade cannot be carried on without Money either of ones own or borrowed. The greater the Stock in trade is the greater commonly will be the profit. Therefore trade may be carried on to advantage till all the money in the Nation is employed in it. But it happens often that those who have Money cannot or will not employ it in this way themselves. This must [...] [interruption]2v: Buffon. 3r: Halley, Buffon.Type: draft of Question n. 54 ("Whether by the encouragement of proper laws the number of births in Great Britain might not be nearly doubled, or at least greatly increased?"), discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society of 8 June 1762. See Ulman, APS Minutes, p. 193 and p. 251. Subjects: economics, demography. Published transcription in W.R. Humphries, "The First Aberdeen Philosophical Society", in Transactions of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, 5 (1938), pp. 232-236. 3 parts. On 1r-2v, draft of the Question. On 3r, a short version, or a summary, of the Question. On 3v, additions. [Incomplete record: check additions] 2131/2/II/17It is beyond doubt that the strength and Riches of a Country consists in having the labour and Industry of a number of hands, properly directed.sThe Means of Subsistence depend on the Wants of Men and the productions of the Earth for the Supply of those Wants.#[Question discussed on 8 June 1762]pWhether By proper Laws the number of Births in every parish might not be doubled, or at least greatly increased? 3v: Pope.Type: undetermined. Compare with Essay IV, chapter 4 "Of the Influence of Motives". It is antecedent to 2/II/9 and 2/II/15. Subjects: active power, or causation (freedom or liberty); principles of action. This MS contains: Material from AP, Essay IV "Of the Influence of Motives". A short summary of the various principles of action listed in AP. Difference between moral character and temperament. Summary: There are two arguments against the necessary influence of motives on actions: 1) the example of actions not determined by motives; 2) if the strength o< f a motive is measured by the felt sensation, it would follow that that the strongest motive is always the one that prevails. He lists the various motives or principles of action (instincts, habits, appetites, desires, affections, temperament and inward disposition, passions, self-love, moral sense, resolution and determined purpose). Fixed purpose is the basis of the character. Moral character is different from temperament. On 4r, answer to an objection: if we break the connection between motives and action we unhinge all moral and political government. [Incomplete record: check MS, add Explicit] 2131/2/II/18vThe Question about Liberty or Necessity of human Actions has perhaps been as much tossed in all ages as in Philosophy.Y1r-v (pp. 1-2): Hume. 2r (p. 3): Hume, Aristotle, Locke, Berkeley. 2v-4r (pp. 4-7): Hume.$Type: abstract of the Inquiry into the Human Mind. Subjects: perception by the external senses; theory of ideas. Published transcription in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 257-62 and D.F. Norton, "Reid's Abstract of the Inquiry into the Human Mind", Philosophical Monographs, 3 (1976), pp. 125-132. 2131/2/III/011r-4r (pp. 1-7)Ever since the treatise of human Nature was published I respected Mr Hume as the greatest Metaphysician of the Age and have learned more from his writings in matter of that kind than from all others put together.lI have not indeed affecteed to shew my Method in the titles of the several Sections so that those titles may be onely considered as pointing to some principal Subject of the Section nor have I taken any pains to point out my Method by tedious transactions, conceiving it Essential to a Philosophical work to have method but not essential to make ostentation of it./[Before the publication of the Inquiry (1764)]m2v (p. 2): Clarke, Leibniz ("Dr Clark in his Second Reply to Leibnitz [...]"). 3v (p. 6): Paschal Paoli 4r (p. 7): Hume. 4v (p. 8): Hume, Locke, Berkeley. 5r (p. 9): Hooks (?), Swift, Buchanan ("his Historia Animae Humanae"), "Peripatics", "Bulialtous", Locke, Arnauld. 5v (p. 10): Arnauld, Malebranche, Descartes. 6r (p. 11): Arnauld. 6v (p. 12): Malebranche, Arnauld, Aristotle, Berkeley. 7v (p. 14): Berkeley. 8v (p. 16): Berkeley, Hume. 9r (p. 17): Berkeley, Hume, Plato, "Pythagorean Philosophers". 11r: Porterfield ("Essay concerning the Motions of our Eyes Edinburgh Medical Essays Vol 3d Edinb 1752 page 176 &c").Type: lecture on Pneumatology, Glasgow. Compare with IP, Essay II. Subject: perception by the external senses; theory of ideas. [Incomplete record: check pagination, names; check Explicit] 2131/2/III/022r-11r[I Let us then first consider the Reasons which have led Philosophers to think in this Matter, so contrary to the Apprehensions of all that are uninstructed in Philosophy, to think, I say, That Ideas or Images in the Mind are necessary to the Perception of external Objects, and that their [sic] cannot possibly be any such Perception without them.+And those Reasonings when properly applied and taken off from this false foundation, will be of great advantage in promoting a solid and usefull knowledge of our Mental Powers [on fol. 10r, p. 19]. From all which it is manifest that the Judgments which our Senses induce us to make conceiving the sensible Qualities are exceeding just if considered with Respect to the Preservation of our Bodies, for which they were onely given us; tho' at the same time it is most certain that they are altogether extravagant, and vastly removed from Truth [on fol. 11r]2v-3r (pp. 4-5): Samuel Clarke. Fragment inserted between fols. 3 and 4: Alexander of Aphrodisia ("Alex. Aphrod. "de Anima" as translated by Mr Harris "Hermes" Lib. 3 p. 358"), Alcinous ("de Doctrinis Platonis Ch. 4"). 5r (p. 9): Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 5v-6v: Hume, S. Athanasius. 7r-10r (pp. 13-19): Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 10v (p. 20): Locke, Collins, Samuel Clarke, Dodwell (?) ("Dr Clarke's 3d Defence of his Letter to Mr Dodwill"), Butler ("Essay on personal Identity").(Type: draft of a discourse read to the Glasgow Literary Society, on 15 March 1765. Subjects: memory, duration, < personal identity. Compare with IP, Essay III, chapters 1-7. 1r-2r (pp. 1-3). Five points on memory or remembrance: 1) its objects must be past; 2) remembrance as well as perception, implies belief that the thing remembered did exist; 3) remembrance implies the persuasion of our past existence and of our identity; 4) the belief we have of the things we remember is not the effect of reasoning or of comparing ideas but is the immediate gift of nature; 5) perception of duration and belief of its external existence is likewise a necessary concomitant of memory; 6) we could have no notion of motion or succession without memory. On 1v (p. 2), indication for addition: "Add A page 6". Addition "A" on small leaf between 3v and 4r (pp. 6-7). 2v-3r (pp. 4-5). Analogy between memory and prescience. 7r-10r (pp. 13-19). Idea of duration (Locke, Berkeley, Hume). 10r-v (pp. 19-20). Locke's theory of personal identity. [Incomplete record: check names] 2131/2/III/051r-10vThe operations of the human Mind are Phenomena [of Nature]del which [seem to]del invite the Curiousity of a Philosopher, to {the} investigat[e]{ion of} their Causes [...]del no less than the appearances of heavenly Bodies, or of Magnetism & Electricity.The Improvement which Collins made of this Notion of Mr Locke in his answer to Dr Clarke 3d Defence of his Letter to Mr Dodwill Bishop Butlers Essay on personal Identity recommended.![Discourse read on 15 March 1765]A4r (p. 15): Aristotle, Locke, Hume ("the Author of this System").0Type: draft of a discourse on human imagination read to Glasgow Literary Society on 21 February 1766. Subjects: imagination, conception. According to AUL catalogue, 6/I/1 continues in 8/II/1. According to handwritten correction to AUL Catalogue, a sheet inserted in 2/III/6 belongs to 8/II/1 (2/III/6 is from February 1766). Compare 3 MSS. After the Incipit: "The instance most commonly adduced for this purpose is this. We can distinctly [conceive]del {imagine} a triangle or a Square; a distinct image of either of those figures may be presented to the mind or formed by it." [etc.] We cannot form a distinct image of a regular polygon of 1000 sides. "This instance I think proves something but it does not prove that there is any image of the triangle or square in the brain. It proves that there is a remarkable distinction between the {nature of that} conception which we form of a triangle and {of} that conception which we form of a Chiliagon. The conception which we form of the first is distinct and adequate. That which we form of the second is in some things indistinct, but in other things it is distinct." [etc.] 1v (p. 10): "Thus I think it appears that the difference between our conception of a triangle & of a chiliagon does not ly in this that an image of the first is formed in the brain and that an image of the latter is formed not in the brain but in the pure Intellect, but the difference lys in this that we conceive the visible appearance of the triangle so distinctly as that we can distinguish it from the visible appearance of any other figure. But our Conception of the visible Appearance of the Chiliagon does not distinguish it from that of any other figure of a vast number of Sides, and therefore is in that respect confused. And when we demonstrate the {certain} properties of a Chiliagon our reasoning is not drawn from the visible appearance of it, which indeed is confused; but from certain attributes or Relations of the figure which are distinctly conceived. Thus we see how the conception of a triangle is distinguished from that conception which we form of a figure of 1000 sides without having recourse to images of those objects either in the brain or in the [mind] pure intellect. Passage marked as "B", and highlighted by a vertical line on the left, on 1v (p. 10)-2v (p. 12). "Perhaps the Philosopher will still insist upon it that when we conceive a triangle there is an image of a triangle presented to the mind and that he is conscious of this. Now if there is such an image where we can place it but in the brain. I shall answer this as disti< nctly as I can. 1 Then I desire to know what he means by the image of a triangle for my part I am not able to conceive any image of a trinagle that is not really a triangle." [etc.] 1v (p. 10)-2r (p. 11): "2 Secondly let us consider what is meant by a triangle being presented to the mind. I know but three ways in which a triangle can be said to be presented to the Mind; if there is a | fourth I am entirely ignorant of it and shall be glad to be informed." [etc.] 2r (p. 11): "But I know no other sense of which the p<h>rase is capable but one of these three. It means either that I perceive a triangle by my senses or that I remember a triangle or that I imagine a triangle. We can onely explain this phrase therefore by substituting one or other of these in its place as equivalent to it. Let us try them all in their turn. 1 First then does the Philosopher mean that whenever we conceive a triangle there is a the same time a triangle perceived by sight o.r touch. If this were true I confess it would follow that the triangle that is perceived must exist somewhere, for every traingle we perceive either by sight or touch must exist and have a place, but even in this case it could not have the brain for its place, for we neither see nor touch anything that is in our brain. X ["X": reference to addition on the left margin]. 2 Does he mean that when{ever} we conceive a triangle we remember a Triangle, this surely is not true universally for we may conceive things that we do not remember: And if it were true, there would neither <be> necessity nor any good reason for giving to the triangle that is remembred a present existence in the brain. For things which we remember must be past, & they may be rem<e>bered tho' they have now no existence at all." [etc.] 2r (p. 11)-2v (p. 12): "3 There remains onely one other meaning that can be put upon this proposition that whenever we conceive a triangle a triangle is presented to the mind. And that is that whenever we conceive a triangle, we conceive a triangle; which I confess | is a proposition so surfeited with truth that the Philosopher may rest secure in the possession of it. But when he is anxious to find out the place of this triangle which he conceives or imagines; he may be delivered form this anxiety onely by recollecting that is the peculiar prerogative of this faculty of imagination to conceive things that are not as though they were; and that an object of meer imagination has no existence and therefore needs no place. [End of the passage marked as "B"]. To conclude what we have to say upon this distinction of Imagination from pure Intellection. The word pure intellection is not adopted into English language. And I think the general words of Conception or Apprehension may {supply} the place of it." [etc.] "3 I shall onely take notice of another mistake that Philosophers havee commonly gone into wiith regard to simple Apprehension. They make Simple Apprehension to be the first operation of the Understanding with regard to its objects, and after we have got simple apprhensions of Various Objects which they call Ideas, we compare these Ideas together, we perceive certain Agreements or disagreements between them, & this perception of the Agreement or disagreement of Ideas is the second Operation of the Understanding which we call Judgment. X ["X": reference to addition on the left margin]. The last part of this Theory as far as it pretends to analyse the Operation of Judgment & to resolve it into a perception of the Agreement or disagreement of Ideas may be more properly considered hereafter if we should attempt to illustrate this Faculty of Judgment. I shall consider that part of this theory which more immediately relates to simple Apprehension." 3r (p. 13): "First then it seems to be beyond doubt that with regard to many propositions we first conceive and apprehend them, and afterwards by reasoning about them we come at last to pass judgment that they are either true or false, and this I believe is the case with regard to all propositions of which we form our Judgment by reasoning, or by inferrin< g them from things which we know already." [etc.] Crossed out passage, on 3r: Beginning: "But does the mind proceed in this manner in every proposition which we judge to be true or false?" [etc.] End: "Let us apply the theory above mentioned to first principles of both these kinds and it tallys with them" After crossed out passage: "And here though Apprrehension be the first operation of the Mind with regard to such propositions, Judgment is not the next Reasoning comes between them. But let us consider how this doctrine may be applied to such propositions as are not deduced by inference or reasoning from others." 3v (p. 14): "All reasoning must be resolved at last into propositions which are manifest wihtout Reasoning, otherwise it would have no foundation at all. And a man {who has no Eyes} may as reasonably expect to discover distant objects by a telescope, as a man who has no first principles to discover truth by Reasoning. These first principlles of reasoning are of various kinds. Some of them [relate to]del {determine} the Existence of things others determine onely the Relations of things without [determining any thing with]del regard to {their} Existence. Of the later kind are mathematical Axioms. As for example that the whole is greater than a part. Now when we first learned to judge that the whole is greater than a part, did we first get the Ideas of whole & of part and after that compare them together and by comparison discover that disagreement which is expressed by affirming the whole to be greater than its part? To me it appears otherwise, whole & part being relative terms it seems to mee impossible to have any Idea of the one without having an Idea of the other. And it seems as impossible to conceive a part and a whole without having a n {irresistible} conviction that the whole is greater than the part. On the other hand it is no {less evident that a} judgment or conviction that the whole is greater than a part must imply a conception of a whole and a part. In this case therefore the Apprehension neither goes before the Judgment, nor the Judgment before the Apprehension they are coeval and the Judgment we form of the truth of the Axiom is as much the gift of Nature as the Ideas of whole & part about which it is employed. It seems to be a first principle that what begins to exist must have a cause." [etc.] "To give another instance, Suppose a man who never had heard of an Elephant before, sees an Elephant feeding on the banks of Ganges." [etc.] 4r (p. 15): "It seems therefore that this Doctrine that Simple Apprehension is the first Operation of the Mind with regard to its Ideas and that after we have got the simple Apprehension of those Ideas we compare them together and by perceiving certain agreements or disagreements between them arrive at what we call Judgment It seems I say that this Doctrine has no foundation in Nature when applyed to first principles, upon which all our other Judgments must be founded." [etc.] "To conclude; what we really know of this faculty by attending carefully to its operation in our Minds is very simple and easy to be understood. But when we attempt to examine the Theory by which Philosophers have endeavoured to account for it or the mistakes they have been led into by that theory, we enter into {such} a Labyrinth of Metaphysical Subtleties that it requires much attention and patience to find our way to the end of it. The Theory of Images Phantasms or Ideas in the Brain or in the Mind [was applied]del from the Time of Aristotle too that of Mr Lock was employed with a view to give great light to the faculties of the human Understanding & by that means to enlarge human knowledge. But of late this Theory has been made the ground work of a System which oveturns all knowledge and all probability. Those who are not {fond} of such a System must either reject it by the lump as we brush down a Cobweb which offeends the Eye; or they must patiently unravel it; which is not be done without entring Metaphysical Subtleties. The former way is shorter and easier, but the later is more respectfull to th< e Author of this System and to the Philosophers that went before him, and agreed with him in the fundamental Principles of his System, without having perceived the consequences that might be drawn from them." 4v: "To be prefixed to the Examination of Mr Humes Account of Memory & Imagination. Mr Hume saw farther into the consequence of the common System concerning Ideas, than any Author {that had gone} before him." [etc.] "What the vulgar call the perception of an external Object is nothing but a strong impression upon the mind. What we call memory of a past Object is nothing but a present impression or Idea weaker than the former and what we call Imagination is still a present Idea but weaker than the Idea of Memory. That I may not so him injustice I beg leave to repeat his own Words." After a horizontal line, in different pen: "Mathematicks need Imagination. "PL{" ["PL" on the left margin, followed by braces including the following words] "A Triangle, imagined without the help of Sight Touch or Rememebrance Judgment distinct from [illegible] Apprehension." "D Tr{" ["D Tr" on the left margin, followed by braces including the following words] "Conception without Belief. Conception must have an object. Existence applied to object of Sense. Dreaming & Madness." "The Object of Imagination. An Image between the Mind & Object. Objects and Ideas the Same. Scepticism whether arising from Ideas. Equality of Men in Judgment Boundary or Distinction between Imag<e> & Sens<e>. Faintness and vivacity ease imagination or belief. Figurative Expressions. In the Mind or out of the Mind. Cause & Effect. Equality of Judgment." 2131/8/II/01The Instances commonly brought to shew the distinction between Imagination and pure Intellection, may be understood without conceiving any Image in the Brain.ZFigurative Expressions In the Mind or out of the Mind Cause & Effect Equality of Judgment.2[Discourse read on 21 February 1766: see 2/III/06]Of Imagination/1v: quotation from Milton ("Milt Lib 5 l 295").Type: draft of the discourse on human imagination read to Glasgow Literary Society on 21 February 1766. Subject: imagination, conception. According to AUL catalogue, 6/I/1 continues in 8/II/1. According to handwritten correction in AUL Catalogue, a sheet inserted in 2/III/6 belongs to 8/II/1 (2/III/6 is from February 1766). Compare 3 MSS. 4 senses of the word imagination given on 1r (numerical series 1-4). Marginalia "x" and "phi" on 2r; "A" on 3v. 2131/6/I/01The word Imagination, like most other words that are employed to express the powers of the Mind is used in various senses, which it is necessary to distinguish in order to avoid confusion and obscurity in speaking upon this Subject.It is obvious that this distinction is grounded upon a mere hypothesis and there never has been any proof offered that there are any such Images in the Brain. The Instances [catchword, text continues in 8/II/1]1[Discourse read on 21 February 1766: see 2/III/6]+2r (p. 3): Milton ("Milt. Lib 5 2.92"). 3r (p. 5): Euclid. 4r (p. 7): Descartes ("Dissertation on Method"), Cicero ("de Oratore Lib 3 cap. 51"). 7r-8v (p. 13-16): Hume. 10r: Homer, Milton, Ovid ("Metamorphosis""), Harrington ("Oceana"). 10v: Hume ("Essays & Treatises vol 2d 34 init pagg 176 & 182")+ Type: draft of the discourse on human imagination read to the Glasgow Literary Society on 21 February 1766. Subjects: imagination; conception; theory of ideas. According to handwritten corrections to AUL Catalogue, fols. 9-10 belong to 8/II/1 (which continues from 6/I/1). Fols. 9-10 might simply be additions to this draft. See IP, Essay IV, chapters 1-3, for correspondences. Summary. 1r-2v (pp. 1-4). Different meanings of the word "imagination". Definition of imagination as "that power or Faculty of the Mind by which we barely conceive things without passing any judgment concerning them" (p. 4). 2v (p. 4): "I shall endeavour to point out some of the most remarkable properties which attentive Reflexion discovers to belong to this power of the Mind. In the next place I shall consider some theories by which Philosophers<  have attempted to explain the Operations of this faculty & account for them and conclude with observing some mistakes which have commonly been entertained by writers on this Subject" 2v-5r (pp. 4-9). Properties of imagination. 1) Our conception of things may be clear or obscure, distinct or confused; a sound judgment is inseparable from clear and distinct apprehension (pp. 4-7). 2) The simple ingredients of our conceptions must be things which have formerly been presented to the mind by some other faculty (p. 7). 3) Our conceptions may be modified in any manner we think fit. It is otherwise with what we perceive, remember, or judge (pp. 7-8). 4) imagination is not limited to things which have existence (pp. 8-9). 5r-7r (pp. 9-13). Hypothesis of images of things in the brain or in the mind. There is no evidence of the existence images in the brain or mind. Even if they were present, they would not be sufficient to account for the operations of the mind in conceiving things. 7r-8v (pp. 13-16). Criticism of Hume's position on experience and memory. On 9r-10v (small sheet), 2 parts (according to handwritten corrections to AUL Catalogue, this sheet contains additions to 8/II/1; it is possible that the additions on 9r-10v should replace the part on the theory of ideas on pp. 10-13 of the present MS). 1) On 9r-10r. Title: "Discourse on Imagination page 10". 4 objections to the theory of ideas. Beginning: "Those who have attempted to explain Perception Memory and Imagination by Ideas or Images of external things in the Brain or in the Mind have 1 Offered No Proof of the Existence of such Images in the Brain or in the Mind". End: "Harrington had a very clear conception of that frame of Republican Government which he calls Oceana. And any one who read his book with Judgment and Attention may have a very clear conception of it Proceed to page 13". 2) On 10v. Title: "Mistakes of Philosophers with Regard to Simple Apprehension". Beginning: "1st That Terms onely, & not Propositions are the Object of it". Part crossed out. End: "To conceive what is expressed by a Term, is to conceive or understand the Meaning of that Term. To conceive a Proposition is to understand the meaning of the Proposition". [Incomplete record: check fols. 9-10, and Explicit] 2131/2/III/06The word Imagination, like most other words by which we express the Powers of the Mind, is used in various Senses; and it is necessary to distinguish its different Significations, in order to avoid obscurity, and confusion in speaking upon this Subject.This surely must be imagination. This at best comes as near to the definition given of these faculties as anything I can conceive [end on 8v] 1r, top right corner: "Feb 1766"Of the Faculty of Imagination1r (p. 1): Cicero ("de Orat Lib 3"). 1v (p. 2): Shaftesbury. 4r (p. 7): Locke. 6r-v (pp. 11-12): Locke. 9v (p. 18): Aristotle, Aquilonius ("Opticorum Lib 1 prop 9 IX"). Type: draft of the Discourse on common sense delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society on 10 February 1769 (see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 385). On top right corner: "Cura prima". Part of a series of drafts of discourses on common sense, including 2/III/7-11. Subjects: principles and operations of common sense. Published transcription in D.F. Norton (ed.), Thomas Reid's 'Cura Prima' on Common Sense, in L. Marcil-Lacoste, Claude Buffier and Thomas Reid: Two Common-Sense Philosophers (Kingston: McGill-Queen's, 1982), pp. 187-208. Two drafts: 1r-4v (pp. 1-8) and 5r-8v (pp. 9-16). 1r-2r (pp. 1-3). Introduction. Operations that fall under the province of common sense. On 2r (p. 3): "Taking for granted then that Common Sense signifies those natural powers of the Understanding which distinguish men from Brutes & Idiots; we shall endeavour to point out some of these together". 2r-3r (pp. 3-5). Imagination and memory. On 3r (p. 5): "I conceive therefore that Brutes do not measure time, nor view past Events in a connected Series and Order as Men do. That in complex objects of Sense they do not perceive Order connexion & composition in the parts nor any relation to an E< nd". 3r-4v (pp. 5-8). Unity and number. On 3r (p. 5): "In the next place it does not appear that Brutes have any Notions of Number or Proportion". Lower half of 4v (p. 8), blank. On 5r (p. 9): "The {Operations of Mind which fall under} The Province of Common Sense [comprehends]del are chiefly these 1 The perceiving the Obvious Relations of things 2 Distinguishing in the Same Object things that are different 3 Observing in different objects things that are common 4 Our natural and intuitive judgments about things which are not grounded upon Reasoning but must be the foundation of all Reasoning. 5 Reflexion upon what has past in our own Minds". Two other divisions on the margin of 5r (p. 9): "1 Distinguishing 2 Generalizing 3 Discerning 4 Reflexion 5 Judging. Reasoning 2 Comparing. Numbering 3 Classing {Dividing Defining} Compounding 4 Judging". 5r-6r (pp. 9-11). The operation of distinguishing. 6r-7v (pp. 11-14). The operation of comparing. Beginning, on 6r (p. 11): "2 By that faculty which we call Common Sense we compare objects that are presented to us and discern various {affections and Relations belonging to them} things concerning them such as Identity or Diversity, Number, Similitude, Contrariety, Proportion". On 6r-7r (pp. 11-13). Identity and diversity. On 7v (p. 14). Contrariety. 7v-8r (pp. 14-15). The operation of classing. Beginning, on 7v (p. 14): "The Attributes and Relations of things of which every Man of common Understanding can easily obtain a clear and Distinct discernment are Innumerable". 8r-9v (pp. 15-18). The operation of judging. Beginning, on 8r (p. 15): "Perhaps it may be thought that the Notions of a line, angle, triangle square & like are Ideas which we have directly by our Senses and consequently which brutes or infants may have as well as we". 2131/2/III/07oThere is no word more frequently used than common Sense or whose meaning seems to be more generally understood.BThe Generality of the Peripateticks gave the name of common Sense both to that Power of the Mind by which we distinguish the Objects of different Senses or White from Sweet; but also to that power of the Mind by which we know that we perceive. The last is by the Moderns sometimes called consciousness sometimes Reflexion.$[Discourse read on 10 February 1769]Of Common Sense1v: Locke, Berkeley, Hume.Type: on 1r, an unpublished draft of the Inquiry into the Human Mind, on memory; on 1v, notes for two lectures on pneumatology (on memory, duration, identity). Subjects: memory; duration, continued existence, personal identity. Published transcription of fol. 1r in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 234. End of the draft of the Inquiry on fol. 1r: "In Memory the process of Nature is shorter but no less unaccountable. In the operations of this Faculty we cannot" (MS ends). On 1v, notes for two lectures. On left margin: "Decr 11". Beginning: "We shall consider first the Hypotheses advanced by Philosophers for explaining how we remember things & endeavour to shew that they [do no]del have neither any degree of probability, nor if they were admitted serve to account for that knowledge of things which we have by memory" End: "3 We shall consider what Notions we acquire by means of this faculty which we could not have by others. 4 As a principle of knowledge & belief". On leftg margin: "Decr 12". Beginning: "1 The Notion of Time or Duration, and all its Modes is got by Memory. Mr Lockes Notion of Duration adopted by Berkeley and Hume". End: see Explicit above. 2131/1/I/02There is no faculty of the Mind whose operations are {next to the external senses} more familiar or seem to be better understood than that of Memory.eWe must believe and ougth to believe many things without being able to give any reason of our belief.^[Fol. 1r written before the publication of the Inquiry in 1764] On 1v: "Decr11" and "Decr 12".XAn Inquiry into the human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense Book 2 Chap 1 Of Memory~2v (p. 10): Malebranche. 4r (p. 13): Aristotle. 4v (p. 14): Berkeley. 5r (p. 15): Hume 6v (p. 18): Hume, Henry Home Lord Kames. 11v (p. 28): "Peripateti< cks". 12v (p. 30): Nehemiah Grew ("see Nehemiah Grew's Discourse on Taste read before the Royal S. 1675"). 13r (p. 31): Socrates, Descartes, Aristotle.. 13v (p. 32): Descartes. 14r (p. 33): Descartes, Malebranche, Berkeley, Locke.Type: an early draft of two discourses delivered to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society on 14 March 1759 and 15 March 1760, partly reproducing the text of the Inquiry. Additions to this MS are in 6/I/6. For the relation of this MS with the Inquiry, the Philosophical Orations, and MSS 3107/1/3, MSS 3107/1/5 in Thomas Gordon's hand, see Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 266-315. Subjects: perception by the external senses (smell, taste); theory of ideas. Published transcription of fols. 1r-8r (pp. [7]-15) in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 297-304. Published transcription or variants between fols. 8v-14r (pp. 16-33) of the MS and the text of the Inquiry, in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 280-86. Published transcription of 14v in Inquiry, Brookes ed., p. 305. On 12r (p. 29), heading: "Of Taste". 2131/1/I/03A pag 8 [on left margin] [Thirdly]del the [System]del {Hypothesis} of ideas seems to me not to answer the Purpose for which it is intended, namely to solve the Phaenomena of Remembrance, and Perception of things external.Thirdly Idea is sometimes put for what we conceive or Comprehend of an object as distinguished from the whole Nature of that Object.4[Discourses read on 14 March 1759 and 15 March 1760]]1r: Locke, Descartes. 2v: Descartes, Malebranche, Locke. 3v: Descartes. 4r: Descartes, Locke.Type: according to Brookes (ed.), Inquiry, p. 267, this manuscript corresponds to various parts of the discourses delivered to the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, between 1758 and 1763: "It is a self-contained paper, the aim of which, Reid writes, is to consider "the various kinds of Sensations we have by these faculties called the five Sense" and "other Simple Notions or Objects of Thought we have by their Means" (1/I/4, 5 [3r])" (Brookes (ed.), Inquiry, p. 267). Subject: perception by the external senses (sensations, qualities); theory of ideas; principles of common sense. Excerpts of this MS published in Brookes (ed.), Inquiry, p. 223-24 and p. 227. Two parts. On 1r-4r. Lower half of 4r, blank. Beginning: see Incipit above End: "Such Principles we call dictates of common Sense; They disdain the trial of reason{ing}. Reason{ing} is founded upon them not they upon it. And if reasoning could overturn them it must perish in their Ruin". On 4v. Beginning: "Preface. Among the Difficulties which attend an Enquiry into the faculties of the mind, this is none of the least, that every Philosophical System upon this Subject has a Language adapted to it, & to it onely". End: see Explicit above. 2131/1/I/04Let us now reflect a little upon the various kinds of {Operations of the Sensitive Powers & the Materials of Knowledge & Principles which we have by their means}.The Modern System of Metaphysics has a Strong tendency to spread this Distemper we need not therefore think it Strange that sensible Men have got such [MS ends]Type: draft of AP, from Essay III, Part II, Chapter II, to Essay III, Part II, Chapter VIII, in Hamilton ed., from p. 555b (lines 53-54) to p. 579a (end). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP and AP: 1/II/1. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/3. 2131/1/II/02[MS continues from 1/II/1] [...] mean for promoting that end. That natural Desires I have mentioned are in themselves neither virtuous nor vicious.Manet sub Jove frigido Venator, tenerae conjugis immemor, Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas.Type: draft of AP, from Essay IV, Chapter III, to Essay IV, Chapter XI, in Hamilton ed., from p. 605a (beginning) to p. 636b (end). Preceeding notebook in the series of drafts of IP and AP: 1/II/3. [Incomplete record: add Explicit, check number of leaves] 2131/1/II/04)Chap 3 Causes of the Ambiguity of those Words When we turn our attention to external objects, and begin to exercise our rational faculties about them, we find that there are some motions and changes in them, which<  we have power to produce, and that they have many which must have some other cause.[End on p. 76] It were to be wished that Mens conduct with regard to the concerns of another life were in as little danger from those opinions. [End of corrections] 74 A. 3 I would alter the phrase, we have been taught, for the More serious & less ambiguous one it has been maintained.5Type: draft of IP, from Essay VII, Chapter I, to Essay VIII, Chapter IV, in Hamilton ed., from p. 476a (4 lines from the bottom) to p. 506a (3 lines from the bottom). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of the IP and AP: 1/II/7. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/6. [Incomplete record: check number of leaves] 2131/1/II/051r-46v (pp. 1-92)[MS continues from 1/II/7] & supported by Authority. By Degrees it acquires strength chiefly by means of Imitation and Exercise.The Beauty of Colour is not owing solely to the natural liveliness of Flesh Colour and Red, nor to the much greater charms they obtain from being properly blended together but is also owing in some Degree to the Idea they [convey]del {carry} with them of good Health, without which all Beauty grows languid and less engaging and which it always recovers [...] [MS continues in 1/II/6]kType: draft of IP, Essay VIII, Chapter IV, in Hamilton ed., from p. 506a (3 lines from the bottom) untill the end of the Chapter; draft of AP from Essay I, Introduction to Essay II, Chapter I, in Hamilton ed., from p. 511a (three lines from bottom) to p. 532b (line 4). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP and AP: 1/II/5. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/1. 2131/1/II/061r-37v (pp. 1-74)s[MS continues from 1/II/5] recovers an additonal Strength and Lustre. This is supported by the Authority of Cicero.There have been instances of Tyrrants who have laid grievous Commands upon their Subjects in order to reap the penalty of their disobedience, or to furnish a pretence for their Punishment. We [MS continues in 1/II/1]Type: notes; perhaps, part of the lectures on natural history or natural philosophy, Aberdeen. Subjects: chemistry, natural history (properties of water, air, heat or fire). Reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 271-272 (note 97, p. 470: "this manuscript was probably written prior to 1760 as Reid makes no mention of Black's theory of latent heat. See also Birkwood 2/III/2, fol. 1r, 4/I/22 fol. 1v and 7/II/18 fol. 1r"). 3 parts. 1) On 1r-v. Heading: "Water". Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "7 It seems capable of Entring into pores which exclude the Air". Lower half of 1v, blank. 2) On 2r. Heading: "Air". Beginning: "1 Its Elasticity Weight. Its pressure upon our Bodies. Effects of this being taken off". 3) On 2v. Heading: "Fire or Heat". Beginning: "1 Heat & Cold however they seem Contrarys to our feeling yet arise onely from different degrees of the Same Quality Observations to prove this". End: see Explicit above. 2131/7/II/04>Water This Body seems as justly as any to be called Elementary because we cannot by any Art resolve it into different Ingredients when it is quite pure it put on different forms in different degrees of heat but is still the same & suffers no change in its constituent parts, whether in the form of Ice Water or Vapour.Dilatation of all Bodies by heat & Contraction by Cold. Corol<l>aries. 1 The Dimensions of all Bodies in a Continual Flux & the minute parts not at rest among themselves 2 The difficulty of Ascertaining exact Measures of Length & Capacity or Exact Measures of Time 3 The Firmest Buildings are continually Shaken to the Foundation by Alternate heat & Cold the Nicest Instruments are disordered.Lecture KC (Natural History)?6[Before 1760: see Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 97, p. 470]Patrick Wilson.Type: memorandum reporting observations by Patrick Wilson on aberration, October 1770. For a description of this part of the MS, with quotations, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 248-249 (note 42-44, p. 465). [Type heading] 2131/7/II/05Octr 1770 Pat Wilson communicated to me an Observation of his own upon the Aber<r>ation of the Rays of Light which tho' very curious < Seems to have escaped all who have wrote upon this Subject. It is this)Oct 15 the Same Gentleman suggested to me a Method which he had thought of, of freeing Astronomical Observations from all Errors arising from the Aberration of Light; grounded upon this Principle that when Light is reflected from any Surface it must have the Motion of that Surface imparted to it. "Octr 1770".,"Theon the Smyrnean", Euclid ("Eucl. Elem").DType: notes on mathematics. Subjects: arithmetics, numerical series.A perfect Number according to the Ancients is that which is equal to all its Parts taken together. Thus the Number 6 is equal to 1+2+3 Problem from Theon the Smyrnean To find the Generation of Perfect Numbers SolYNB This is the same with the 36 Prop Lib 9 Eucl. Elem where the Solution is demonstrated.4[Incomplete record] [Type heading] [Subject heading]2r, upper half of the pageQu 1 How does the Socket of the Pencil Skrew into the Index 2 Ought there not be some pencils fitted to the Socket 3 Does not the lowest Joynt of the Eye piece interrupt the Motion of the parallelogram? 4 Would it not be convenient that the Eye piece could be raised higher than the upper Edge of the Board 5 Ought not the Pluggs to be so formed as to keep the two boards in one plain [All text]Type: noes. Two problems in mathematics (the first on 2r-v, the second on 2v). Subjects: arithmetics. On 2v: "Probl. To find the least Multiple of 13 whose seven last places are the following 7358647". [Type heading]=Probl To find the least divisor of a given Number above Unity9This Problem I apprehend made General with the following Limitations 1 If the factor given be an even Number the Multiple Required will be an even Number. 2 If the Factor given ends with 5, the Multiple required must end with O. Some other conditions are required which make the Solution in many cases impossible. 1v: MercatoreYType: notes on navigation and mapping, including references to Mercator. It is possible that the order of folios should be changed: fols. 2 and 3 should be considered as fols. 1 and 2, and fol. 1 as fol.3. Folios 2 and 3 (except the bottom of 3v) are in a different handwriting from fol. 1r-v. Most likely, fols. 2r-3v (except the bottom of 3v) are from Aberdeen, while the bottom of 3v and fol. 1r-v are from Glasgow. Subjects: practical mathematics (navigation/mapping). End on 1v: "if the rhumb of 45[degrees] be drawn upon Mercators Cart it is evident that the Meridional parts between any two points of that Rhumb are equal in length to the difference of Longitude between those two points therefore the Meridional parts may be found by some Analogy as the Difference of Longitude upon that Rhumb is found". Beginning on 2r: "Def 1 the Course of a Ship is the Direction of her Motion upon the Globe which is reckoned by the Angle which it makes with the Meridian (or the Point of the Compass towards which she sails}". [Incomplete record: check bibliography, and the disposition of leaves] [Type heading] 2131/7/II/06Suppose a Loxodromic projected Stereographically on the plain of the Equator; to proceed in the form of a Logar<...>mical Spiral from the {Pole or} Center to the circumference of the primitive, and thence to be produced beyond that circumference towards the opposite pole.It is indeed arbitrary to reckon the decimal places in the Diff 1,263, but when that is done we must reckon the same number in all other differences.Type: note; it might be part of the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. See K. 160, pp. 225-237. Subjects: mechanics (pneumatics, specific gravity). On verso, calculations. 2131/7/II/08Supposing a cubical inch of atmospherical Air at the Surface of the Earth to weigh half a Grain, a Cube of 20 feet the Side weighs 906 pounds; and a Sphere of twenty feet Diameter will weigh 604 pounds.A Cylinder of two feet diameter & three feet high, by the same principles, if it consist<s> of inflammable Air will be above 14 ounces lighter than an equal bulk of atmospherical Air [end of 1r; on 1v, calculations] 1r: Euclid.wType: note on mathematics; it might be par< t of the notes for the lectures on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: geometry. 2131/7/II/09F1 let a, b, c be the three Sides and let the Angle made by a and b be bisected by a right line d dividing the base c into the two Segments p & q whereof p is supposed to be the segment contiguous to the largest side a, then since (by 3.6 El.) a : b :: p : q & a+b : b :: p+q (=c) : q it follows that q=(bc/a+c) and p=(ac/a+b).Hence if S is half the Sum of the Sides then the square root of S x S-axS-b x S-c is equal to the Area of the triangle. And since nS is also equal to the area of the Triangle it appears that n=[square root of](S-axS-bxS-c)/s 1r: Newton.@Type: paper on optics. Reference to this paper in P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, note 41, pp. 464-465. On 1v, heading: "1". Beginning of 1v: "I suppose the S. of Inc. to the S. of Ref. From Water to Air, in the [del] least Refle light to be as 81 : 108. In the most Refle as 81 : 109. On 1v, other headings: "Problem 1t", "Problem 2d". On 2r, heading: "Problem 3" On 3r (small leaf), heading: "4". [Note: a different order of of the leaves is given in the present catalogue from the one given in the old AUL Catalogue and in Wood, Ph.D. thesis, note 41, p. 464-465] [Type heading] 2131/7/II/11[Calculations on upper half of 1r] [On lower half of 1r] As it is now found that of different Refracting Media, one Scatters the different colloured rays more, another less; may we not hope to find some medium that refracts without separating them at all.[Calculations]+1r: Musschenbroeck, Bernoulli. 1v: Leibniz.Type: reading notes. A summary of Pieter van Musschenbroeck's arguments in favour of the vis viva. Reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 240 (note 17, p. 462). [Check bibliography] 2131/7/II/12Musschenbrock, treating of the Force of Bodies in Motion, from observations on the Expansion of Springs collects, that it is more difficult to accelerate a Body already in Motion, than to give Motion to a Body at rest. A Third Demonstration from Leibnitz. Moving Forces are as the Effects they produce; therefore the force with which a Body Moves, is as the Space it passes over and the Velocity with which it passes; but the Space is as the Velocity, therefore the Forces are as the Square of the Velocity. 1r: "1781".Type: two problems in mechanics. On 1v: "Probl 2d". "Suppose now that by different Roads the Carriage may be drawn from the same place to the same {elevated} place, the shorter Road having the greater Elevation. What Elevation is to be preferred to save Labour?" [Type heading] 2131/7/II/145Problem Suppose a force of 4 Cwt sufficient to draw a wheel Carriage of one Ton or 20 CWt upon [an equally good road which ascends 5[degrees] above the horizon]del a good horizontal road, the force is required which will draw the same Wheel Carriage upon an equally good road which has an ascent of 5[degrees]{It would seem by this that the shortest practicable road requires least labour. But there seems to be a fallacy here for I apprehend a horses strength to pull up hill will be diminished more than in proportion to the Sine of Elevation, which would require another Calculation. The horses besides have their own weight to carry up hill as well as the weight of the wheel Carriage.Type: paper on optics (aberration of light). Reference to this MS in P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 261 (note 71, p. 467). On 1r: "Cor", "Postulate", "Problem 1". On 2r: "A Second Problem [...]". Lower half of 2r, blank. On 2v: "Axioms". 2131/7/II/15Axiom if two bodies {either} approach each other, or recede from each other in contrary directions, the relative velocity with which they approach, or with which they recede, will be equal to the Sum of their real Velocities.Therefore the onely motion of the ray that is perceived is that which is directed from the object to the place in which the eye was when the ray set out.]2nd part from middle of 1r to end of MS (on 1v) marked as "x" continues from 2131/6/I/27, 1v.Type: notes for lecture on pneumatology? Date and place of origin are undetermined, but the use of the word "< Pneumaticks" for "Pneumatology" may indicate that it is an early document, from the Aberdeen period. Note also that the topics of this MS and related MSS (6/I/27) are discussed in Glasgow as part of the lectures on the Culture of Mind and not as part of the course on Pneumatology. For similar topics (immateriality, location, immortality of the soul), compare also 4/II/4. 2 parts. Part 1 on upper half of 1r: immateriality and location of the soul. Part 2 from lower half of 1r to 1v: immortality of the soul (see 6/I/27 for beginning of the text). Sequence of MSS: 6/I/26, 1r, upper half 6/I/27 6/I/26, 1r, lower half-1v 2131/6/I/26The Immateriality of the Soul proved 1 from its Ideas feelings & Modes being Indivisible. [Incipit of first part, upper half of 1r]. [...] or later. Indolence and Prodigality bring on Poverty. [Incipit of second part, middle of 1r; text continues from 6/I/27].We cannot move any body but by Means of our own nor our own but by Means of Muscles Nerves &c The Space within which its agency & its power of perceiving external things {is limited} may be called its place. [end of first part, on 1r]. But before we take notice of them it may <be> proper to consider what Arguments have been used to prove that the Soul does not continue to Exist after death but perishes with the Body. [end of 2nd part on 1v] Pneumaticks9Type: part of lecture on Politicks (forms of government). 2131/6/I/31That although every individual of the human kind has a certain Sphere of Power and may produce effects that are not inconsiderable, yet the grand Effects of human Power are those which must be produced by the joint Council and force of a Number of men united in Society.It is not therefore the business of politicks to shew how men ought to act, that belongs to morals, but to show how they will act when placed in such circumstances and under such Governement.jPublished transcription in Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", p. 101. Subject: physiology, muscular motion 2131/7/II/19Q1 There is in Animals an Active Principle that has the Power of beginning Motion.Whatever is the Occasion of those various Motions the cause of them must be something that has the power of beginning Motion Sweet Oblivion winding round his head.GThree subdivisions: "1 Laws", "2 Human Actions", "3 Human [Nature] {Actions} capable of being Regulated by and intended by God Almighty to be so". Type: lecture; introduction to course on ethics. Place of origin, date, and type uncertain. Glasgow: Speculative Ethics, or Practical Ethics. Aberdeen: Law of Nature and Nations.TEthicks is the Knowledge of these Laws by which human actions ought to be Regulated.Since God has assigned to Man so large a Sphere of Action and given him So Extensive Power & has endowed him with some Measures of Knowledge & Wisdom; It cannot be imagined by any Reasonable Manthat the Deity who himself acts always according to the best & wisest Rules or laws it cannot I say say be imagined that the Deity has left human Actions without any Law to be guided by chance or Caprice. No<...> certainly we may conclude even a Priori that he must have a Law to govern his Actions by.Lecture GU (Ethics, Practical)?9Lecture KC (Moral Philosophy, Law of Nature and Nations)?1r: Suetonius, Tiberius, Dio, Atteius Capito, Marcellus, Julius Caesar, Cicero, Lucilius, Horace, Seneca, A. Gellius, Arruntius, Seneca, Henry Home [Lord Kames] ("A very ingenious and respectable Author of our own Country in the first Edition of his Elements of Criticism"). 1v: Quintilian, Dryden. 2r: Temple ("Sr Will Temple Essay on Ancient & modern Learning"), Burnet [Lord Monboddo? Or Burnet, the author of the book on the history of the earth?] ("Theory"), Fontenelle ("Plurality of the Worlds"), Pope (quotation from the Essay on Criticism?). 3r: Juvenal (quotation), Pope (quotation), Cicero (quotation "de Orat") Quintilian. 3v: "Abbe Gerard".`(Type: part of the lectures on the Culture of the Mind, section on eloquence. Subjects: elocution (choice of words: "purity of words", and"unusual words"). Order of subdivisions: 1) 1v, marg< in on the right. 2) 1v, upper half of the page. 3) 1r. 4) 1v, lower half of the page. 5) 2r. 6) 2v. 7) 3r-v. It is the same pen as (4), on 1v, lower half of the page. This text continues the discussion on 1r-v. Most likely, what I here consider as folios 3-6 were originally inserted between folios 1 and 2. 1) 1v, right margin. "Elocution. The very Name of this Branch of the Orators Business may convince us of its Importance. Elocution & Eloquence being words derived from the same Word Eloqui. It might therefore from its derivation include all that is meant by Eloquence but by Use booth in Latin and in English it signifies that part off Eloquence {by} which [is heard or affects the Ear as Action signifies what is seen and affects the Eye]del {we express by languagewhat we have conceived and invented}. Quintilian. Eloqui hooc est omnia [...]" [etc.] 2) 1v, upper half of page. "see Margin" "This goes before the preceeding page" "Thought is of a Spiritual Nature & although a Man is conscious of his own thoughts, yet the thoughts of another Person are quite without the reach of hhis perception unless they are cloathed in some Manner that makes them in a Sort the Objects of Sense. Words are as it were the Material Part, Thought the Soul of Speech. And as the Soul is invisible of itself without a body so our Thoughts must be united to sounds or Wordsbefore they can be conveyed to the Understanding of others. And as the Cloathing of the body servves not onely for Use but for Ornament this holds no less with regard to words they are usefull and necessary to convvey our thoughts, but when properly chosen and adjusted they set off the thought and give it an Ornament and Lustre [which it could not have without them]del. Those therefore who would attain to any Eminence in the Art of Speaking should endeavour early to furnish their Minds with an ample Store & Variety of Words, even with All that the Language contains, to attned accurately to their Sound {whether rough or smooth}, thei precise meaning & how they are distinguished form others that are nearly of the same Signification, to their Use whether common or rare {by which they may acquire the qualities of easy or affected}, whether they are heard onely from the mouths of the Vulgar and illiterate, or are dignified by being used by the best writers and Speakers in grave and lofty subjects. Whether they are mere terms of Art or common words of the Language, and whether along with their direct Meaning they do not by custom likewise signify some Affection of the Speaker, & by that means acquire the qualities of decent or indecent, delicate or indelicate, [pure]del {chaste} or obscene [turn to last page The death of Scipio castrated the common wealth" horizontal line. 3) On 1r. Heading: "Purity of Words". "next page page goes before this" [on the right of the heading: reference to upper half of 1v] "Tiberius as Suetonius relates though he was a Master of the Greek tongue yet was very carefull in his Speeches in the Senate to avoid using Greek words, in so much that having once occasion to use the Word Monopolium he first made an Apology for using a forreign word Suet. in Tiberio cap. 71. Dio relates the same and as another instance of his regard to the parity of the latin tongue he relates that this Emperor recollected in the middle of the night that in an Edict composed by him the day before there was a Word which he suspected was not Latin. That upon this he immediately called to him those whom he thought the best Judges of the propriety of the Latin tongue to consult about this Word. In this consulation Atteius Capito gave it as his Opinioon that although no body had used that word before, yet the Authority of Tiberius was sufficient to make it current. But Pomponius Marcellus was of a contrary Opinion saying. You have Power, Caesar to make a Man a citizen {denison} of Rome, but not to make a Word. This Story is likewise told by Sueton in his Book de claris grammaticis. Julius Caesar wrote two Books de Analogia which are now lost wherein as Cicero tells us he declares that the foundation of<  Eloquence lies in a proper choice of Words. Lucilius one of the first Writers of Satyre, often introduced greek words in his Satyres as appears from the fragments of them which remain. But Horace a very nice Judge in criticism finds fault with Lucilius for this Lib 1 Sat 10. Heading: "Unusual Words." "Sometimes we may find an uncommon word used by a Writer or Speaker of Reputation. Servile Imitators are apt to be fond of such Words and to introduce them upon all occasions." [etc] "A very ingenious and respectable Author of our own Country in the first Edition of his Elements of Criticism had taken {such} a liking to the word Evolve that it occurred in every page of his Book. But upon second thoughts he was so sensible of the impropriety of this that in the following Editions it is I think hardly once used through the whole Book. From thse instances we may see that Young Men should be very carefull to avoid taking a liking to particular Words or Phrases especially those that are uncommon. Many Dutch and German Authors who write in Latin affect on every occasion to bring the most uncommon latin Words such as occur perhaps but once in all the classick Authors." [etc.] 4) On 1v, lower half of the page. "As the Orators should avoid words that do not belong to the Language & have not been naturalized and made denizens by being used by Authors of acknowledged Authority {...} and Words that are uncommon & affected, so likewise he ought to avoid Vulgarisms whether in words or Phrases." "In every Language that is spoke through an extensive territory, there will be provincial Dialects which are used onely in a particular Province, and appear uncouth or unintelligible every where else. In such a Country as Britain there will be many provincial Dialects, but there is one common Dialect that is used by the best Speakers and Writers and is understood evvery where to this the Orator ought to confine himself. Nor is he to use Terms of Art which are understood onely by Artists of that Profession." [etc.] "Lastly the Orator ought to avoid Words that are indecent indelicate or obscene." [etc.] 5) On 2r. "Unity. Sr Will Temple Essay on Ancient & modern Learning speaking of Burnets Theory & Fontenelles Plurality of Worlds "The first could not end his learned Treatise without a Panegyrick upon modern Learning, -- and the other falls so grossly into the censure of the old Poetry and Preference of the new that I could not read any of those Strains without some Indignation; which no quality in Men is so apt to raise in me as Sufficiency, the worst Composition our of the Pride and Ignorance of Mankind. It is a Mystery which we admire the truth of, & which we admire the depth of 'Tis not enough no harshness give offence The Sound must seem an Echo to the Sense [...] When Ajax strives some Rock's vast weight to throw The line too laborious and the words move slow Pope" [quotation from Pope]. 6) On 2v. "The Correspondence {or Harmony} between the Sound and Sense is either General or Particula. The General Correspondence in [or "is"?] when the General Strain of Composition in as far as its Sound is concerned corresponds to the General Subject and to the State and Character of the Speaker. Familiar Conversation among equals requires a familiar Stile. What is pompous and Solemn is ill suited to the freedom and familiarity which is the Soul of Conversation {& here even an affectation of perfect correctness in Language is rather disgusting}. The Stile in [familiar]del Epistolary writing." 7) On 3r-v. 3r: "But it is not enough for the Orator to avoid such faults as those I have mentioned in the choice of his words. It is by chusing the most proper words the Language affords that he must give Beauty Grace and Force to his Elocution. It is a Quality of a first rate Speaker or writer that notwithstanding the great Number of Words seemingly Synonimous with which every Language abounds, you can hardly change one word for another [without]del but to the worse you lose some beauty or produce some blemish by the change. It is wonderfull to observe what Force and Beauty is<  sometimes given to a Sentence by a well chosen Word. Juvenal describing the Ladies Head-dress which in his days as now was piled up a great Altitude, has been very happy in a Word Tot premit Ordinibus, tot adhuc compagibus Altum Aedificat." [etc.] Other example: Pope. "In a Man who is acquainted with the whole compass of the Language strong and lively conceptions, produce of themselves a proper Choice of Words." [etc.] "On this Account it is very justly observed by Quintilian, tha tho the young Orator should be at great pains to make himself Master of the whole compass & force of the Language in which he speaks, yet in a more advanced period of Life this care may be excessive. He must not consume that time in measuring words & syllables which may be better employed about things. In composing too anxious a Care about words is apt to cool the Ardor of Invention." [etc.] 3v: "The Orator is then onely accomplished when his thoughts carry words and expressions along with them, which he needs not anxiously hunt after, but which like good Servants are always at hand when there is occasion for them. The study of Words therefore is to be considered rather as preparatory to right Composition than as making part of it. Every word of the Language ought to be weighed beforehand, its precise meanign ascertained as far as possible, its various qualities determined by good judgment, as whether it is obsolete, or in Use, or too New, whether harsh or smooth delicate or indelicate, a Term of Art, or provincial or belonging to the common Dialect. The Abbe Gerard has composed a Book very usefull for those who use the french Language, which he calls Synonims Francois, French Synonimes. In that work he has brought together in the way of a Dictionary such words as are reputed Synonimes, that is of the same signification. He has shewn the nice distinctions in the Signification of such words, [text interrupted]" 2131/8/I/12Purity of Words.mThe Abbe Gerard has composed a Book very usefull for those who use the french Language, which he calls Synonims Francois, French Synonimes. In that work he has brought together in the way of a Dictionary such words as are reputed Synonimes, that is of the same signification. He has shewn the nice distinctions in the Signification of such words, [text interrupted]b1r: Aristotle, Locke, Hume. 1v: Descartes, Cudworth, Tschirnhaus, Wolff ("Wolfius"), Clarke, Hume. Type: most likely, part of a lecture, Pneumatology, Glasgow. Cf. also with IP, E IV, Ch. III, "Mistakes concerning Conception", Hamilton ed., pp. 376-379. Subjects: imagination, judgment. "In all this I apprehend those Philosophers are greatly mistaken For 1 Conception of Objects is not the first Act of the Mind about them. External Objects are perceived by our Senses before they are simply conceived. If a Man had never seen colours he could never have conceived them and the same may be said of all the Simple objects of Sense. As to things in the Mind its Operations Affections and Passions we can onely conceive them after having been conscious of them. Now in the perception of Objects by our Senses there is some thing more than a bare conception of the Object. There is an irresistable belief of its Existence. And the same thing may be said of those internal objects of which we are conscious. We cannot be conscious of them without believing their Existence. Hence it appears that Conception accompanied with belief or Judgment does in most cases preceed simple Conception. And instead of saying that our Judgments are formed by compounding & putting together simple Conceptions, it is much nearer the Truth to affirm that our Simple Conceptions are formed by analyzing those natural and original Judgments which we have from our external Senses or from Consciousness & other judging powers. Examples. 2 I shall afterwards have Occasion to examine that favourite Opinion of Mr Locke that all Judgment consists in perceiving the Agreements or Disagreements of our Ideas. But that many of our Judgments are not got by comparing Ideas & perceiving their Agreements or Disagreeme< nts is evident, Examples Judgments of Sense, Memory, Cosciousness. 1v: "3 As to Mr Humes Opinion that Conception Judgment Memory and all the powers of Understanding are onely different Degrees of Strength & Vivacity in our Ideas we have said enough before to shew the Absurdity of it. We have pointed our Specifick Distinctions in Perception Memory & Imagination which shew that those powers differ not in degree onely but in kind. 4 The fourth and last Mistake of Philosophers {upon this Subject} I would observe is the making our Conception the Test of Possibility, so that whatever we can distinctly conceive is on that Account affirmed to be possible, and that what is impossible cannot be conceived." [etc.] "What it is to conceive A Proposition? What to conceive it to be true. Arguments 1 We cannot judge a Proposition to be true or false possible or impossible unless we conceive it that is understand its meaning. Examples. 2 He who conceives one of the two contradictory Propositions, can as easily conceive the other. Yet when one of them is necessary the other is impossible. 3 Mathematicians reason from impossible Suppositions in all Demmonstrations ad Absurdum. 4 Mathematicians have proved many things to be impossible, but never from this Argument that we could not conceive them." 2131/8/II/023 Another Mistake very common with Philosophers upon this Subject is to represent Simple Apprehension not onely as the first Operation of the Understanding about its Objects, but that Judgment & Reasoning are nothing but a Composition or Complication of simple Apprehensions.x4 Mathematicians have proved many things to be impossible, but never from this Argument that we could not conceive them.1v (p. 2): Cicero. 3r: Juvenal (on margin, quotation "Juven sat 13 V 393 & seq Cur tamen [...]". 3v: Justinian (margin), Grotius (margin). 4r: Cicero (quotation, "Offic Lib 1 c 14..18"), Bible ("Gen 1 29, 30", "Gen 9. 2. 3").Type: part of the lectures on Ethics (Speculative Ethics), Glasgow, March 1765. Subjects: duties to others, individuals in private jurisprudence. Published transcription in Haakonssen, pp. 140-149. Lower half of 1r (p. 1), blank. Headings: 1v (p. 2): "Jurisprudence". 4r: "Adventitious Rights". Dates of lectures, on the left margin. 1v (p. 2): "March 1", "March 4". 2v (p. 4): "March 5". 3v: "March 6". 4r: "March 7". 4v: "March 11", "March 11", "March 12", "13 March". Marginalia. 2r (p. 3): left, horizontal, reference to passage parked as "A", on bottom of 2v (p. 4) and top of 3r. 3r: left. 3v: left. 4r: horizontal, left. 4v: left. 2131/8/IV/01In That common and ancient Division of Virtue into Four heads Prudence Temperance Fortitude and Justice. The former three comprehend the duties of Self Government of which we have Spoke, in General.KPrescription a Kind of Intermediate Right between the Original and Derived.H1v: Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld, Locke, Berkeley. 3r-v: Locke, Hume.dType: part of a series of drafts of discourses on common sense delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/III/7-11. It is subsequent to 2/III/8 (see reference to 2/III8, at the beginning). Subjects: principles of common sense; principles of contingent truths (the existence of the objects of consciouness, the existence of a subject of the operations of the mind; the existence of the objects of memory). For a description of this MS, see D.F. Norton (ed.), Thomas Reid's 'Cura Prima' on Common Sense, in L. Marcil-Lacoste, Claude Buffier and Thomas Reid: Two Common-Sense Philosophers (Kingston: McGill-Queen's, 1982), p. 185. See IP, Essay VI ("Of Judgment"), chapter 5 ("The First Principles of Contingent Truths") for correspondences. Marginalia: 1r, left margin. 1v, right margin. 2r, left margin. 2v, right margin. 3v, right margin. 4r, left margin. 2131/2/III/09%In a former Discourse I explained what I understand by principles of Common Sense or first Principles, namely Propositions which have their Evidence in themselves and which do not derive their Evidence from some other proposition upon which they rest & from which they are deduced o< r inferred.rBut then this question arises, by what Logick do we infer from this internal Object the existence of an External Object in the Heavens of which the Internal is onely the type and Image. The transition from the Idea to the external Object is a wide Step. And the difficulty of passing from one to the other hass been more clearly perceived since Peripatetick System fell.'[After 1769 or 1770: see MSS 2/III/7-8]+1v (p. 2): Locke, Berkeley, Hume. 2r (p. 3): Cicero. 2v (p. 4), margin: Hume. 3r (p. 5), margin : Hume. 3v: Cicero, Lord Shaftesbury, Euclid (on the margin), Locke ("Essay L 1 cap 2", on the margin). 4v (p. 8): Newton. 5r (p. 9): Euclid, Francis Bacon, Newton ("3d Book of his Principia", "Opticks"). 5v (p. 10): Aristotle. 6r (p. 11): Sextus Empiricus. 7r (p. 13): Berkeley, Hume. 8r (p. 15): Euclid ("Elements"), Newton ("Third Book of Newton's Principia"). 8v (p. 16): Locke. Fragment, recto: Arnauld, Descartes. Fragment, verso: Descartes (quotation).Type: draft of the Discourse on common sense delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society on 9 February 1770 (see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 385, for list of discourses to the Glasgow Literary Society). Part of a series of drafts of discourses on common sense, including 2/III/7-11. Subjects: principles of common sense. For a description of this MS, see D.F. Norton (ed.), Thomas Reid's 'Cura Prima' on Common Sense, in L. Marcil-Lacoste, Claude Buffier and Thomas Reid: Two Common-Sense Philosophers (Kingston: McGill-Queen's, 1982), pp. 184-85. See IP, Essay VI ("Of Judgment"), especially chapter 4 ("Of First Principles in General"), for correspondences. According to D.F. Norton, p. 185: "Much of what Reid has to say in 2/III/8 he has repeated in Essay VI ("Of Judgment") of the Intellectual Powers, especially Chapter IV ("Of First Principles in General")". The fragment on a small leaf (on Arnauld and Descartes' theory of ideas) does not seem to belong to this MS. 2131/2/III/08~In [the last]del a former Discourse [which I had the Honour to read before this Society]del I inquired into the meaning of the Word Common Sense [in the English language & of the corresponding word in French & from the Authority of good Writers as well as by an induction of Instances wherein this word is commonly used]del and endeavoured to shew by an Induction of Instances wherein the word is commonly used and by the Authority of good Writers that we mean by it that Natural Power [or those Natural Powers]del by which Men that adult and Sound in their [Intellect]del Mind are distinguished from Brutes from Idiots and from Infants.[IV the 4th Proposition I would laid down upon this Subject is that all first {original Judgments} Principles cannot with any Propriety be said to arise from the comparison of Ideas & the perception of some agreement or disagreement between them. That the Notion which Mr. Locke has given of self evident Truths or first Principles gives no right with regard to their Nature but rather tends to lead us into Error with regard to them]del#[Discourse read on 9 February 1770]1v (p. 2): Descartes, Hume. 2r-v (pp. 3-4): Euclid. 2v (p. 4): James Gregory, Christian Huygens. 5v (p. 10): Hume. 6r (p. 11): Swift. 7r (p. 13): Locke. 9r (p. 17): "Peripateticks", "Cartesians", Locke, Berkeley.aType: part of a series of drafts of discourses on common sense delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, including 2/III/7-11. It is subsequent to 2/III/9. Subjects: principles of common sense; distinction between necessary and contingent truths; principles of contingent truths (the existence of the objects of consciouness, the existence of a subject of the operations of the mind; the existence of the objects of memory, the existence of the objects of senses). For a description of this MS and difference from 2/III/9 and IP, Essay VI, chapter 5, see D.F. Norton (ed.), Thomas Reid's 'Cura Prima' on Common Sense, in L. Marcil-Lacoste, Claude Buffier and Thomas Reid: Two Common-Sense Philosophers (Kingston: McGill-Queen's, 1982), pp. 185-186. Compare with IP, Essay VI ("Of Judgment"), chapter 5 ("The First < Principles of Contingent Truths"). [Type heading] 2131/2/III/10I come now to that which I conceive to be the most Important branch of this Subject, To attempt some Enumeration of thoose Principles of Common Sense which I conceive to be the chief Foundations of Science.A third way of analysing this expression is by supposing that pain sometimes signifies the disorder which causes the uneassy Sensation.#[After 1769 or 1770: see 2/III/7-9] Common Sense(p. 3): Descartes, Samuel Clarke ("Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God p. 21"), Hume ("Treatise of Hum. Nat. p. 12", "Essays Vol. 2 p. 176"), Cudworth ("Treat of Eter. & Immut. Morality page 272 & 274"), Henry Home Lord Kames ("Essays p. 301 1 Ed."). (p. 4): Hume ("Treat of Hum Nat Vol. 1 page 435"). (p. 5): Euclid, Apollonius, Archimedes, Descartes, Cudworth, Fenelon, Samuel Clarke, Hume. (p. 6): Euclid. (p. 9): Euclid, "Cotes Theorem", Hume. (p. 10): "Hudibras", Swift. (p. 13): Locke. (p. 14): Berkeley, Hume. (p. 18): Plato, Aristotle, "later Platonists", William of Occam, Duns Scotus. (p. 19): Hobbes ("Philosopher of Malmsbury", on margin quotation from "Human Nature Ch. 5" and "Leviathan part 1 ch. 4"), Berkeley, Hume ("Treat. Of Hum Nat Vol 1 Part 1 [...]"). (pp. 21-22): Hume. (p. 25): Berkeley. (pp. 32-35): Hume. (p. 6, of additional text): Harrington, Thomas More. (p. 7, of additional text): Homer, Harrington.kType: on pp. 1-35, a draft of the Discourse on abstraction, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, on 12 February 1768 (see also the earlier version of this discourse in MS 6/II/4). On pp. 1-8 (additional text), an unfinished draft of the IP, Essay V ("Of Abstraction"). [Incomplete record: check number of leaves, disposition of leaves, names; add Explicit] 2131/2/III/12pp. 1-35 and pp. 1-8In a former Discourse, I considered Imagination [see 2/III/6] as it signifies that Power or Faculty by which we {barely} conceive things, without any Belief of their Existence.$[Discourse read on 12 February 1768][in parenthesis P. Wood's pagination] 1r (A, recto): Priestley, Galileo, Newton ("3d Book of his Principia"). 1v (A, verso): Newton. 2r (B, 1r): Boscovich ("Boscowitsch"), 4v (B, 3v): Locke, Samuel Clarke, Collins, Euler.Type: identified by P. Wood (Ph.D. thesis, p. 386), as a draft of the Discourse on the existence of immaterial causal agents and their activity in the inanimate and animate realms of nature, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society, between the late 1780s and the early 1790s. See P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 39-41, for the date of this MS and its relation to other MSS on Priestley and materialism, and pp. 48-51 for a description. According to P. Wood, fol. 6v (C, verso) belongs to MS 2/I/15 (a draft of the Discourse whether the soul is a material substance, delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society): see P. Wood, Reid on Animate Creation, pp. 51-52. Subjects: materialism. Published transcription in P. Wood, Reid on Animate Creation, pp. 217-232, pp. 234-35, p. 241. The MS has been divided by P. Wood in three parts (A, B. C) in the published transcription (see P. Wood, Reid on Animate Creation, Textual Notes, p. 267). A, on fols. 1r-v (published transcription on pp. 217-220). Beginning: see Incipit above. End: "He [Newton] thought it not impossible that Gravitation might have a physical Cause, which, could it have been discovered would have added a link to the chain of physical Causes, but he was perfectly aware that this chain of physical Causes must have a beginning and that its whole weight must hang upon some Efficient Cause which is immaterial and active". B, on fols. 2r-5r (published transcription on pp. 220-232). Beginning: "Nor do I think that any considerable Objection against the Conclusion I have advanced can be drawn from the Hypothesis of Boscowitsch". End: "This Inertia is the exact Measure of the Force required in any change of Motion & the onely Resistance which that Force has to overcome". C, on fol. 6r-v (published transcription on pp. 234-35 and p. 241). Beginning: "I shall take a general View of t< he Material World that falls within ourr Notice, and endeavour to shew that in all its parts Animal Vegetable & inanimate, it has succh connection with immaterial Substances, as renders an Union of an immaterial thinking principle with a human Body analogous to all that we see in the general course of Nature". End: see Explicit above. 2131/2/III/131r-5r, and 6r-v9but to examine a new Notion of Matter, which Dr Priestley has advanced in order to give Aid to his System of Materialism. That Author seems to have been aware that if Matter be what it has been held to be by all Natural Philosophers from the Time of Galileo it is not a proper kind of stuff to make a human Soul.TAll the bodies we perceive are acted upon or united to some thing that is not Matter[Late 1780s and early 1790s]2r (p. 10): HobbesType: part of a draft of AP, Essay V, Ch. V "Whether Justice be a Natural or an Artificial Virtue" (in Hamilton ed., pp. 655b-656b and pp. 658b-659a), or of a draft of Question no. 17, discussed at the meeting of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society, on November 22 1758. Compare with MSS 6/I/9 and 7/V/12. Insert MS 4/III/18 between fols. 1 and 2. Subjects: natural rights; justice. [Subject heading]1r-2r (pp. 8-10)iIndeed if there were no other argument to prove that [our conception of justice is not derived [from]del either from its utility to ourselves or to the publick]del the obligation of justice is not derived from its utility [to procure what is agreeable]del 3 to procure what is agreeable to either ourselves or to [others]del 4 society, this would be sufficient.He gives {up the publick} a part of that right which he has in the state of Nature, as the price of that protection & and {securety} which he receives from civil society.Type: draft of IP, from Essay VI, Chapter V, to Essay VII, Chapter I, in Hamilton ed., from p. 443b (line 10) to p. 476a (4 lines from bottom). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/20. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/5. 2131/1/II/07[MS continues from 1/II/20] [...] surveying them attentively, & examining them on all sides, is so far from being common to all Men that it is the lot of very few.([...] supported [MS continues in 1/II/5]Type: draft of IP, from Essay I, Chapter I, to Essay I, Chapter VIII, in Hamilton ed., from p. 230 to p. 244. Subsequent notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/9. [Subject heading] 2131/1/II/08%Chap 2nd Principles taken for granted)There is another [MS continues in 1/II/9]Type: draft of IP, from Essay I, Chapter VIII, to Essay II, Chapter V, in Hamilton ed., from p. 244 to p. 259b (line 11 from bottom). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/8. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/10. [Subject heading] 2131/1/II/09>[MS continues from 1/II/8] Chap 8 Of Social Operations of MindThe conviction of a truth may be irresistible and yet most immediate. Thus, my conviction that the three angles of every plain triangle [MS continues in 1/II/10]Type: draft of IP, Essay II from Chapter IX to Chapter XIII, Hamillton ed., from p. 277b to p. 296b. Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/10. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/12. [Incomplete record: add Incipit] 2131/1/II/11 [MS continues from 1/II/10] HereBy such prejudices and analogies, Arnauld conceives, men have been led to believe, that the objects of memory and imagination must be presented to the mind by images or ideas; and the Philosophers have been more carried away [MS continues in 1/II/12]Type: draft of IP, Essay II, from Chapter XVII to Chapter XX, in Hamilton ed., from p. 314b (line 2) to p. 330a (end of Chapter XX). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/12. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/14. 2131/1/II/131r-20r (pp. 1-39):[MS continues from 1/II/12] occasions the sensation in me.But the wise and the humble will receive it as the gift of Heaven, and endeavour to make the best use of it. [MS continues in 1/II/14]Type: draft of IP, from Essay II, Chapter XXI, to Essay III, Chapter IV, in Hamilton ed., from p. 330b to p. 346b (end of chapter). Preceding notebook<  in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/13. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/15. 2131/1/II/14H[MS continues from 1/II/13] Chapter 21 Of the Improvement of the SensesBut Identity, when applied to persons, has no ambiguity, & admits not of degrees, or of more & less. [Being]del {It is} the foundation of all Rights, & Obligations, and of all Accountableness, & the Notion of it is fixed and precise [MS continues in 1/II/15]Type: draft of IP, from Essay III, Chapter V, to Essay IV, Chapter I, in Hamilton ed., from p. 346 (beginning of E III, Ch. V) to p. 361b (15 lines from bottom). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/14. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/16. 2131/1/II/15x[MS continues from 1/II/14] Chap 5. Mr Lockes Account of the Origin of our Ideas, & particularly of the Idea of DurationAnd in his chapter upon Perception B 2 ch 9 he uses it in the same sense. Perception he says "as it is the [MS continues in 1/II/16]Type: draft of IP, from Essay IV, Chapter III to Essay V, Chapter I, in Hamilton ed., from p. 376b (15 lines from) to p. 350a-b. Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/16. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/18. 2131/1/II/17h[MS continues from 1/II/16] [...] is onely to be looked for in our knowledge and Conceptions themselves.jIn like Manner we marshal other Substances, vegetable and inanimate into Classes [MS continues in 1/II/18]Type: draft of IP, Essay V, from Chapter I to Chapter VI, in Hamilton ed., from p. 350b (line 1) to p. 412 (end of Chapter VI). Preceding notebook in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/17. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/19. 2131/1/II/18\[MS continues from 1/II/17] [...] Nor is it onely Substances that we thus form into Classes.By this we shall make numberless curious discoveries, without danger of Error, [since they are in Effect the same]del [MS continues in 1/II/19]Type: draft of IP, Essay VI, from Chapter I to Chapter III, in Hamilton ed., from p. 413 to p. 429b (line 12). Preceding notebooks in the series of drafts of IP: 1/II/18. Subsequent notebook: 1/II/20. 2131/1/II/193[MS continues from 1/II/18] Book 6 Ch 1 Of JudgmentThese are things conceived without regard to Existence, they are Universals, and therefore Ideas according to the ancient meaning of that Word. It is true [MS continues in 1/II/20]&Type: paper on natural philosophy. Material for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen, or reading note on Robert Smith, Harmonics, The Philosophy of Musical Sounds (Cambridge, 1749): see 6/V/16a and 6/V/17. Subjects: natural philosophy (mechanics, acoustics). Diagram on 1r. [Type heading] 2131/6/V/16If a Chord AB is Stretched by the Power P and bent in the Middle Point O by the Power q acting in a direction [perpendicular] to AB I say when the forces P & q are in Equilibrio they are to each other as Aq : Oq Dem.Cor 9 If two chords differ in length thickness and tension the Times of their Vibrations will be as their lengths and Diameters Directly and the Square of their Tensions inversely.#Of the Vibrations of Elastic Chords5v: Robert Smith..Type: paper on natural philosophy. Material for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen, or reading note on Robert Smith, Harmonics, The Philosophy of Musical Sounds (Cambridge, 1749): see 6/V/16 (item 1) and 6/V/17. Subjects: natural philosophy (mechanics, acoustics). Diagram on 5r. [Type heading]5r-7rProp. If an Elastic Chord fixed immoveably at the point A and passing over a small pulley at B be stretched with a force applied to the middle point C (which we shall call the inflecting or beding force) let it be drawn into the position ADB {of which CD is called the Sagitta}; if the distance between C & D be extreamly small compared with the length of the Chord, I say the inflecting force will be in the compound ratio of the force of tension and the {sagitta} directly & the {length of the chord} inversely.NTo explain the Operation of the Air in producing the different tones of Sound.3r: "On this Subject see Taylors methodus Increment p. 22 Philosoph. Trans Abr by Jones Vol 4 p 391 Comment Accad Pretrop Tom 3 Comment on the<  principia Vol 2 pag 347 Mr McLaurins Fluxions Art 929".Type: reading notes on Robert Smith, Harmonics, The Philosophy of Musical Sounds (Cambridge, 1749). It might have been used for the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen: see 6/V/16 (item 1) and 6/V/16a. Subjects: natural philosophy (mechanics, acoustics). [Type heading] 2131/6/V/17Prop 23 When a musical Chord vibrates freely the force which urges any small Arch of it towards the center of its Curvature, is to the tension of the Chord in the Ultimate Ratio of the length of that arch to the radius of the Curvature.,N.B. In Prop 23 It is supposed that the Chord is flexible by the least force and through the whole of these Propositions it is supposed that the flexibility of all Chords whatever be their Matter or diameter is equal whether this may make the rules vary from Experience seems to be worth considering.:Of the Vibrations of a Musical Chord from Smiths Harmonics1r: Hill. 2r: Hill. 3v: Da Costa ("Da Costa rejects Hills Order of Tripelas and in Place of it Substitutes Def."), Gentleman Magazine ("Gent Magazin for 1751 {pag 78} & for feb 1752"), "See Cram Ars Decimast part 1 pag 36".Type: reading notes from Hill, used for lectures on natural history, Aberdeen. Subjects: natural history; chemistry. The text is on recto side, with additions on verso side. It continues in 6/V/4. Part of a series of MSS including a classication of chemical substances: 6/V/22, 6/V/4, 6/V/5, 6/V/6, 6/V/22a (see also 6/V/2, for a summary). For reference to this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 70 (note 129, p. 417). [Check bibiography: Hill, Da Costa] 2131/6/V/22Unorganized Bodies [of three Orders]del {treated of by Dr Hill in three [Books]del Parts} 1 Simple & unmetallic 2 Compound & Unmetallic 3 Metallic17 Species in all One of the Bractearia Smells strong of Roses & Violets when newly broke & says Dr Hill has a considerable Quantity of Iron in it.Type; original paper, or notes for lectures on natural philosophy (Aberdeen). Subjects: mechanics, friction. See other papers on friction: 6/V/7, 6/V/8. See also K 160, pp. 66-69 and 71-73. Diagrams on 1r and 1v. Lower half of 1r, blank. 2131/6/V/261r (on 1v, diagrams0Let the Friction of a Body drawn along a horizontal Surface be to its Weight as [phi]:[pi] from the Center O. Let the Spoke Oa {moveable upon the Center O} presss upon the Surface ED and press it into the Situation ed parallel to ED.yLet DE turn round the Center D and D=l then the force of the lever Oa to turn Da and overcome the Friction will [MS ends]xType: paper including propositions on mechanics. It might be part of notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. 2131/6/V/30Prop If four powers applied to four points of the same inflexible plane, [&]del {whose directions are} perpendicular to that plane are in equilibrio [...]Cor 3 if the points at which the forces act are not all in one plane the lines of their direction may be produced untill they cut one plane and they will have the same Effect as if they acted at the points of their intersection with the plane.Type: outline, division of subjects in philosophy (perhaps, an outline of the beginning of the course in Pneumatology, Glasgow). [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/6/V/34Measures. 1 Space 2 Duration 3 Number Substances [Unorganized]del Body Spirit Things belonging to Substances Space Duration and Number are Measures of themselves and of all things else that are MeasurableQualities [Colour]del Occult Smell Taste Sound Colour. Accidents, heat Cold place time Figure texture Motion. Relations hanging by Supporting United with above below great small high low Divisions1r (p. 1): Bradley.Type: paper on the aberration of light. Subjects: optics, aberration. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 250-253 (notes 48-53, pp. 465-66). [Type heading] 2131/2/I/03iThis is a branch of Opticks which has not as far as I know been considered by any writer of that Science.2And as it would follow the same tract in coming as in returning we may conclude that if there is no refraction of the ray befo< re it reaches the Telescope, the aberration of the Tube from the path of the Ray carried along its Axis is the same with the Aberration of the Tube from the real place of the Star.1r: "Dec 4 1781".FOf the Path of a Ray of Light passing through Media that are in MotionType: a list of colours. 2131/7/II/03Reds Bull red Pink Cherry red White Black|Type: notes on navigation and mapping. Diagram on upper half of 1r. Same handwriting as fol. 1r-v of 7/II/6. [Type heading] 2131/7/II/071 If two Latitudes and the Difference of Longitude is given and the Course and Distance required The Diff [of Long in minutees of the Equator, is to the diff]del of the Log Tangents of half the Complements of the Latitudes (reckoning the last 3 of the seven places decimals) {is to the Difference of Longitude in Minutes as the tangent of 51 38[minutes] 9[seconds] is to the tangent of the Angle of the Course.The methods of finding the distance run by the Log Line of finding the Course by the Compass of finding the Latitudes by {astronomical} observation of finding the Logitudes by Celestial Observation by movements with observation. [Glasgow?Type: paper on mechanics. 2131/7/II/10CD. The Density of an Elastick fluid d the distance of its particlesType: notes. Subjects: chemistry; mechanics. Principles of a scale for measuring alcohol. [Incomplete record: Subject heading, Type heading] 2131/7/II/13jThe Spirits & Bubbles are supposed always to have always the same Temperature viz. 56 in Farenheits Scale.hIf we divide the first & third terms of the Analogy by 14 the Analogy will still be just. Hence if the Quantity of each of the Ingredients be divided by the Number of its Bubble and the Quotients be added into one Sum, the whole Compound divided by that Sum will be the Number of the Bubble expressing the Strength of the Compound p=(Q+q+c)/((Q/B)+(q/b)+(c/d))fOf a Scale for measuring the Strength of ardent Spirits by glass bubbles of the same Specifick gravity%[2r: Jurin, Essay on Distinct Vision]Type: most likely, notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. On 2r, material drawn from Jurin's Essay on Distinct Vision. Subjects: natural philosophy, optics. 5/II/56 must be inserted between folios 1 and 2. MS 5/II/56 must be folded differently (fol. 2r must be considered as fol. 1r) for the text to continue from the present MS. End of 1v: "This portion of the Choroides goes commonly be the particular Name of Uvea which was formerly given" (The MS continues on MS 5/II/56, fol. 2r). [Type heading] 2131/6/V/18Hard Parts Orbits [on the left margin] The Orbits of the Eyes are two Conical or Pyramidical boney Cavities in which they Eyes are placed.When the Diameter of the Central spot is equal to the breadth of the annular Penumbra that Surrounds it then the Radius of Dissipation is also equal to the breadth of the Annular penumbra by either of the Rules of this Cor. we may find the Radius of Dissipation.:Prop 22 To give an Anatomical Description of the Human Eye#"Essay against Mercator's Sailing".{Type: comments on an "Essay against Mercator's Sailing". Subjects: practical mathematics, navigation. [Check bibliography] 2131/6/V/19KThere are three objections offered in the Essay against Mercator's Sailing.The first objection in the Addenda goes upon this Supposition that it is certain the proper Difference of Latitude is to the Meridional Difference of Latitude as Radius to the Secant of Latitude, but this Supposition on which the objection stands is so far from being certain that it [is not true]del has not a meaning unless the Latitude is expressed to which the Secant mentioned does belong.P1r: "Epinus" (Aepinus). 1v-2r: "the Duke de Noya Caraffa's letter to Mr Buffon".Type: reading note on F.U.T. Aepinus, Essay on the Theory of Electricity and Magnetism (on 1r-v), and on the Lettre du Duc de Noya Carafa sur la Tourmaline a Monsieur de Buffon (1759) (on 1v-2r). Most likely, material used for lectures on Natural Philosophy, Aberdeen. Subjects: natural philosophy, electricity. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, pp. 266-268 (notes 84< -85, p. 468). [Check bibliography] [Incomplete record: add paper size] 2131/6/V/20IMr Epinus a worthy member of the Academy of Berlin, has made some new Electrical Experiments tending to convince Naturalists that after all the curious & surprizing Phaenomena produced by the Electrical Shock they are very far from having discovered the nature & extent of this Power or the universal Laws to which it is subject.6 Two Tourmalines suspended on threads & heated are seen in mutual Attraction whereas other electrical bodies repel each other.21r: Malpighi, Grew. 1v: Ray, Tournefort, Linnaeus.#Type: notes for the lectures on natural history, Aberdeen, with reference to various sources (Malpighi, Grew, Ray,Tournefort, Linnaeus). Subjects: natural history, the anatomy of plants and animals. For reference to this MS, see P. Wood, Reid on Animate Creation, p. 4 (in note 7, p. 57, reference to MSS on the anatomy of plants and animals 8/V/1, 6/V/13, 6/V/21), and Ph.D thesis, p. 70 (note 130, p. 417). Two parts. 1) On 1r-v. Anatomy of plants. Beginning: see Title and Incipit above. End: "The State of Botany among the Ancients the Gradual Improvements of it the Systems of Ray Tournefort & Linnaeus". 2) On 1v. Anatomy of animals. Incipit: "The Animal Oeconomy of a Human Body Animals The Tribes of Animals are so Many and various that I cannot think of a More Proper Method to give you Some Notion of their Organization than to Single out some one kind to give a More particular Account of the various Parts & Animal Functions in that & Afterwards take Notice of the most Notable Differences betwixt that & other tribes". End: see Explicit above. 2131/6/V/21P1 The Bark & Trunk & Stem {Pith} 3 Roots 4 Leaves 5 Flowers {Buds} 6 Fruit [...]I5 Brain & System of the Nerves. Muscles. Voluntary & Involuntary Motions..The Anatomy of Vegetables from Malpighi & Grew15r: Hill, Kunkel ("See Kunkel de arte Vitraria").Type: reading note from Hill, used for lectures on natural history, Aberdeen. Subjects: natural history; chemistry. It continues from 6/V/6. Part of a series of MSS including a classication of chemical substances: 6/V/22, 6/V/4, 6/V/5, 6/V/6, 6/V/22a (see also 6/V/2, for a summary). For reference to this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 70 (note 129, p. 417). [Check bibliography: Hill, Kunkel] 5r and 6r[MS continues from 6/V/6] [...] very freely & readily giving fire with Steel not fermenting with Acid Menstrua, inflammable, yielding a blue Suphureous Flame & afterwards Calcining into a purple powder.4 Zinctum lately discovered to come from the Lapis Colaminaris as its Ore 5 Hydrargyrus from native Cinnabor Book 2 Metals 1Tin1r: Halley, Boyle, Keill, Nieuwentyt ("Religious Philosopher Vol 3 Contemp 25"), Desaguliers ("Desagulier's Course pag 30 Vol 1 Exp 13 pag 18 Desagulier Vol 1"). 1v: Maclaurin ("McLaurins Fluxions Introd. p. 12 fig 4").wType: notes for lectures on natural philosophy with reference to works of various authors, and mathematics operations. 3 parts. 1) On 1r. Notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen: Nieuwentyt on the subtility of matter. References to Boyle; Halley; Keill; Nieuwentyt, The Religious Philosopher, 3 vols. (London, 1718-20); J.T. Desaguliers, A Course of Experimental Philosophy, 2 vols. (London, 1739). 2) On 1r. Note for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen: a problem of hydrostatics. 3) On 1v. Reference to C. Maclaurin, Treatise of Fluxions, in two books, 1742, and mathematical operations. [Check bibliography] 2131/6/V/23To the Instances given from Halley & Boyle by Dr Keil add that of Newentyt that the fourteenth part of a grain of Wax or tallow that is consumed in one Second of time in a Candle of Six to the Pound which may be seen at two Miles distance produces more particles of Light than 1000 000, 000 000 Earths of the bigness of ours would Contain grain od sand Religious Philosopher Vol 3 Contempt 25 Desagulier's Course pag 30 Vol 1 exp 13 pag 18 Desagulier Vol 1 RemarkableOf the Subtility of Matter+1v: Torricelli ("Torricellian Experiment").Type: original paper, or reading notes, o< r notes for lectures on natural philosophy (Aberdeen). Subjects: mechanics, pneumatics (compare with the part on pneumatics of MS K 160, pp. 239-52). Cancelled passages on 1r and 2r. Diagrams on 2r, 2v, and 3v. 2131/6/V/24DProp. If the density of the Air be proportional to the force by which it is compressed, and the accelerative force of Gravity at different distances from the earths Surface be supposed to be the same I say the [logarithm of the]del density of the Air {at different heights} will be the same as the {logarithm of the} height.}If we apply this Rule to the two foregoing examples we shall <...> the measure of the ratio of the density at the surface of the Earth to the density at 1000 feet high, when found by this proposition will not differ one 20000 part from that found in the last but in the second Example the error in the measure of the ratio will be about 5 [or 1?] 4000 parts of the whole too large.Type: original paper, or reading notes, or material for lectures on natural philosophy (Aberdeen). Subjects: mechanics (simple machines, comparative strength of beams: compare with K 160, pp. 54-55). Diagram on 4r (p. 7). 2131/6/V/25Def When a beam of Wood is broke over, let that line in which the two parts of the broken beam meet and upon which they turn in the breaking be called the Axis of fracture. Def Let the transverse Section of a beam at the place where it is broke be called the plane of fracture. Prop. The Strength of a beam which is to be broke over is as the Area of the plane of fracture multiplied into the distance of the center of Gravity of that plane from the Axis of fracture.Cor 14 A plate loaded on the middle & supported all around at the sides is equally stressed by the weight in every part whatever its size or figure be.<Type: propositions and problems in mechanics involving compound machines (friction, pulleys, wheels, ropes). It might be part of notes for lectures on natural philosophy (Aberdeen). See K 160, pp. 44-79. Subjects: mechanics. On lower half o1r, and upper half of 1v, calculations. [Incomplete record: check Incipit] 2131/6/V/27 1r, and 3r-vProp [passage crossed out] Suppose a Tackle of 5 the weight 500 L the extream pullies one foot Diameter the two next eight inches the innermost 5 inches the Axes 1 inch the diameter of the rope one inch.Cor 2 The Pressure upon the last or outermost pulley is more than double the pressure upon the inmost; therefore the {axis of the} outmost ought to be twice as strong and that of the inmost and the intermediate ones to have an intermediate degree of strength according to their pressure.Type: problems in mechanics (simple and compound machines, ropes, wheels, friction). It might part of the notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. 2131/6/V/28Suppose a force of 30 L applyed to a Rope that goes oveer an upper Pully and rises a Weight, ffixed to the other end of the Rope. Q When the Weight Raised multiplyed into its Velocity is the greatest.Type: additions to some other paper. Reference to "Prop16" and "Case 2d Prop 17". Subjects: mechanics. Same handwriting and watermark as 6/V/7 (but there are no propositions 16-17 in 6/V/7). In 6/V/24, propositions 16 and 17 (but they don't seem to have anything to do with 6/V/28a). 6/V/24 and 6/V/28a have the same watermark. This MS might refer to enumeration of propositions in Newton's Principia (see 6/V/32). See also 6/V/32b.`To be added to Prop 16 Prob Dem For if we substitute in place of W its value we shall have [...] 2131/6/V/36 Type: 2 problems in mechanics (percussion, etc.); it might part of notes for the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. On 1r, left margin, and on 1v, right margin: diagrams. On 3r, a diagram (it might not belong to the text on 1r-2v). On 3v, part of a diagram. 2131/6/V/29Problem Let the two bodies P & Q, whose quantity of matter is given, be connected by an inflexible line [del] to determine the effect of a stroke of a given quantity applied to P in a direction perpendicular to PQCor 2 Whatever the number of bodies be the [del] problem is solved in l< ike manner, and if any of the bodies be on the other side of P its distance is to be accounted negative.`1r: Locke. 1v: Hume. 2r: Locke. 3r: Locke. 4r-v: Locke. 7r: Malebranche. 7v: Malebranche, Locke.Type: draft of a discourse, heavily revised. It seems to be part of the series of discourses on common sense delivered to the Glasgow Literary Society. An account of freedom of the will and active power completes the overview of the principles of contingents truths (1v: "I proceed now to Mention some other first Principles of contingent Truths 1 That certain things are in our Power {particularly our Volitions and voluntary Actions}, & that of certain Actions we are the Causes or Agents appears to be a first principles because [...]"). It is subsequent to the drafts of the discourses on the principles of contingent truths (MSS 2/III/9 and 2/III/10) and previous to the discussion of the principles of necessary truths (MS 2/III/11). It might be a draft of one of the discourses on freedom and necessity read between 1784 and 1786 (three discourses, according to P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, p. 386). Subjects: active power, causation (freedom or liberty of the will). [Subject heading] 2131/2/III/14]There [is]del are undoubtedly [in the human Mind a power by which we discern {immediately} the truth of]del some propositions [and the fals[ity]{ness} of others, immeediately, as immedia]del whose truth we discern immediately without reasoning or inference, as immediately as we distinguish sweet from bitter by the taste or hard from soft by touch.Suppose the ringing of a Bell depends on the pulling such a Rope & can be done in no other way would it not be in this case a contradiction to say I have power to ring the Bell but I have no power to pull the rope.Type: on 1r-2v and on 4r, various propositions on natural philosophy (mechanics, arches, hydrostatics, pneumatics), most likely part of notes for lectures, Aberdeen. On 3r-v, outline of the course on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. In MS K 160 some topics are not treated, which appear on 6/V/31 (for example, fire engine). Compare with the other outlines of the course on natural philosophy in 6/V/10, 8/V/1, 8/V/2 Diagrams on 1r, and 2r. 2131/6/V/314Prop Let ABCDE be an Arch composed of Staight beams.Prop The Force of Water impressed upon a Wheel is to the Whole force of the Water that stricks [sic] the Wheel as the Velocity of the Water is to the Difference of the Velocities of the Water and wheel.Type: reading note from Newton's Principia. It might be part of notes for the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. Subjects: mechanics, Newton. "Scholium", "Cor 1 & 2 Prop 13", "Prop 14 Newtoni", "Cor", "Prop 15 Newtoni", "Cor Newt", "Prop 16 Newt". 2131/6/V/32?Scholium Sir Isaac Newton has demonstrated in like manner that if a body move either in a Parabola or Hyperbola by a centripetal force tending to the focus [or forces?] of those figures the centripetal force will be as the Square of the distance reciprocally. And that the principal Latus Rectum will be equal to QTq/QKProp X NewtoniType: note on mechanics (centripetal forces); it might be part of notes for lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. Beginning of 1v (Incipit in AUL Catalogue): "If to every point of a Sphere {equal} Centripetal forces tend which are inversely as the Squares of the distances from those points; a Corpuscle placed within the Sphere will be drawn by a force proportional to its Distance from the Center". 2131/6/V/33,If several Bodies describe Ellipses by forces tending A Point which is the Focus of All the E<l>lipses. The forces acting upon these Bodies will be reciprocally as their Distances from the Common Focus and the Squares of their Periodical Times will be as the Cubes of the longer Axes of their Orbits.I say the whole force by which such a Sphere attracts another of the Same Kind is in the reciprocal duplicate ratio of the Distance of their Centers.uType: note on mechanics; it might part of the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen. Diagram on top right corner.If two Heavy Bodies m, n {fixed t< o an axis AB} revolve about that axis. Let op be a plain [perpendicular] to the Horizon and passing through the Axis.The Velocities in the direction mo and np are as the radii xm & xn and the velocity m in the direction mo to its velocity in the direction qo is as mo to qo :: xm : mq nr : nx nx : xm xm : mq.Type: notes on mechanics; it might part of the lectures on natural philosophy. Aberdeen. On 3v, equations and calculations. End of 3r: "Q. Whether the Center of Gravity is not too scanty a Name to express the Idea which hath no more Relation to Gravity than any other Force that acts equally on equal Quantities of Matter & in the same Direction 2 Whether there are not other Centers of Forces besides those off oscil<l>ation & Gravity that deserve consideration in Physics. 3". Lower half of 3r, blank. Compare fol. 3v with 6/V/28a.1 If two Bodies move any how, they will have a Sum of Motion in any one Direction either Negative or Positive or equal to nothing.[Equations and calculations]EType: note on mechanics, most likely an addition to some other paper.sLet the Space through which the Springs act upon Bodies be supposed divided into innumerable Smal<l> & equal Parts.The accelerative Forces [at first]del will <...> as the Quantities of Matter Reciprocally Applyed to Gun shots Arrow Shots {Equal Pitts} Pitts made in Clay by falling bodies. 5v: Leibniz.XType: paper on mechanics; it might part of the lectures on natural philosophy, Aberdeen.A Let the Spring which is resisted by an immoveable Obstacle on one hand Exerted its Force on the Other by giving Motion to the body M.Cor 2. If we shoould suppose with the followers of Leibnitz that the spring gives equal Quantities of force to both the Bodies it would necessarly follow that the Force of Bodies was as the Square of their Velocity multiplied into the Mass.Type: part of the lectures on practical ethics, Glasgow. Subjects: practical ethics; duties to others: individuals in natural jurisprudence; oeconomical jurisprudence: marriage. [Subject heading]When God made Man and furnished this world with a variety of Creatures for his use he thought it not good that he should be left alone, but made Woman as a help meet for him and commanded that a Man should leave his father and Mother and cleave unto his Wife.yTo the one Sex Nature has given more hardiness and Robustness of Constitution for toil & labour more Courage for Defence and greater steadiness and constancy of Resolution for the Government of a Family. To the other more {tenderness &} delicacy [to sooth the cares]del fitted to domestick Oeconomy and Order, and for the nursing and training of children in their tender Years.Buffon ("Histoire naturelle").9Type: reading note on Buffon, Histoire naturelle. This MS continues from 6/V/12. MSS 6/V/12 and 6/V/35 are notes on chapter 8 ("Reflexions sur les experiences precedentes"), chapter 9 ("Varietes dans la generation des animaux"), and on the sections "Des Senses en general" and "De l'age viril. Description de l'homme" of the "Histoire naturelle de l'homme" in volumes I and II of Buffon's Histoire naturelle. Subjects: natural history. Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 91-92 (see Explanatory Notes, p. 246, and Textual Notes, p. 257. 2131/6/V/354B [on top left corner] [MS continues from 6/V/12, fol. 2v] [...] these two impressions of desire and fear the one recent the other of an older date but retained in the internal Sense draw contrary ways and the animal necessarily moves or is at rest according as the restraining or impelling force is greater.It cannot be doubted but that animals have more pleasure than pain for every thing that is aggreable [sic] to nature and tends to preserve it is pleasure.?1r: Cardano, Descartes, Cotes, MacLaurin (Treatise on Algebra).Type: outline of the part on algebra of the courses on mathematics, Aberdeen. Subjects: algebra; quantity. On this MS, see P. Wood, Ph.D thesis, pp. 71-72 (note 136, p. 417), and pp. 225-229 (references to this MS in notes 75-77, 84-85, pp. 458-459). 2131/7/I/011 The Object o< f all Mathematical Sciences is Quantity 2 Quantity is ill defined to be whatever is capable of more or less, or what is made up of parts tho' this be commonly given as the Definition of it & Mclaurin has unwarily gone into it Algebra page 3dIn Both these Sciences Quantities are Represented by Symbols but with this Difference that in Geometry a Figure is used to represent other figures.:A View of Algebra in the Order in which it is to be taught)2r (p. 3): Archimedes ("Arenarius"). 2v (p. 4): Locke, Archimedes. 3r (p. 5): "Bede", "Eutochius' Comment on the Arenarius of Archimedes & the Fragment preserved of the second Book of Pappus". 3v (p. 6): Wallis ("See Chap 4 of Wallis Algebra"), Ptolomy, Regiomontanus, Napier ("Logarithms were invented by Lord Napier and the invention published by him in his Mirificii Logarithmorum Canon Edinburgi 1614", "Mirificii Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio"). "From a fragment of an Arabian Author Alsephadi in his Comment upon the Poem of Tograi which Dr Wallis has given in his Opus Arithmeticum Chap 31 it appears probable that the Arabians had no {simple} Name for any name above a thousand". "Maximus Planudes a Greek wrote a treatise concerning it in the 13th Century under the title of [...] which is still extant in MSS in Several Libraries The first book printed on this Subject is that of Lucas Pacciolus or Lucas de Burgo a franciscan Minorite printed at Venice 1494 in Italian. The Title Summa Arithmetica & Geometriae Proportionumquae & Proportionalitatum". 4r (p. 7): Eullcid ("Elements"), "six books of Diophantus of Alexandria", "Lucas de Burgo". 4v (p. 8): Cardano ("Hieronimus Cardanus, Ars Magna [...] 1547"), "Scipio Ferreus of Bononia", "Tartalia", "Raphael Bombelli, Algebra 1579". 5r (p. 9): "Franciscus de Vieta", "Johannes Butio, Logistica 1559". 5v: "William Oughtred, Clavis Mathematicae 1631", Newton. 6r: Wallis, Newton, Barrow. 6v:"Third edition of Oughtred's Clavis corrected by Wallis", Thomas Harriot ("Algebra"), Descartes. 7r: Harriot, Descartes.Type: a short essay on the history of arithmetics and algebra, Glasgow, 27 May 1766. See P. Wood, Ph.D. thesis, p. 229 (note 87, p. 457). Other MSS on the history of mathematics: 3/I/1, 5/I/26. [Type heading] 2131/7/I/02The manner of numbering things by Unites Decades Hundreds, Thousands, Millions and so forth seems to be so ancient and so universal that we can form no conjecture of the first Author of this invention, & but a Slender one of what gave rise to it.The onely thing belonging to pure Algebra which Des Cartes added to Harriots Inventions was the reduction of all Biquadratick Equations to Cubicks.1r: "1766 May 27"."History of Arithmetick and AlgebraDugald Stewart.2Type: a mathematical theorem, from Dugald Stewart. 2131/7/II/011, 4, 9, 7, 7, 9, 4, 1, 9 Theorem. from Mr Dougald Stuart Take the Square Numbers in Order; when they consist of more than one digit, add the digits together; & if the sum has more than one digit, add the digits of this Sum, the same operation is repeated untill you got a Sum which has but one digit; I say the last Sums resulting from the Square Numbers in their Natural Order will be the Numbers set down above [all MS transcribed]nType: notes, most likely part of the lectures on natural history, Aberdeen. Subjects: active power; principles of action; natural history; phisiology (muscular motion). Published transcription in P. Wood, Reid on Animate Creation, pp. 101-103 (Explanatory Notes, pp. 247-248, reference to the dispute between Albrecht von Haller and Robert Whytt). [Subject heading] 2131/7/II/02That the involuntary Motions of the Muscles are owing to some Irritation occasioned by a Stimulus of one kind or another, seems to be the most probable Hypothesis yet advanced on this Subject & I think the onely one that deserves examination.But this {last} hypothesis labours under this prejudice that it seems a general rule that where a Stimulus by habit & use becomes insensible it losess its effect so those that Sneeze upon taking Snuff give over doing so when it comes to a habit.%Of the Involuntary < motions of AnimalskType: notes on mathematics. Subjects: arithmetics, properties of numbers. See item 1 on 1r. [Type heading]1 The Square & every perfect Power of an odd Number is an odd Number & {of} every perfect power of an even Number is an even Number. Every perfect Root must be odd or even as the Power is.[N.B. The Coefficients given]del To each coefficient [add]del {annex} as many cyphers as it has powers of 2, and let the aggregate of all with a contrary sign be the absolute number; The number 10 will be a root of the Equation.Properties of Numbers_Boscovich ("Boscovitch"), Newton, Leibniz ("[...] the Leibnitzian Theory [...]"), "Cartesians".Type: reading notes from Benedetto Stay's "Philosophiae recentioris a Benedicto Stay...versibus traditae libri X...cum adnotationibus, et supplementis P. Rogerii Josephi Boscovich S.J.", 2 vols, (Rome, 1755-60). Subjects: materialism, Newton. Published transcription in P. Wood, "Reid on Animate Creation", pp. 171-173 (Explanatory notes on pp. 252-253, Textual Notes on p. 266). [Subject heading] 6r, or p. 5[pag 27 Not. Ego quidem arbitror corpus constare punctis prorsus inextensis a se distantibusG371 The Cartesians who maintain that matter is not the physical or Efficient Cause but onely the Occasional Cause of the Effects on other matter which we ascribe to it can have no solid Objection to the Law of Gravitation, as Matter may be the occasional Cause of any change in other Matter, at a distance as well as in Contact,[1788 or afterwards: see item 3, on pp. 1-4]"11 Junii 1788 Philosophiae Recentioris a Benedicto Stay Raguisina in Rom: Archigym: Pub Eloquentiae Profess: versibus Traditae Lib 10 ad Sylvium Valentium Card. Cum adnotationibus & Supplementis P. Rogerii Josephi Boscovich. S. Jesu in Collegio Rom. Pub. Matheseos Profess. Tom 1 Romae 1755Transcription published in Inquiry, Brookes ed., pp. 290-92. Draft of APS, Question 12, "Are the objects of the human miind properly divided into impressions and ideas?", discussed on July 13 and 26, 1758. It seems to be an earlier version of the question than MS 2131/6/I/11, 1r-2v (see Brookes, ibid., pp. 289-90, for dating these MSS). See also Gordon's transcription in MS 3107/2/1, 9-11. Subjects: criticism of the theory of ideas.1r-2r (top of the page)It seems to be agreed among our Philosophers that the mind can onely perceive where it is consequently that nothing without the mind or that has a separate existencefrom it can be perceived by by means of some impression made upon the mind itself.}If by impression be meant the Art of perception not the thing perceived I am apt to think that the Act of perception conveys a very different Notionn to me from any thing I use to call impression and that if it is at all applied to the Mind with any analogy to its common Acceptation it ought to be applied to the Passions rather than to the perceptions of the human Mind. [1v-2r].[Before July 1758 (when question 12 was discussed), or at least before December 1758 (date which appears on 2r, after this item)]Type: additions to lectures on Politics (police), or notes on economics, Glasgow. Subjects: money (silver and gold), effects of manufacturers, banks. On 1r, heading: "Of Banks". On bottom of 1r, after horizontal line, and on 1v, a list of various measures for commodities, and of various kinds of money used in different nations and ages: same list in Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nation", Book I, Ch. 4. [Type heading] [Subject heading] 2131/4/III/16Tho' Silver and Gold be the common Measure of the Price of Commodities, yet it may be said that those Metals have not allways the same Value.dThere was little Gold coined in England till the time of Edward 3 & no Copper till Ja 1 of England.3v: "the History of the Reign of the Emperor Cha 5, with a view of the progress of Society in Europe from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the 16th Century in three Volumes by William Robertson DD & Lond 1769. Dedicated to the King".Type: reading note on the ""History of the Reign of the Emperor Cha 5, with a view of the prog<ress of Society in Europe from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the 16th Century in three Volumes by William Robertson DD & Lond 1769". Subjects: history, and politics; the formation and constitution of national states: history of the reign of Charles V. [Subject heading] [Incomplete record: check bibliography]3v-4vZSect 1 [on the right margin] The State of the European Nations before the Roman Conquests.+State of Germany and of the Turkish Empire.3v: "Sept 1769".Sept 1769 Read the History of the Reign of the Emperor Cha 5, with a view of the progress of Society in Europe from the Subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the 16th Century in three Volumes by William Robertson DD & Lond 1769. Dedicated to the King:"Les Interests de la France mal entendus 3 Vol Amst 1756".rType: reading note. Subjects: politics, economics; France. [Type heading] [Incomplete record: check bibliography][All text transcribed] Les Interests de la France mal entendus 3 Vol Amst 1756 The Author reckons that the kingdom of France with Lorrain contains 150,000000, of Arpents square measure and 17,000000 of Inhabitants.1r: Teyler, Enchide, RorschCopy or translation of an advertisment of a question essay prize, issued by the Teyler's Theological Society, at Haarlem on November 1 1780. See MSS in 2131 bearing the title of the question: 2/I/14 (1st gathering), 2/II/9, 2/II/15 (copy of 2/II/9, final draft). 7/IV/4 might be a draft of the prize essay. Related papers on freedom and necessity, not bearing the question title: 2/II/18, 2/III/14.At the last Meeting of the Members of this Society, it was resolved that the following Question be proposed to the Publick "Wherein consists Mans reasonable Liberty; and how is it most clearly Demonstrable, that we are free Active Beings.The Treatises must be written in a legible hand, either in Dutch latin French or English, sealed and signed with a Motto; with which must be sent a separate Paper; containing the Authors Name & Address, Sealed with the same Seal & superscribed with the same Motto. Further the Society abide by the Conditions published by them in 1778, which of Enchide and Rorsch Booksellers, at Haarlem, and in the monthly Review of January 1779"[Glasgow. On MS, place: "Haarlem"])"Haarlem Novr 1 1780" (top right corner).Teyler's Theological SocietyType: fragmentary texts on powers and operations of the understanding. Part of lectures on Pneumatology? Or drafts for IP? Date and place of origin undetermined. 3 portions, or parts: Part 1 on 1r, heading "Review of the Powers of the Understanding". Rest of the page blank Part 2 on 2r, a fragment of a criticism of Locke's notion of belief as perception of the relation between terms of a proposition, which continues from another, unidentified, document, and is left unfinished. Handwriting and ink are different from 1r and 2v. Part 3, on 2v, text under three headings: "Consciousness", "Reflexion", "Contemplation". [Incomplete record: add Incipit] 2131/6/I/22 1r, 2r-v.kThere is an intellectual Contemplation of things external that corresponds to Reflexion and without this we can have no distinct or Scientifick Notions of them. In consequence of this we Analyze Compare perceive Relations Attributes and connections of things compound the simple Notions got by Analysis into compplex ones that are distinct and & Scientific. 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